227

M.21 aneay mappings.

Let Vnd W be vector spaces over the same field F. A mapping
T:V W is said to be alinear mapping (or alinear transforma
tion) if it satisfies the following condiuions:
1. T(a+ )=T(a) +T(9) for all a, A Bin V
2. T(ca) = cT(a) for all cin F and all a in V.
These two conditions can be replaced by the single condition:
T(aa + b8) = T(a) + 6T() for all a,b in F and all a,p in V
Note 1. A linear mapping T:V’W is also a homomorphism of
V to W.

2. Generally, a linear mapping T is a transformation from one vector

Space V to another vector space W, both over the same field of scalars.
But the co-domain space W may be the space V itself. In this case
T is said to be a linear mapping on V.
There is another important case when the co-domain space is F,
regarded as a vector space over itself. In this case T : V’F is said
to be a linear functiona.lo lu 8
Examples.
LThe identity mapping. The mapping T : V’V defined by
T(a) = a for all a in V, is a linear mapping. This is called the
identity mappingon V and is denoted by Iy. lqni
2: The zero mapping. The mapping T:V’ Wdefined by
T(a) = e for each a in V, 8 being the nul vector in W, is a linear
mapping. This is called the zero mapping and is denoted by 0.
3. Let Pthe vector space of all real polynomnials. The mapping
D:P’ P defined by Dp(z) =p),p(*) ¬ P is alinear mapping.
A. Let T: R'’ R° be defined by T(*1, 2, 43)= (1, , 0),

Let a = (#1, T2, 1s), B= (u,2, U3) ERA, ot l all anacd

Then a +ß = (1t yi, #g t y2, 9t Va).
T(a+)= (1 t y1, g+ y2,0)SS.nbgod T
o aqadu= (1,a, 0) + (un ,0) =T(a) +T(9).
LA-15
 Kerbeing
T.
by a
yAgtnel Theorem
tively; T:VA 1), 6. on5. 228
Theorénm
Y:V’ linear Let 1-T0) wd PrÍóf. Therefore Then (T1, Let
(i This Since (i) aiono
T(a+6)= Let Then the
Tð) Therefore Let
Ker the V T(0) ) T:R’Rbe a= T2 , closed V
For
mapping. Próof T(-a)
i) W.be =jt)dt,T
W T null and of +T0) implies isT In 4.21.l. bi a(T1, 3)
+B=(T1 is
be real
a
4.21.2.
be (avector a left = T E ainterval the 3atT
a
linear V,0+0=0.iqg linear =-T(a) 0, a is F R. linear is number
linear¬V:T(a) The
W
be +T(0)}+T(0)
as -T(0) wherelinear Let not T2 , vector a
Let invector an = T(0) , (1T2, +y1,2 T3),
(1tV1t1,2 linear
V a functional.s
defined f [aspace
, T(ca) c,
mapping.mapping.(ed V W,set exercise.
lag {T(0)+T(0)
+ fo r mapping. linear
0,' and
B=
V.e E b) caALGEBRA
and Ts) and mapping. HIGHER
=). said isspaces al
of
adi
al are W +(y1, +(y 1, of=cl1, = =
W vectors + a mapping. y2, Y2, by let all
Then be to =0,
gnsd T(0)}==T(O) e null be
Tgy3) T(*1, (ct1, ct1,
vector be over V.Thenovector J2 , t + sd t
T:real
since -aniqqsn T elements y2 V’R Ct, c),
Ker
the a a Vs) +y3). E 2, EDleovalued ,
kernel EV field -T(0)' w. in bobia0r
itoiy
9o8gespaces R.g68nil+1,3 z3) 0)= 0)
spaces
T such F. sts is Honil (1 ,
etoitibsoo cg)qhmesnyS.
sol be
= functions cI(a).
is
aover of Let the
+T(0)
in 1, + (1t+1, ()b defined
V yst1)ans)
over
subspace T ioatsh
that donull o) la0
diibi o and
1)ons
a T:V’W
and a
T(a) dot f(oo)continuous
field
is ol() vector olqt respec Wfield of
by
9 + se
ofF, denoted=,0 Fbise Ysoge 1,
V.Let in and oto Tg
be W £ +
0 I

