MPH-003 SOLVED ASSIGNMENT

2023-24 IN ENGLISH
 Tutor Marked Assignment

ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY

Course Code: MPH-003

Assignment Code: MPH-003/TMA/2023-24

Max. Marks: 50

Note: Attempt all questions. The marks for each question are indicated against it.
1. Two identical infinite non-conducting sheets having equal positive surface charge
densities o are kept parallel to each other as shown in the Figure below. Determine the
electric field at a point in (a) region A on the left of the sheet 1, (b) region B between the
sheets and (iii) region C on the right of the sheets.

(5)

Ans. the electric field at a point in each of the three regions:

Region A:
The electric field in region A is directed towards the left, as shown in the diagram. Its
magnitude is equal to the surface charge density of the sheets, o, divided by the permittivity of
free space, cO:
EA = \sigma / \epsilon_0
Region B:
The electric field in region B is directed from the left plate to the right plate, as shown in the
diagram. Its magnitude is equal to the surface charge density of the sheets, o, multiplied by
two
and divided by the permittivity of free space, e0:
E B = 2 \sigma / \epsilon_0
Region C:
The electric field in region C is directed towards the right, as shown in the diagram. Its
magnitude is equal to the surface charge density of the sheets, o, divided by the permittivity of
free space, cO:
EC = \sigma / \epsilon_0
Summary:

Region Electric field direction Electric field magnitude

A Left

B Left to right 2a/€0

C Right ct/cq

2. Obtain the general solution of the two-dimensional Laplace’s equation in spherical

polar coordinates given by

1d
+
f2 dr dr J
(10)

Ans. To solve the two-dimensional Laplace’s equation in spherical polar coordinates given by

<0>frac{ 1} {rA {2} }\frac{\partial} {\partial r}(rA{2}\frac{\partial V} {\partial

r})+\frac{ 1} {rA{2}sin~\theta}\frac{\partial} {\partial\theta}(sin~\theta\frac{\partial
V} {\partial\theta})=0
we use the method of separation of variables. We
write V(r,\theta) = R(r) \Theta(\theta)
and substitute this into the Laplace’s equation. This gives us two ordinary differential equations:
\frac{dA2 R} {drA2} + \frac{2} {r} \frac{dR} {dr} = -\frac{1(1+1)} {rA2} R
\frac{dA2 \Theta} {d\thetaA2} + \cot(\theta) \frac{d \Theta} {d\theta} + 1(1+1) \Theta = 0
where 1 is a separation constant.
The solution to the radial equation
is R(r) = ArAl + BrA{-(l+l)}
where A and B are arbitrary
constants. The solution to the angular
equation is
\Theta(\theta) = P_l(\cos(\theta))
where Pl(x) is the Legendre polynomial of degree 1.
The general solution to the Laplace’s equation is then given by
V(r,\theta) = \sum_{l=O}A\infty (A l rAl + B l rA {-(1+1)}) P_l(\cos(\theta)) where Al
and Bl are arbitrary constants.
The specific solution to the Laplace’s equation depends on the boundary conditions of
the problem. For example, if we have a sphere with a uniform potential on its surface,
then the
solution is given by
V(r,\theta) = \frac{Q} {4 \pi \epsilon_0 r}
where Q is the total charge on the sphere and cO is the permittivity of free space.
Another example is a dipole in a vacuum. The solution to the Laplace’s equation in this case
is given by
V(r,\theta) = \frac{p \cos(\theta)} {4 \pi \epsilon_0 rA2}
where p is the dipole moment.

3. A point charge Q is situated at a distance D from the centre of an earthed conducting

sphere of radius R where D > R. Using the method of images, determine the value and
position of image charge and calculate the potential and electric field at a point outside the
sphere. (5)

Ans. In the method of images, we introduce an image charge to satisfy the boundary conditions
on the surface of a conductor. The potential due to the charge and its image is then used to
find the electric field and potential outside the conductor. For a point charge Q located at a
distance D from the center of an earthed conducting sphere of radius R (where D > R), the
image charge Q’ is introduced.

^Determination of Image Charge:**

1. **Grounding the Sphere:**

- Since the sphere is earthed, its potential is zero.

