NOTES BY: Allyza Mae H.

Rabe
Bachelor of Secondary Education, Major in Science
 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

●​ Anatomy - The study of the

structure of the human body.
●​ Physiology - The study of the
function of the human body.

“The complementarity of structure and

function.”

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

●​ Subatomic Particles - Electrons (-),

Protons (+), and Neutrons.
●​ Atom - Hydrogen, Lithium, etc. (Can ORGAN SYSTEMS
be found in the Periodic Table.
●​ Macro-molecules - Protein ●​ Integumentary System
molecule, DNA Molecule. ●​ Skeletal System
●​ Molecule - Water Molecule, Glucose ●​ Muscular System
Molecule, etc. ●​ Nervous System
●​ Organelle - Mitochondrion, Golgi ●​ Endocrine System
Apparatus, Nucleus, etc. ●​ Cardiovascular System
●​ Cell - Muscle Cell, Nerve Cell, etc. ●​ Lymphatic System
●​ Tissue - Epithelial, Connective, ●​ Digestive System
Muscle, and Nerve. ●​ Respiratory System
●​ Organ - Skin, Femur, Heart, Kidney, ●​ Urinary System
etc. ●​ Reproductive System
●​ Organ System - Skeletal System,
Digestive System, etc. CLINICAL IMAGING OF ORGANS
●​ Organism - The Human. ➔​ Ultrasound
➔​ Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
 CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE REQUIREMENTS OF ORGANISMS

●​ Movement - Change in position; ●​ Water

motion. ➔​ Most abundant substance in
●​ Responsiveness - Reaction to a the body.
change. ➔​ Required for metabolic
●​ Growth - Increase in body size; processes.
change in shape. ➔​ Required for transport of
●​ Reproduction - Production of new substances.
organisms and new cells. ➔​ Regulates body temperature.
●​ Respiration - Obratining oxygen,
removing carbon dioxide, releasing ●​ Food
energy from foods. ➔​ Provides necessary nutrients.
●​ Digestion - Breakdown of food ➔​ Supplies energy.
substances into simpler forms. ➔​ Supplies raw materials.
●​ Absorption - Passage of
substances through membranes and ●​ Oxygen
into body fluids. ➔​ One-fifth of air.
●​ Circulation - Movement of ➔​ Used to release energy from
substances in body fluids. nutrients.
●​ Assimilation - Changing of
absorbed substances into chemically ●​ Heat
different forms. ➔​ Form of energy.
●​ Excretion - Removal of wastes ➔​ Partly controls the rate of
produced by metabolic reactions. metabolic reactions.

MAINTENANCE OF LIFE ●​ Pressure

➔​ Application of force on an
●​ Life depends on five (5), object.
Environmental Factors. ➔​ Atmospheric Pressure -
➢​ Water Important for breathing.
➢​ Food ➔​ Hydrostatic Pressure - Keeps
➢​ Oxygen blood flowing.
➢​ Heat
➢​ Pressure
 HOMEOSTASIS Ex. Body Temperature, Blood
Pressure, Glucose Monitoring
●​ Maintaining a stable internal
environment. ●​ Positive Feedback Mechanism
●​ Homeostatic Control Mechanisms - ➔​ Increases the actions of the
Monitors aspects of the internal body.
environment and corrects as ➔​ Short-lived.
needed. ➔​ Do not require continuous
➔​ Receptor - Provides adjustments.
information about the stimuli. Ex. Blood Clotting and Child
➔​ Control Center - Tells what Birth.
particular value should be.
➔​ Effector - Elicit responses that ORGANIZATION OF THE
change conditions in the HUMAN BODY
internal environment.

THORACIC & ABDOMINAL SEROUS

MEMBRANES

❖​ Visceral Layers - Covers an

Organ.
❖​ Parietal Layers - Lines a cavity or
●​ Negative Feedback Mechanism body wall.
➔​ Prevents sudden, severe
changes in the body. THORACIC MEMBRANES
➔​ Corrects the set point.
➔​ Causes opposite of bodily ➢​ Visceral Pleura
disruption to occur. ➢​ Parietal Pleura
➔​ Most common type of ➢​ Visceral Pericardium
feedback loop. ➢​ Parietal Pericardium
(Pleura - Lungs ; Pericardium - Heart)
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY

●​ Anatomical Position - Standing

erect, facing forward, upper limbs
at the sides. Psalms facing forward
and thumbs out.

ABDOMINAL MEMBRANES

➢​ Parietal Peritoneum
➢​ Visceral Peritoneum
➢​ Parietal Perineum
➢​ Visceral Perineum

(Peritoneum - Abdomen ; Perineum - TERMS OF RELATIVE POSITION

Genitals and Anus) ➢​ Superior Vs. Inferior (Cranial Vs.
Caudal) - Superior means toward
the head, while inferior means
away from the head.
➢​ Anterior Vs. Posterior (Ventral
Vs. Dorsal) - Anterior means
towards the front of the body, while
posterior means towards the back
of the body.
➢​ Medial Vs. Lateral - Medial is the
study of body parts toward the
body's midline, while lateral is the
study of body parts away from the
body's midline.
➢​ Ipsi-lateral Vs. Contra-lateral -
Ipsilateral means on the same side
of the body, while contralateral
means on the opposite side.
➢​ Proximal Vs. Distal - Proximal
means closer to the body's
center, while distal means further
away.
➢​ Superficial Vs. Deep -
Superficial anatomy is closer to
the body's surface, while deep
anatomy is farther away.
➢​ Internal Vs. External - Internal
anatomy studies the body's inner TISSUE SECTIONS
parts, while external anatomy
focuses on the outer parts you
can see from the outside.

ABDOMINAL SUBDIVISIONS
BODY SECTIONS OR PLANES

➢​ Sagittal or Median - Divides

body into left and right portions.
➢​ Mid-Sagittal - Divides the body
into equal left and right portions.
➢​ Transverse or Horizontal -
Divides the body into superior
and inferior portions.
➢​ Coronal or Frontal - Divides the
body into anterior and posterior
portions.
ABDOMINAL SUBDIVISION
BODY REGIONS