(Pheorem
the that case Case Proof.
Note. Ker
independent
prove
W, Proof. W. Let/T:
inTheorem
Now T(a) since
andProof. Ker T NT). This Thus This Now Le t This Let Since
let images This Thus This Conversely, T 2. 1.
T(a1) linear us Let V’ Let {0}. = W completes Ker for implies T(a implies a, cE Ker T(0) Ker
F.Ker
completes
T(a)=T(8) implies @ T T 4.21.3. al a, B
consider 4.21.4. ==T(8)
= ßE e
+ {a1,
independence
of
T(a- T(a) injective, be be
is T c¬ +B) Ker Then T =0,0 T T=
a W a is Ker a ca =
T(a2) linearly be a-BE leinjective.
t linear also the F. +ßE=+0=0. = T. e {aeV:T(o)
{0}. {0.
2,ar} in Let T(co)
the aLet the B), T(8) W. Ker
called proof.
This T’ T(a)
Then Ker e
GT(ar)=8,relation linear’a=Band proof. V Let Then VECTOR
SPACES
independent V Ker since T= is mapping. and proves Ker +T.t Ker
the Since atBE = a
of and
W the T. T(Ø) T(a) T(), eKer T.
the be mapping T T {0} only
T(0) Ker Therefore =
a W and is and be null that ,
vectorslinearly be linear.
pre-image Thenvector Ker since dhui since T. isT 0}
=8,
set suchvector thereforesince a, = space Ker
TØ)T Then a
of 3 T subspace
T KerT
whereindependent vectoEs that
T(a1),T(a2), Ker be in spaces
W, isT ofT
T
isand
is
linear =8. is
T(a)
spaces tw o of injective a linear
T
is T= 0 a is
Ker elements 0'. is over and subspace E = of
C, in over injective. {0}, kerzl)a) So a Ker non-empty.
T.
, set VT = pre-image
Ker if a is
,EF....T(ar) in are {0}. a a=. and field denoted by ofT’
of
V.linearlyThen
field V T only F. V.ca
such ={0 of Let 229
in To F. if E
 linear T3, 1.Corollary. Ker
Hence and Let
Tvao
Then Let 2r1
Worked
A T(a1), early 230
Let We ThenFrom Then Let Ker Thus T(ca)= T(a T ’qa+a2 This
cE atß= mapping. a mapping+ independent.
==
have
a (®1, T(ca) T(aa),.,
= 1t®2+, t1he T T (aT R. b + T(6)Examples.T Ta) =
,
{0}, implies
(1,0, (æ1, =k,T) T2, = is
+B) == 8)=((a = (a1, +
first T3){(*1,linear a =T(a). c(a Then = si (a (b1=(a1 a2, 2s,
Find:’R T T:V’
then If
T2, two cT(a) (ca+ ++T(a
-1).Then T3) E9, =T(a) T(6).
T(«) +
+(2b1 +2(as
((a1 + t ag) T1 a T(a,)
=0, Ker *;) + ca b1, b ag + Ker + basis This
equations
= =mapping. for ag = t ¬ 2r2
k(1,0,=-k.T.E 3 2xË 0, e all + cag
t (ca1, + + + + a2 bs, +R°, în
proves =ca, +
R:T(T1, ag, t az bi) +
ag, B= T + is of c09tt,a,)
V W.c= ALGEBRA HIGHER
T() cas, caz, ba bs),
t b2, 261 and s), Vbe
Ker c +as) + =0,
-1), + e 2a1
(a1 (a 2 ag +2a1 defined is a linear
T= The 2 R
for t Cag). 2b3),
2ca1 ++t + b +
(b1, the (T1, mappedlinear
===k, + and since
0,
k¬K. T2, all ag (b1 b3). t a b2,
dimension )T
L{a} last 23 + (a1 b1) ba) 2b3, T), by independencesince
oeRqiu Ts) a, 2as, tcag ++t + b3) Ker
+ 2a3, T3)¬R'. mapping
andequation = ß 2a2 b+2(az (a3 b1 E T(T1,
noTT onto
= =0,
0,
TË(0,0,i E t2ca3, aj + a R. {a1, T
dim R bs),
+ + + 2b1 + of T2, another =
+ d + as) bs), since
oenos say 22 0)}. 2a2caj+ (2a1 b) +2a, KerShowT3)= a2,,ar} {0}
Ker au is + 2(a1
+ b3).
on
of
satisfied. t3 t (b1+ +(ag + V (0)9niP T
T as) 2ca2 a), T.ih that basis the is
ag + (1 such
=1. moooT + +b1) linear,
= ahT + 262 b3)) + T +wo of vectors lin is
0.
cas) 2a3) that
N + (a2 0iok z isa T V.
ooc
b) +
+
ba)

