POLYNOMIALS 2

CHAPTER

 Variable :
CONTENTS It is a symbol whose value changes according to
the situation.
 Introduction
For example : x, y, z, ax, a + x, 5y, – 7x, etc.
 Constants & Variables ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
 Algebraic Expression (a) An algebraic expression is a collection of terms
separated by plus (+) or minus (–) sign. For
 Factors & Coefficients example : 3x + 5y, 7y – 2x, 2x – ay + az, etc.

 Degree of a Polynomial (b) The various parts of an algebraic expression that

are separated by ‘+’ or ‘–’ sign are called terms.
 Types of Polynomial & Polynomial For example :
in one variable Algebraic No. of Terms

 Remainder Theorem expression terms

(i) –32x 1 –32x
 Values & Zeroes of a Polynomial (ii) 2x + 3y 2 2x and 3y
 Geometric Meaning of the Zeroes of (iii) ax – 5y + cz 3 ax, –5y and cz
a Polynomial (iv)
3 y xy
+ – +9 4
3 y
, ,–
xy
x 7 8 x 7 8
 Relation between Zeroes & Coefficients
and 9 & so on.
 Formation of Quadratic Polynomial Types of Algebraic Expressions :
(i) Monomial : An algebraic expression having
INTRODUCTION only one term is called a monomial. For ex.
8y, –7xy, 4x2, abx, etc. ‘mono’ means ‘one’.
Algebra is that branch of mathematics which
(ii) Binomial : An algebraic expression having
treats the relation of numbers.
two terms is called a binomial. For ex.
CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES 8x + 3y, 8x + 3, 8 + 3y, a + bz, 9 – 4y,
2x2 – 4z, 6y2 – 5y, etc. ‘bi’ means ‘two’.
In algebra, two types of symbols are used: (iii) Trinomial : An algebraic expression having
constants and variable (literals). three terms is called a trinomial. For ex.
 Constant : ax – 5y + 8z, 3x2 + 4x + 7, 9y2 – 3y + 2x, etc.
‘tri means ‘three’.
It is a symbol whose value always remains the
same, whatever the situation be. (iv) Multinomial : An algebraic expression
having two or more terms is called a
3 7 multinomial.
For example: 5, –9, , , , etc.
8 15
 (b) The degree of polynomial :
FACTORS AND COEFFICIENTS
(i) 4y3 – 3y + 8 is 3
 Factor :
(ii) 7p + 2 is 1(p = p1)
Each combination of the constants and variables,
which form a term, is called a factor. (iii) 2m – 7m8 + m13 is 13 and so on.
For examples : EXAMPLES 
(i) 7, x and 7x are factors of 7x, in which Ex.2 Find which of the following algebraic
7 is constant (numerical) factor and x is expression is a polynomial.
variable (literal) factor.
1
(ii) In –5x2y, the numerical factor is –5 and literal (i) 3x2 – 5x (ii) x +
factors are : x, y, xy, x2 and x2y. x

 Coefficient : (iii) y–8 (iv) z5 – 3

z +8
Any factor of a term is called the coefficient of
Sol. (i) 3x2 – 5x = 3x2 – 5x1
the remaining term.
It is a polynomial.
For example :
(i) In 7x ; 7 is coefficient of x 1
(ii) x + = x1 + x–1
x
(ii) In –5x2y; 5 is coefficient of –x2y; –5 is
coefficient of x2y. It is not a polynomial.
Ex. 1 Write the coefficient of : (iii) y – 8 = y1/2 – 8
(i) x2 in 3x3 – 5x2 + 7
(ii) xy in 8xyz Since, the power of the first term ( y ) is
1
(iii) –y in 2y2 – 6y + 2 , which is not a whole number.
2
(iv) x0 in 3x + 7
3
(iv) z5 – z + 8 = z5 – z1/3 + 8
Sol. (i) –5
(ii) 8z Since, the exponent of the second term is
1/3, which in not a whole number. Therefore,
(iii) 6 the given expression is not a polynomial.
(iv) Since x0 = 1, Therefore
Ex.3 Find the degree of the polynomial :
3x + 7 = 3x + 7x0
(i) 5x – 6x3 + 8x7 + 6x2
coefficient of x0 is 7.
(ii) 2y12 + 3y10 – y15 + y + 3
 DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL
(iii) x
The greatest power (exponent) of the terms of a (iv) 8
polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
Sol. (i) Since the term with highest exponent
For example : (power) is 8x7 and its power is 7.
(a) In polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x :
   The degree of given polynomial is 7.
(i) The power of term 5x2 = 2
(ii) The highest power of the variable is 15
(ii) The power of term –8x7 = 7
   degree = 15.
(iii) The power of 3x = 1
(iii) x = x1  degree is 1.
Since, the greatest power is 7, therefore degree of
the polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x is 7 (iv) 8 = 8x0  degree = 0
  TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS REMAINDER THEOREM