2. **Potential at the Sphere’s Surface:**

 - The potential at the surface of the sphere (r = R) due to the real charge Q and the
image charge Q’ must be zero.

y = _Q Ql — f)
q (1?+2 J?)

3. **Solving for Q’:**

- Solving the above equation for Q’ gives the value of the image charge.

**Calculation of Potential and Electric Field:**

The potential V at a point outside the sphere (r > R) due to the real charge and its image

is given by:
y = —Q£
47T€or 47rco(r+2Z>)

The electric field E at a point outside the sphere is the negative gradient of the

potential:

E = - VV

Substitute the expression for V into the equation for E and evaluate the derivatives.

**Results:**
- The image charge Q’ is calculated based on the condition that the potential on the
sphere’s surface is zero.
- The potential and electric field at any point outside the sphere can be determined using
the expressions mentioned above.

*Note*

- Earthed conducting spheres are often used as mirrors in the method of images. The method
simplifies the problem by introducing images that satisfy boundary conditions on the
conductor’s surface. The mirror charge is adjusted to maintain zero potential on the
conductor’s surface.

For detailed numerical calculations, you may substitute values into the expressions for
potential and electric field after determining the image charge Q’.
4. Considering a simple physical model of a dielectric as an aggregate of a large number
of simple harmonic oscillators, obtain an expression for the dielectric constant. (5)
Ans. In a simple physical model of a dielectric, it is often assumed to be an aggregate of simple
harmonic oscillators representing the motion of charged particles (e.g., electrons and atoms)
within the dielectric material. The interaction of these charged particles with an external
electric field leads to the polarization of the dielectric, and the response of the oscillators
contributes to the dielectric constant.

Let’s consider a single harmonic oscillator in the dielectric material. The equation of motion
for the oscillator is given by:

Here,

’ m is the mass of the charged particle,

* 7 is the damping coefficient,
’ is the natural frequency of the oscillator,
* e is the charge of the particle,
’ Eq is the amplitude of the external electric field,
* cu is the angular frequency of the external field, and
’ x is the displacement of the particle from its equilibrium position.
 The dielectric constant (e) is related to the polarizability (a) of the material by the
equation:

Here,

• N is the number of oscillators per unit volume,

• q is the charge of each charged particle in the dielectric,
• a is the polarizability of the material,
• So is the vacuum permittivity, and
• m is the number of charged particles in each oscillator.

The polarizability (a) can be related to the displacement (x) of the particle from its equilibrium
position and the external electric field CEo) by:

rn 7n(u;Q—u;2+rycj)

Substituting this expression for a into the equation for dielectric constant, we get:

e= ii I

This expression for dielectric constant describes the frequency-dependent response of the
dielectric material to an external electric field. The real part of \(\varepsilon\) corresponds to
the static or real part of the dielectric constant, while the imaginary part represents the
contribution from the absorption of energy by the oscillators.

It’s important to note that this is a simplified model, and more complex models may involve a
distribution of oscillator frequencies to better represent the dielectric behavior across a range
of frequencies.

5. Using the multipole expansion technique, obtain the expression for the magnetic vector
potential due to a localized current distribution at a distant point. (5)
Ans. The magnetic vector potential v j due to a localized current distribution at a distant point
can be obtained using the multipole expansion technique. The magnetic vector potential is
given by the following expression:

Here,

* A(r) is the magnetic vector potential at the observation point r,

* /io is the permeability of free space,
* J (rz) is the current density at the source point rz,
* |r — r'| is the distance between the observation point and the source point, and
* dr' is the volume element at the source point.

Now, let’s perform a multipole expansion to express the current density J (rz) in terms of its
multipole moments.

The multipole expansion for the current density is given by:

J(r') = E^oA/(r'-rrV'.M(r')dr'

Here, M(rz) is the magnetic dipole moment distribution.

Substituting the multipole expansion for J(rz) into the expression for A(r), we get:

A(r) = §SX.aJ'^V'.M(r-)dr'

This expression represents the magnetic vector potential in terms of the multipole moments
of the current distribution. The sum includes terms corresponding to the monopole, dipole,
quadrupole, and higher-order moments. The specific form of the expression depends on the
details of the current distribution and the desired level of accuracy in the multipole
expansion. The magnetic dipole moment term dominates for many practical situations.