2A
Find
in
Case
a Case Proof. Théorem
T:V mapping.
islinearTheT This 0 R
Tte n such in
denoted form Let mage Therefore Then T(e)=Let The Then Let Ker
Let This V Since Im proves The where linear
Ker
Thus T(a that+Therefore
T. Vand ofsolution cT(e) solution t2 (*1, T T.
This implies such 2. 1.T(O) Let T= a
subset c = mapping
&
E Im Im 4.21.5.
W{T(a) by a (0, (0, + 2, ¬1
m
T $,ne 8)=
T(a) , be linear that cz 1, T3Ta) {(*1, Verify
proves Im c§ that T Im
is T = a Wbe is 1,+1) +1, 1, is = =(1,0,
ImT’+nE T(a) +T,n¬
also T(ca)=c()=$,
=$,T(8) ET(a) ={0}. 0,
be
linear T. of {T(E), Cs 0,Ts ker ET2,
Let :aE c= 1),
Tg) that
{}. the W.mapping. T(e2)
called that
Im imagesvector =0, + = T:
= Then
¬
null
mapping. V a(1,0,1, T(e2) ) + T. 0), VECTOR
SPACES
Im T(8) = Im for T Let Im
and
V}. This T(E2), 2
=c3 cË + 1 e{T(ei),
¬2= R3
. spaces + = R':T(1,
=n.(S
the
I T all
elements
Im
T.
W
subset of
T(3)} C3=0,
c&T(es) = T3 =
(0,1,0),T(¬2), R
range is §+ Then c¬F. Therefore
Im
the
=0.e 1) (1,0, =0.0,1t is
a Im T Then be over
subspace is elements is + =1, defined
Tand T. ofvector said is a(1,1,c1 Therefore
0,1), T()}
of This there fo r Then
a a t=0,,c ,¬s=
V field linearly
T
all
subspace Imand Im T(es) = 1a)=
and
implies+neIm spaces
to
of
ER. 0,&1 (0, is by
of exist
c¬ there T T be F. 0,
6¬ W is V 1) 8seod
(0,0,0, linearly
is W.
R(T).by Im
denoted elements F respectively.
is
a under
Let
the independent =(1,1,0, = Ker 0,1)
exists of not
subspace overa +(, +
T:VW
image T={0}.
T,c¬ W.
empty. 0, + 0)}
an field the +Cg 0. 0, 1). Tsindependent
F* of mapping of 0). =
a, element in 0.
8 W. F T
Ǭ T. in Let and be R. 231
V a
 a1, T(a1), Since =$.,0) Then Now T(a)Proof. Then T:V
3. Corollary. Theorem 232
dimension
Alternative
method. 1) span (continued).
Examples
Worked
Thus mapping In
mension Let SincetheHence andSinceT(e1) {1= of If Find a2,..,
Since Hence {a1, this
T(aa),-..
each Let the
Then (1, the Im a W
is beE of Im1,
T(e1)= (1,0,0), = a2, in case an T(a;) = =
=qa1 vectors
E
E be
4.21.6.
of the Imn a (1,2,1),
2).
vectorsExample
a3} T are If
Im linear a vectors
Im
T qT(a) T(Gaj Im a
set =1(1, T arbitrary
= = and {T(a1), Ker , T(a1),linear
T = T
TE3), e2 be linearly T(a). ¬ + T. Let
combination
{(1,2,
is is L{(1, = a T Im c209
L{(1,2,1),
2.E
(1 2.(1, T(e) T(a1),Tbasis 1.the = +cz02 +
Then
mapping V
+ (0,1, T T(a2), and ALGEBRA
1), 2, 2 vector 2, 2, Im
= dimension (a2),
independent, {0} ,T(ag)
T, HIGHER
1), 1), of
tas there
(1, 1) +
+ (1 , (1,1,2), T 0), (a),
is the . then follows++Chan)it
+
W
lo (1, in (1, e3 .,T(an)} exists ,and be
Cr
oe } 1, thæ2(1,1,
2)1,2)}.
of 8, Im 1,2)}-i3 the =
domain T adh +t Qn
e 21 1, (as). the (an) {a1,vector
2) linearT(es)(0,0, to
of tor
T
Ddvectorsis . ) i q a+ Im by that some generate an
linearly 2) @2 are 1)} space images cT(an),
+ + span = snt Tbecomes Theorem element spaces 2,
bollen linearly Im
rs(1, 2*3, (1,2, is where scalars
(1, a R®,
sdTntgcs of Qn} over
dependent, 9.9 of basis T Im
2, 2, T1 issince
oals a the a
t independent,
(aie
1).ri0nl the Im
T basis 4.2l.4. in be a
1),T
1), c;E T.aV field a
202 vectors of T is basisgenerated T
i (1, basis
+ R. the is the of is F. such
1, Imvectors linear.
the 2)
ed 3) ei,
(1, linear linear
630il T th uofT.
thrs T by
er di the 2,