(A) Based on degree : (i) Remainder obtained on dividing polynomial p(x)
by x – a is equal to p(a) .
If degree of polynomial is
(ii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (x + a) the
Examples remainder is the value of p(x) at x = –a.
1. One Linear x + 3, y – x + 2, 3 x –3 (iii) (x – a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0

2. Two Quadratic 1 (iv) (x + a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(–a) = 0

2x2 –7, x2+y2 –2xy, x2 +1+ 3y
3 (v) (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x),
if p(a) = 0 and p(b) = 0.
3. Three Cubic x3 + 3x2 –7x+8, 2x2+5x3+7,
EXAMPLES 
4 4 2 2 4
4. Four bi-quadratic x + y + 2x y , x + 3,… Ex.4 Find the remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4 is
divided by
(B) Based on Terms :
1
If number of terms in polynomial is (a) x – 1 (b) x + 2 (c) x +
2
Examples
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4
1. One Monomial 7 16
7x, 5x9, x , xy, …… (a) When p(x) is divided by (x – 1), then by
3 remainder theorem, the required
remainder will be p(1)
2. Two Binomial 2 + 7y6, y3 + x14, 7 + 5x9,… p(1) = 4 (1)3 – 3(1)2 + 2(1) – 4
=4×1–3×1+2×1–4
3. Three Trinomial x3 –2x + y, x31+y32+ z33,…..
=4–3+2–4=–1
Note : (1) Degree of constant polynomials
(b) When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), then by
(Ex.5, 7, –3, 8/5, …) is zero.
remainder theorem, the required
(2) Degree of zero polynomial (zero = 0 remainder will be p (–2).
= zero polynomial) is not defined.
p(–2) = 4 (–2)3 – 3 (–2)2 + 2(–2) – 4
 POLYNOMIAL IN ONE VARIABLE = 4 × (–8) – 3 × 4 – 4 – 4

If a polynomial has only one variable then it is = – 32 – 12 – 8 = – 52

called polynomial in one variable. 1

(c) When p(x) is divided by,  x   then by
Ex. P(x) = 2x3 + 5x – 3 Cubic trinomial  2
Q(x) = 7x7 – 5x5 – 3x3 + x + 3 polynomial of remainder theorem, the required
remainder will be
degree 7
3 2
R(y) = y Linear, monomial  1  1  1  1
p    = 4   – 3   + 2   – 4
 2  2  2  2
S(t) = t2 + 3 Quadratic Binomial
Note : General form of a polynomial in one  1 1 1
= 4 ×   – 3 × –2× –4
variable x of degree 'n' is anxn + an–1xn–1 + an–2xn–2  8 4 2
+ ….+ a2x2 + a1x + a0, an  0, where an, an–1,… a2,
a1, a0 all are constants. 1 3 1 3
=– – – 1– 4 = – – 5
2 4 2 4
 for linear ax + b, a0
2
2  3  20 25
for quadratic ax + bx + c, a0 = =
4 4
for cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a  0
 Also, g(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0
 VALUES OF A POLYNOMIAL
  2 is also a zero of the polynomial
For a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2.
g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6


To find its value at x = 3;

(a) Every linear polynomial has one and only
replace x by 3 everywhere. one zero.
So, the value of f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2 at x = 3 is (b) A given polynomial may have more than
f(3) = 3 × 32 –4×3+2 one zeroes.