This technique is particularly useful for analyzing the magnetic field at large distances
from localized current distributions, where higher-order multipole moments may have
negligible contributions.
6. Calculate the magnetic field inside and outside of a very long solenoid consisting n turns
per unit length on a cylinder of radius R and carrying a steady current /. (10)
Ans.
The magnetic field inside and outside a long solenoid can be calculated using Ampere's Law.
Ampere's Law states that the line integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop is equal
to the product of the permeability of free space (/Xq) and the total current passing through the
loop.

Let's consider a long solenoid with Tl turns per unit length, radius R, and carrying a steady
current I.

Inside the Solenoid:

Inside the solenoid, we can consider a circular path of radius r (where r < R).

■ ^inside * 27T7* — Tl • I

Solving for B^^-.

■ ^inside — Mo ’ Tl • I

Outside the Solenoid:

Outside the solenoid, we can consider a circular path of radius r (where r > R).
 -^outside * 27TF — /!() • Tl • I • ^^2

The ratio ^2 represents the fraction of the total current enclosed by the circular path, as
the solenoid carries current only within its cross-sectional area.

Solving for Boutside:

B outside = 0

Summary:

’ Inside the solenoid (r < R):

■ ^inside — M() ’ •Z
* Outside the solenoid (r > R):

-^outside — 0

So, the magnetic field inside the solenoid is uniform and given by /i() • n • I, and outside the
solenoid, the magnetic field is negligible. The presence of a steady current
in the solenoid creates a strong, uniform magnetic field within its coil.

7. Obtain an expression for torque on a current loop kept in a uniform magnetic field. (5)
Ans.
The torque (t) on a current loop placed in a uniform magnetic field can be determined using
the formula:

r=NxB

where:

* t is the torque,
’ N is the magnetic dipole moment vector, and ’ B
is the magnetic field vector.

The magnetic dipole moment (N) for a current loop is given by:

N = I-A

where:

* I is the current flowing through the loop, and

• A is the area vector of the loop.

For a circular loop of radius r, the area vector is perpendicular to the plane of the loop and
has a magnitude equal to the area of the loop:
 A = 7rr2

The direction of the area vector follows the right-hand rule, perpendicular to the plane of
the loop.

Now, the torque expression becomes:

r—I•AXB

Using the magnitudes and directions, this can be expressed as:

t = I • A • B • sin(0)

where:

• A is the magnitude of the area vector,

• B is the magnitude of the magnetic field,
• I is the current,
• 0 is the angle between the area vector and the magnetic field vector.

If the loop is placed such that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of the
loop(# = 90 ), then sin(90 ) = 1, and the torque simplifies to:

r = IAB
8. A toroid has mean circumference 0.4 m and has 600 turns, each carrying a current of
0.12 A. (a) Calculate H and B if the toroid has an air core, (b) Calculate B and the
magnetisation M if the core is filled with iron of relative permeability 4000. (5)
Ans.
To calculate the magnetic field H and magnetic flux density B for a toroid, we can use the
following formulas:

B — Mo • H

where:

’ TV is the number of turns,

* I is the current through each turn, ’ r
is the radius of the toroid,
* Mo is the permeability of free space (47T X 10 7T m/A). Given:

• TV = 600 turns,
• I = 0.12 A,
• The mean circumference C is related to the radius r by C — 2ivr. Therefore, r —

2ir 2?r
(a) For an air-core toroid:
600x0.12
27rx(0.4/27r)

600x0.12 T
27rx(0.4/27r) ■*-

(b) For an iron-core toroid:

Given relative permeability Qir) for iron is 4000.

// = //[)■

A/ — B — jii() ■ H

Let's calculate these values:

(a) Air-core toroid:
TJ 600x0.12 A
H - 0.4 A/m

-d — 600x0.12m
’ [).4 i

(b) Iron-core toroid:

/x = 4% x 10-7 ■ 4000 T m/A

TT 600x0.12 A
H - 0.4 A/m

B = 4?r x 10“7 ■ 4000 ■ m" x0"-12 T

M = 600x0.12 _ 4?r x iq-7.4000.600x0.12 T

Now, you can plug in these values and calculate the results.