(Example2.) {a1,ag,mapping in 4
Theorem Im rankT. the linear Nulity
of eimapping. a
V
The T(e) tei
Therefore Im Find
befa1, theorem good. V. diwhere
holds is'
m Proof.
dim is TIf nullityIm Then Ker T Let V Therefore
In finite
set =(1,0,0), cs} T In
extended az,CaseThereforeThen Case Ker other
are V T
be is and = is
Case Ker finite and
(0, Example
t
ishe
T+
2. the dimensional. of {(0,1, T
{T(a1),T(aa),T(am)} 3.
Let dim words, T+ 4.21.7.
finite
a
subspace
a
T. Rank
W
the Im1, a
basislinear and
to @k Let dim null 1. dim dimensional. isvectorbedimension
1, T1, ¬,
a be Ker Ker
Ker Im Let the Let
dimensional subspace
a
of 1), =1), = of the
span 2. VEOTOR
basis a elementT Im (1,0, L{(0, T(e) (0, R°. dimension
SPACEs
T= KerT nullity V of a
basis T T If 1,0),e,
of be
=
T:VT and W. spaceslinear of 1, 1, = of
= {0} dim of 1, the
Vof a 0, in =diòfm WV Im 1). (1,Q.1,
=V. The V. 1),
non-trivial dim and V+0= W.
be vector mapping. T (1, (1,0,
and Ker T+rank
V. W dimension The over (0,0, vectors of
let I: V, isTherefore let Then vector is 1, 1), Fm
3.
1)} 0, 1, 1)} T(a),
be space dimension field aF
the {a,a dim Sylvesta's
of T(es)=(1,
1),(1,1,0, T
proper
This basis In diT= spaces
a
is
extended dim @2, V. m V. linear is where
dim T then of linearly a
basis of basis
T(a),T(ay)
subspace Zrn Im mapping over m of TV and
an} consists Imn 1,0,1). T
both T Ker 1)
basis of T T.
T= a independent. of is
is
=n be field Ker called T R. the
Ker of a 0. af then calledis
of V. and F Tand where linear
basis VW 233
VT Thusonly and the be
beean Let the
of
 BTheorem
W. and Proof.mapping. the of a Ta in
F.
G
Space
Corollary. dim
Conversely, {T(a+1),
So
basis some T(a+1),T(ak+2),
vectors
,T(an). 4.21.6.
orem 234
Thus
But Nowdin a1+b209++bak-C+1Qk+1-Ck+2k42 that
fact
The b1
SoAs TheW Hencetherefore dim TheTherefore bË Since
Ck+1Qk+1+ T(C+10+1 This Since Let CH1T(ak1)
42T(a+2) + As Im
V, Let same for = scalars
Ker dimrelation= Im linearb us
then dim Then T dim
m {a1, shows T T(a1)=T(a) Tis
isconsider
T T 4.21.8. Im
T(ar+2), T =
V= T KerdimT+dimension
If T= let is dímIm
is T be =nk b,E generated
T T{0} dim
. Ker independence=
T. ag,..., that linear,
is be dim onto. a
T one-to-one.
subspace
C*+2ak+2 F. t
C+2
one-to-one be is Let T+...,T(an)} Ck+1 bËE the
a and W, Keronto. one-to-one and Ck+1k+41+ck+2 Qk42 this
linear ar} by
this dim = over Vdim =C+1 +*+ ==T(ax)
relation
the
mappingimnplies Ker
T+
Then ofdimW.ImT
W Then
=
a
and
Im
dim Ck+2
=.=cn of
implies0)Tl an
is
vectors
ALGEBRA
HIGHER
dim field F WT=Ker is = {a1, assumed ++
and be linearly . han +
Tis T ImIm cn
dimn KerV 11s
gives dim T+
aa0 on is
=0,T
T= T=
dim
as
onto.fheo T andT:
finite
dim
az,...,
=
basis
= Qk+2
an)=0.
chT(an)
T(a1),T(a2),,T(an),
=
V =0.dte
cn +***+Chan
bja
ne.tDeth)a
finite dim W. Im =
dimensional andindependent
Im = an}
,ImT
{0} +for
0 =
)(ro)V T= dimImTand the T provesrequires n
b22
Ker is
imensional gives = 0
dim dim
theorem
k+ + is for generated
dim vector
W (nk) and T,olatolE in
T} W, that iolstodT some
& Ker be so + Ker
D Ker Im dim = V is byar by by
vector s o a
spaces
linear done. this the T. scalars
the The.
T
T+ T =l = set nil for
= 0 n. is a

Kinear
E,neVandaiesLet ttTnan **+T202T101 Proof. one Theorem
a for chosen Let
Thus B2,f(an) =B other basis,
+Let
First onlyand=ione {a1,
Therefore
To Now Byand+n= Thenunique
(91
This f(a) linearprove and Taßn us 1,2,...n.
there Let
elerments (pápping
f(a) definition,
T(6)
c we
define g,,4.21.9.
n
comnpletes = = cT(S) scalars prove a
=T(a) mapping that T +T()
(Cs1) The exist be
an linear not
nf(a)
f(matgag linear.
T
is
== T(E a1 in mappingTthat
mapping
a
unique }Let with
be V
00 T(CE) +t)an t+ F arbitrary
the for is(cs1)B T necessarily VECTOR
SPAOES
f c(s11+ = +)determined
(csg) a
proof. al + unique, =(81+ is mapping prescribed basís
a nfa) V’: (8181++nBn) ag t linear.o scalars and W
in tt + T(E t.+ (92 is :
T elernent
ofV
Vand+taf(an), (c82)6+.+ lesnßtt
t + V’ T:VW distinct)
W t)t+ tnt(com)n
n); +(cs)B
(cs1) (s1 + suchT1,T2,.Tn be
us ta)ag by images.slgin and
this aan) such + the
that W
of spaces
vector
assume ti)B,++(sn (csn)++basis by V.
implies that an, +tnCns B1,Bz,.., in
aB) T(a) T(a) Since ThenW.
such
f(a) that (cs)B (8n + cE {a, in
since (t1 F.(an Fa, that
f-T. there ta)Ba t
Where
g ntTaß2
= =
such
Bn
over a
= ++ + arbitrarilybe
f 8,f(a2) =T(). tn)an B1,T(a)= a exists there
is exists ta)Bni + , that T(a)= B
fieldlno
linear S,t,
an
tnßn) a= n 235
an are is F.
= +
 {a1, So respectively. vectors
(32)
, pendent, 6.
,(62). Consequently,
Since a2, Im Therefore The This (iü ) ) T
is
Since
$-F1,0,0)
T(E) Let (iii) ( 1) Determine The
1)(0,.1,
T(0, (+u,y+z,z+), Worked
{(1,0,0),Im Ker The
Therefore Let Prove
5. 236