= 27 – 12 + 2 = 17. (c) If the degree of a polynomial is n; the

largest number of zeroes it can have is
Similarly, the value of polynomial also n.
f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2, For example :
(i) at x = –2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 –4(–2) + 2 If the degree of a polynomial is 5, the
= 12 + 8 + 2 = 22 polynomial can have at the most 5
zeroes; if the degree of a polynomial is 8;
(ii) at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2 largest number of zeroes it can have is 8.
=0–0+2=2 (d) A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
2 For example : If f(x) = x2 – 4,
1 1 1 1
(iii) at x = is f   = 3   – 4   + 2
2 2 2 2 then f(2) = (2)2 – 4 = 4 – 4 = 0
3 3 Here, zero of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 4
= –2+2= is 2 which itself is not 0.
4 4
Ex.5 Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3 (e) 0 may be a zero of a polynomial.
at: For example : If f(x) = x2 – x,
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1 then f(0) = 02 – 0 = 0
Sol. Let p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3. Here 0 is the zero of polynomial
(i) At x = 0, p(0) = 5 × 0 – 4 × (0)2 + 3 f(x) = x2 – x.
=0–0+3=3 
(ii) At x = –1, p(–1) = 5(–1) – 4(–1)2 + 3 EXAMPLES 
= –5 – 4 + 3 = – 6 Ex.6 Verify whether the indicated numbers are
zeroes of the polynomial corresponding to
 ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL them in the following cases :
1

 If for x = a, the value of the polynomial p(x) is 0 (i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
i.e., p(a) = 0; then x = a is a zero of the 3
polynomial p(x). (ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
For example : (iii) p(x) = x2, x = 0
(i) For polynomial p(x) = x – 2; p(2) = 2 – 2 = 0 m
(iv) p(x) = x + m, x = –

x = 2 or simply 2 is a zero of the polynomial
1
p(x) = x – 2. (v) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2
(ii) For the polynomial g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6; Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1 
g(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0  1 1
    p    = 3 × – + 1 = –1 + 1 = 0
 3 is a zero of the polynomial g(u)  3 3
= u2 – 5u + 6.
 1 2
   x = – is a zero of p(x) = 3x + 1.     3x = 2 and x = .
3 3
(ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2)  2
x = is zero of p(x) = 3x – 2
    p(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 – 2) = 0 × –3 = 0 3

and, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0  GEOMETRIC MEANING OF THE ZEROES OF

   x = –1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the  A POLYNOMIAL
given polynomial.
Let us consider linear polynomial ax + b. The
(iii) p(x) = x2   p(0) = 02 = 0 graph of y = ax + b is a straight line.
 x = 0 is a zero of the given For example : The graph of y = 3x + 4 is a straight
polynomial line passing through (0, 4) and (2, 10).
 m  m x 0 2
(iv) p(x) = x + m  p  =  
    y  3x  4 4 10
+m Po int s A B
=–m+ m=0
y
m B(2, 10)
   x = – is a zero of the given

polynomial.
1 1 A(0, 4)
(v) p(x) = 2x + 1 p   = 2 × +1
2 2

= 1 + 1 = 2 0
x' O x
1
   x = is not a zero of the given
2
polynomial. (i) Let us consider the graph of y = 2x – 4
intersects the x-axis at x = 2. The zero 2x – 4
Ex.7 Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the is 2. Thus, the zero of the polynomial 2x – 4
following cases : is the x-coordinate of the point where the
(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = 2x + 5 graph y = 2x – 4 intersects the x-axis.
(iii) p(x) = 3x – 2 x 2 0
Sol. To find the zero of a polynomial p(x) means y  2x  4 0  4
to solve the polynomial equation p(x) = 0. Po int s A B
(i) For the zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5 y
p(x) = 0  x + 5 = 0  x = –5
x = –5 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x + 5. A
O
(ii) p(x) = 0   2x + 5 = 0  x' –1
x
5 –2
    2x = –5 and x = –3
2
–4 B
5
 x= is a zero of p(x) = 2x + 5. y'
2
(iii) p(x) = 0  3x – 2 = 0  
(ii) A general equation of a linear polynomial is y
ax + b. The graph of y = ax + b is a straight D
9 E
b  8 C
line which intersects the x-axis at  , 0 . F
 a  7
6
Zero of the polynomial ax + b is the x- B 5
coordinate of the point of intersection of the 4
graph with x-axis. 3
2
(iii) Let us consider the quadratic polynomial
x2 – 4x + 3. The graph of x2 – 4x + 3 intersects A –2 1 G
x' x
the x-axis at the point (1, 0) and (3, 0). Zeroes –4 –3 –1 O 1 2 3 4
of the polynomial x2 – 4x + 3 are the
x-coordinates of the points of intersection of y'
the graph with x-axis.
x 1 2 3 4 5
The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c he x-coordinates of the points
y  x 2  4x  3 0  1 0 3 8 where the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects
Po int s A B C D E the x-axis.
The shape of the graph of the quadratic Cubic polynomial : Let us find out
polynomials is  and the curve is known as geometrically how many zeroes a cubic has.
parabola. Let consider cubic polynomial
y
x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
D y  x 3  6x 2  11x  6  6  1.875 0 0.375 0  0.375 0 1.875 6
Po int s A B C D E F G H I