T(1,1,0)-(3,4),T(6,0,-1)=(3,4).e g} Tsolutiongives Let defined T By1= E= Prove Find 0,

T (1, set 1). T solution (,y,T
{(1,0, isthe is
Im
(z, is (, 0, of is = that
Examples
any (,y, y, linear, thatT(1,1, 0) , T=
the vectors T(1, (0 , {0}
z &z) the
0), basislinear Ker is + z) by z(1,1)
(+
zT(1,0,0)
+
y,
z) ( 0,
linear R
the
1, and +y=0, is ¬
(0, z) 2y E T(*,y, 2y y(0, be T 0) , 0,
linear 0) , T=0,y Ker linear
span==i=k. = +3z Ker + isT(6, 1, and 0)= ( 0 , hence (,
1, of T
k(-5,1,= + 1,0 ) an not 0), {(1,0, T.(continued
0), =0, T. 3z,z y(2, mapping 0, y,
(0, R, of L{a} z)
=
+arbitrary 0, (0, therefore (1,0,1), span 1)} y+=0, Then 2)¬Rmapping
Then yT(0,1, 3) +
one-to-one,
-1). 0, 1) , =0,z=0. T ALGEBRA
HIGHER
0, the z+3y (+2y+3z, + =(0,0, is is
1)} vectorswhere 1), 3y + T,:R'1) (1, of a
one-to-one. (+ ).O00
where T(¢, +(3, vector
R®. in (ü ) of T 1,
T(0,1,0) basis is T
is 2)Os ha 0) 1). R is 0), the one-to
y,y R’R' :
locg a
+
2z y,
2z). + but Find an
2+=0,e
a
= k z) zT(0, to ’ (0, vectorsofR, +z,z+
T(a1),T(02),T
basis E =0. a+3y onto. th e Ronto 1, one
e()1 (-5, =(0,0). Ker 1)} =
R. 0, defined
estslatoo of
d vectorswhichmapping.
(1,1,0),T(0,0,
being T(1,0, ¢)
and lw
1,1). + 1) T
2z), and onto.po = gniqcbcg
R°, maps (0,0, by
otoiq (æ,y,
of Im (1, linearly 0),
Im (as) 1), the T(0, to T(a,
aiT z)¬R'. T. 0).eo
brs y,
Ti= where (2,basis inde 1) 1,
900 z)
3), =0). t

scalars Ker vectors L{(1,1,1)).

8. fa(-1,0,1)
, Therefore
deR. c, Hence s respectively.
scalars vectorsindependent 7. ofR2. inare
0) , Let Let Determine linearly R' Im (i)
Let Let T+ Determine
(0, Hence Since B,7} ImHence Let This Let T(E) Since
Solving,
and
in 0,(0, is
T y (z,=(,
gives ,). isT(1,1,1) = = T ing=
= (0,1,
Since
T
is
R. = = dim 2) dim (0 , is are Ker =
(a,y,=) c,z= defined y, T(0, is c1(0,1,1) R. dim generated
1,1), any the Then (2,y, Verify 1), dependent
cË
Then (2,y,
a(0,1,1) respectively.
Im the Im 1, linearly t
a) linear, = the Im Ker
(1, 1) , basis T +y ¬ (1,
linear = = d. Ker by 1, c 2) linear
c2 be :) T linear 0, T
( 1, L{(-1,1,0), +z=0.e0219 Then + 1) bethat 0,ThereforeT T
=3. 1), independent, of (-c+ T(z,y, a(1,1, 1) , =2, by
+ t an mapping T. T(1,0,1) + , c(1, +
Ca andímapping m (1, in{0},T VECTOR
SPACES
(1, and l 0,the span t=-cd. Then =I,
arbitrary Im
R2,
the
arbitrary
=,
(2,0,1) Find 1, domain
1) , d, z) 1) = Ker
1,0) dí
T m vectors
0) dim of c, T(, 0, = The is
Ker of T (1 , the (-1,0, d) (,, = + Cg 1) of Im not
t=y & 1, a(1,1, + t + T4 R TR?.
+a(,0), vector:R’Rwhich R Ker space dim = vector :R’R (1,11),
toone-to-one.d vectors,T
vectors C1=y,
Tto 0) c-, y,
z) &T(1, ca(1,1, dim Therefore
and the T+ is R. Ker 1)} 1) = =2.
= (1, (2,3),
in dim a (0,0,0). C1 of Im
R. vectors Im T(a),T8),T()
basis and
T 1, 1,0) 0), the 1, Since(1,1),
toz. 0) + T1),
where T. Im =2.since + y),(, where
domain =3. which isTIm(3,2).
T of d-1,0,
where 1) = (1, onto. (2,3)
Verify=2+l=3. (2,
mnaps TThese
R, (-1, Z c 1, maps is
0, space
are 1), aare
are that 0), the Im y, ¬ subspace
the
1,0) =) (1, linearly vectors
(0 , where ER. unique R. basis
nique dim basis T= and 1, 237
2, 1)
 T. l.
Im independent,
respectively.respectively. (1,0, 2.
(0, 3. z,+y+z),(æ,y, (Z, b
Examine fa, 238
Determine 1, Determine (vi) () y,z ) i) (i) (ii) Hence Since In
Since a2, Im Hence Then Let Ker
Therefore Since
1), 0), ER:etad Solving, T(S) Solving,
T T:RT:RR
T:R°R° T:RR T T s} T (,
(1, (0,:R’R :R dim the = {(0, isKer y y, T T
0, Find 1, ’R
whether isthe +z= = is
Find the
1), 0), th e -R Ker. di0 m set LH(2,0, 1,anylinear {(*,T(*,y, z) linear, we
z)
= y = z = 0 . e ( 1), 0 a l T E t(2,0, T(0,1,1)0) have
Ker KeTand
linear
(1, (linear
0, z) defineddefined Im of basis = Ker y,
defined defined
e defined T T+ t h e (1, {60} ¿)
1,0)T 0, R; defined is 16 T (0)0,, 0, span
and mapping mapping 1) VExercises a dim vectors
=3. Ttyz=0)91 1), ofz+-y=0, and
0, T. ¬
=(y+z-, cj
=
of of by by a
by by by linear 2,0), R:T(¢,
by +
ImR² Im (1,1,0)} the ofdim
Im ALGEBRA
HIGHER
T.to R² T. to T(æ, Ty, T(*,y, T(2,y, T(e,y,z) T(2,y) T(æ, y) domain the
+
c,T(1,0,
T :
mapping. T (0,0,2)}.
{(2, Ker
Verify the R' Verify
: the R’ =0+3=3. vectors y,
vectors vectors z) 2) =(+y,z-),
z)
(+2y,
= 0,0), is T
z+a-y,z) (0, 1) =
=+y+z, = = space a =
that Rthat R=(-z+y(+2y+3z, (yz, If (0 , basis =0. (0,0,0)). 2,0) +
dim (2, that dim (0, that T T(a1),T(ag),T(a;) T(1,
za, 2r is 2, of
R°.uonil t+y-*), +
Ker maps 1, Ker maps 1, +y, linear, 0) , (0,0,2)
g=le
0), (,y,tz,*yt y), basonoli / R,To3)1 1,
1), (0, 0)il
T+dim (1, T+(0, 3æ+2y+z,+y+z), (e,y,+u), (,y)
the
2, dim 0,
the
2z)
find 0)} 2, i
T (,y,z)e
basis basis e e S
z) T nt 0)
Im1), Im1), R. (z,y)
¬ R; Ker is
onie ()
linearly enos
T(1,
vectors T(1,
vectors R;
¬ T where slaae
1, = 0, R'; and R. a
3.2) 3. 0)

LComposition
Theorem
mapping
Proof. toWiUbeis respectively (; O T3. Imtespectively.,, O (2
both such This 9upinu lo T:V’ bedefined Prove
2, Deternine
0, Deternine
d),
f:A We The Let
sgaining the 2) , 1) 1) ,
one-to-one that recall proves Let composite V, respectively.(1,0, (1
et ST product by W, U (2, that
ST(a 4.21.10. is Find 2,the
gof.= is B a,B :V W, linear one-to-one 1, the the
that el olto ST S:W’U S,T(a) 2) , 1) , 1),
said here
ocST(a). 8 be of
and ia ST bus (ca) (F + in mapping mappings.
B) S,T vector linear (2linear
, (1,linear Ker (linear 1,
tothat V W 2, Find 1, T 1,
and be and Let =
onto.invertible is = = =S(T(a+= = is S{T(@)}, is and mapping 1) KerTmapping 0) andmapping 2) VECTOR SPACES
for linear. linear. V,
generally spaces
mappings. of of of
Jog ST(a)]
cST(a)] ST(ca))ST(a) S(Ta+T8)
S(T) c
w,U S1: R' Im
two eF.to--e be R R'
=t8: linear The to T: and to T T.to T
non-empty
if + + be a over the R'’ R°R
Im
the Verify the R
Js there since since ST(8)S(T8) vector composite
denoted E
9)] mappings. V. field a vectors vectors vectors
since R' T. that
nvertibleexists S T Verify R
sets is is since spaces by F (0, that (0, that dím (1, that
linearinear T mapping and
ST 1, 1, Ker 1,
a A S is Then maps that maps maps
mapping and linear
is over let 1) , 1, 1),
if and dim 1), the T+ (1, the
and linear T:V
(1, the
B,amapping the aS,TaV’U it 0, (1 , dim 1,
field is basis basis 1), basis
only g composite 1) , Ker 0, Im
also (1, T+ 1, 1,1,
BA if
isf F W,S vectors vectors
1), vectors
and said 1, dim (1, =3. T 239
0) 1)
 ible. pre-image
all pre-image
imageConversely, T S:WV Proof. Theorem
onto.
and
linear T-1,by WVof Proof. Theorem
T.inverse. If Definition.mapping S: 240
2 under Therefore
Since To a
Therefore ye Then LetTherefore That To T(a) The This This But Then linear WVsuch In
in a prove prove Let mapping this
W. V. T. is, TS uniqueproves Si(TS;)
implies S,T If
4.21.11. case, T:V’
ST(@)= of of V E =T(B) such T 4.21.12.
Let let T{S()}
So t
=hat that possible, mapping
igei
ST y y T T :V = Let
under under and is T Iw, is T:V’W inverse that S1Iw =S, T S
us:VW Tbothonto.is one-to-one. that isthat WV
T ’ ’ T
IyS)= define T(a) TS() is ’ the = =(S,T) let T Let ST= isand
said
seiac9 T T. = is
onto, one-to-one,
S,T=ly W LetV of ly, :
and ), =1.one-to-one and a=ßST(a) be inverse there V V to said W
y Since =1. the ly S,TS;
TS= a
invertible.invertibleisandinvertible S. ’and be to beALGEBRA HIGHER
for aW.
mapping E
Since both
be
this
let be Iy
be
since = and W That
of = W anand vector
all T ye tw o VW
Iw
a is T and shows ST(Ø) let be T TS; be invertible
inverse
be TS
one-to-one is is invertible
and
sidiresti ¬V onto, S is onto. ST=ly
W a, T,S
Then
vector S1 Iw. inverses
=
vector
spaces
ßEV.nf = if linear
unique.o
this and ;WVone-to-one, that and = ofIy.
0330 each Iy. spaces S2. Tl if
over
proves TS() sd S() therè only mapping S spaces
then there
bits o1 V y and : a
by in onto. is e+ola exists ifT over ad3 W’Vand T it at exists field
03-o00 that bise = a a over
T(a) S(y)= Wis
pre-image uo is a T has
ouitetoCa a
F.
T el has the ol
a
one-to-one field is a ali3abqea
a
mapping A
is & mapping denoted unique field
invert = aunique a F. linear
oor S
for (the pre A F.
od of :

Isomorphism. Iy. Theorem

4.21.13,
dim V. mappingProof.Theorem
W= vector W’V
a existence is
ifT a if linear T-T=Iy; Note brs T-1WVis linear.linear a
field field Definition. T 2. This Then
Therefore Since Thus Since be Since Since Let
F spaces both F. If 1.
is invertible. mapping proves y,
T:VT Let are
4.21.14. ofthe also T A T:V’V The soTherefore Therefore T T TVW
a, mapping
6e
is another one-to-oneis linear TTT! BEV
is
the onto, isomnorphic V existence
V A is W
’and both
a Let T:VV
linear linear that linear linear,
relation and linear mapping and
W = and
Im W Two W one-to-one V be Iy.T-1(y)=co T- T-(+6) atB = Let
such isomorphism and and mapping mapping ,T(ca) T T-()
T be if are mapping of an is (a+B) T(o) VVECTOR
SPACES
dim bas =W; that finite W
isomorphic. and said an T:V-W onto. invertible
has
linear.
=4,T(6)
=1and invertible, be
and
1 only isomorphism
Ker be T 1oa T-
to which and W
and dimensional finite :V the
T+ both is
be T onto, T)+T() = = be
since if ed :
dim dim
isomorphic. : isdimensional is
W’Vhas
propertylinear T(a),ce F T(a) T(3) vector
one-to-one TThen V= Wboth T said Wis =B.)(oj
Im T =0.ol thenspaces
the
is vector ’ :V is to said mapping +T(Ø)T 0
T
one-to-one, there dim invertible
one-to-one that
= V’ be to
dim andexists spaces W. In
vector
an be T-T Ethe gad
d inverse over
W onproperty
V onto. this isomorphism non-singular. a
imnplies and and spaces over V field
gives Ker V, case =TTT= then sd
a end mapping
linear WV onto. T-: F.
If
dim T= over the the the that 241
 F.
in Vways.
many Theorem
field isomorphic.are W
Isomorphisms
Proof.
can there of
Conversely, 242
oa) = Let 6)= Let+coßt
E=ßh .
us Let being
Thus This
TT+n=n
or, diKerm the This
Therefore By V
Then be
F. T(a1) and
(B1, dim the exists
a=anßit expressed Then
An implies implies
+ß= a 1otio
define a
isomorphism
B2,
4.21.15. Ker =1,T(ag)
{,Ba,,Bn}a
Theorem
,Bn) V
T T T
unique let
is from both is relation dim
mapping = is
(a azß2 as isomorphic
where be Let one-to-one. 0. 4.21.5, linear
onto. = V=
+ one-to-one
V That
= b)B1
8)
tt +cnn an
between V to Ba,T(an)
dim bedim ALGEBRA
HIGHER
o:V ordered be Fr. is, mapping
Im a
+ =(aßit of a Ker T= W=n.
basis
bn bz (a2+ anBn Where Ker
bus vector
F. and
V T+
ba) E byqsm Fn
ono-01-9110
0in0ots
basis
and L{A2,,B}=W.
onto,
T= T:V’
=Bn
of
Let
and 9no-03-0itO c1, space dim W.
V g of {0}.
t*t tt C2, F the Im By{a,
owT.LISb V. W
*, can of
tiod
CrThen dimension
vector T= such the g,
(an are be
Gaßn) ta9il A dim Theorem jan)
t any
unique established spacesand V that
bn)n
el
vector V 9heht be
moroot n giveg
V.T aonie blaiscalars
17
od
a
A over sdT 4.916 a
E Le.
Y of in a

LA-16 proof.
the (pan)n.
J
Since Sinceonto.So
(traßttnA)= is and r1B+raß To ’a=B.
one-to-one.So
is (a)=(8) ’ o(a)
To
o6) = From
(pa) = Let ola+p)
ttaBeV Then
prove prove == p
(1) E
is is that that and F.
isomorphism, both pan
Then
one-to-one is where a is (ii) +by a
onto, one-to-one, =p
is pa VECTOR
SPAOES
let a ¬
Vand homomorphism. V
ia and
isomnorphic onto, T let
a,B pola)()= po
an
be =
is EV
an
(pa)B
to elementF.in
isomorphism. be
F. such
+
=a)+B) 0)
This (pan)B++
that
completes

243
 is idependent.
Note. linearly Conversely, setW.
in pendent. morphism F.
Proof. vectors STheorem
over spaces. vectÍr&sof serves
vectorestablished Not
aTherefore Let This is n-tuples ofe 244
basis "This ’G = ’ This Cja1 Therefore ’G= ’Ga1 Goa1) Let
linearly field a 3. 2. the
ola) +2a2 us usLet S A spaces
as As
a is ordered
Since implies implies real 1.
completes
of consider consider S= in
V 1 the tcag +independent V, 4.21.16 F areprototype on The
C
= ++ le{oa),
==G=0,t cgd(ag) and isomorphicvector except an the
and oó(a) +(ca the {o(a1), t+ (caj {a1, basis
isomorphism
(S) the set the o:V’ Let isomorphism,
space offor choice
W {a, +... a2,..., (B1,Ba
is
proof.ino
are G
= t relation
ca, o(ag), + relation, V a
+ the
basis
isomorphic,
a a2,. ..+ cag =0 o(a), .. Ga, zag +
a}
in
V
and
W and vector
of
V
different
of
ALGEBRA
HIGHER
.. + for . ++ Gola,) names
. .o(a-)} , since 0,= > be therefore Wdimension V B). has
of bae a,} , since 0, , be (S) an be space and
W, ola) scalars {a1, since linearlyisomorphism.finite of
been
is + (ar)} =0' is their ordered
Diferent
dim linearly {(a1), =0c,a,)
ao-01-o is they V F
linearly
be az,...,ar} is a) for linearlydimensiona< n over have
established
V=dim =
e'
C2,..,c,
C1,
a
=
an 0', scalarsindependent have and elements. bases.
F the
independent
dlod (a2), ...
linearly
independentisomorphism since independent Then the the isomorphisms
of
W. is same
dimension same
vector
in linearly c1, vector Therefore on
Therefore et
o(ar)} is independent is2,, in for structure the
in
F.ll a V. a structure space
in inde homo in spacesset n. cachoice
n
1eV.
W. Gc
in W. of R n as be
S

T:V’ -Then determiie

o (-y, T1
big.A
and T:V’ although (0,0(0,0),(;
defined ), ST'andTS. Worked
mappings
S:R'’R
Let T Therefore DT and DT. T 2. Both The The T 1.
ThereforeTherefore This
This Then Let Thus HereClearlyTherefore is TD:V-Vis Let (*, and
Let
us a 2+
gives T-(u, (, T V gives (a-b, findlinear linear
:V
D Are by V the composite the y) compositey) S Examples. T
is isW =Ker 2y,y ’ are Dp()) is V linear e e are :R?’
be
y,
invertible. ®W Ta-b=
TD V th ey mappirngs
be R". R?.
a=2+a-b=3, one-to-one,T
T-:R a) y,
2) =0, aKer
mapping. +3z),
mapping # is linear defined the linear defined
+ mapping
=vectorinappingsmapping
=T(a, = b=0,c=0. = equal?00 R
={O}
26, T. defined
dekned.
(a,b, 0, bLet (,y,=) DT.o mappings by S inappíngs bybe VECTOR
SPACESs
’ a+ b, Rand a + P(),T(pf)) andT
T
y),b=a+y),c=R 26c)=c). therefore isand
+ 3)
26 (a, by -by
spEce ST
TS ST S(a,) ned defi
onto. == b, :
¬R'. DT(p())
RTD(p()) P=)
is y,+ (a-= therefore 0,b+3c (0,0,0). c)E on
of
are and R': R'’ on by
defined b,at Show V. V. = each R'. =(0,v),
T
Ker zp(¢),p) all TS ’ T(,y)
3c R = = Describe different R R'
is =0. T. that is real
by =z. 20, dim
oue-to-one. nals defined
on is is (,y) =
p(),p(),eEV. polynomialsE are defined defined
b+ R
T(,9,) V Tis (é,0),
(-y+32).3c).bea = ) the from E
dim non-singular +p(),p()
by V,D:V’Vis
mappings zero by by
R". (z,
T(,y, 0. Describe u)
= WV. p)mappingsTS(2,y) ST(=,y) ER
(r+ N Since :) ¬ TD and the and 245
and = V. =