Case 1 :
A C
The graph of the cubic equation intersects the
x' O 1 2 3 4 x x-axis at three points (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0).
–1 Zeroes of the given polynomial are the
B
–2 x-coordinates of the points of intersection
with the x-axis.
y'
y
(iv) Now let us consider one more polynomial
–x2 + 2x + 8. Graph of this polynomial 6 I
intersects the x-axis at the points 5
(4, 0), (–2, 0). Zeroes of the polynomial – 4
x2 + 2x + 8 are the x-coordinates of the points 3
at which the graph intersects the x-axis. The 2 D
shape of the graph of the given quadratic 1 H
C E G
polynomial is  and the curve is known as x' x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
parabola. –1
B F
x  2 1 0 1 2 3 4 –2
–3
y 0 5 8 9 8 7 0
–4
Po int s A B C D E F G –5
–6 A

y'
 Case 2 : y y

The cubic equation x3 – x2 intersects the x-

axis at the point (0, 0) and (1, 0). Zero of a (iii) (iv)
polynomial x3 – x2 are the x-coordinates of x' x x' x
O O
the point where the graph cuts the x-axis.
y' y'
y
y y
x' O x

O (v) (vi)
x' x x' x
O
y' y'
y
y' y
Zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 0 and 1. x' x
O O
Case 3 : (vii) (viii)
x' x
y = x3
y'
Cubic polynomial has only one zero. y'
y y y

(ix) (x) x' x

x' x O
x' O x O
y' y'

y' Sol. (i) The graph is a straight line so the graph is of

a linear polynomial. The number of zeroes is
In brief : A cubic equation can have 1 or 2 or one as the graph intersects the x-axis at one
3 zeroes or any polynomial of degree three point only.
can have at most three zeroes.
(ii) The graph is a parabola. So, this is the graph
Remarks : In general, polynomial of degree of quadratic polynomial. The number of
n, the graph of y = p(x) passes x-axis at most zeroes is zero as the graph does not intersect
at n points. Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of the x-axis.
degree n has at most n zeroes.
(iii) Here the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
EXAMPLES  is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as
Ex.8 Which of the following correspond to the the graph intersects the x-axis at one point
graph to a linear or a quadratic polynomial only (two coincident points).
and find the number of zeroes of polynomial. (iv) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
y y is a parabola. The number of zeroes is two as
the graph intersects the x-axis at two points.
(v) The polynomial is linear as the graph is
(i) (ii) straight line. The number of zeroes is zero as
x' x x' x the graph does not intersect the x-axis.
O O
y' y' (vi) The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a
parabola. The number of zeroes is 1 as the
graph intersects the x-axis at one point (two
coincident points) only.
 (vii)The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a 2 3
When x= or
parabola. The number of zeroes is zero, as the 3 2
graph does not intersect the x-axis.
Therefore, the zeroes of 6x2 – 13x + 6 are
(viii) Polynomial is neither linear nor quadratic as
the graph is neither a straight line nor a 2 3
and .
parabola is one as the graph intersects the x- 3 2
axis at one point only. Sum of the zeroes
(ix) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph
2 3 13 (13) coefficien t of x
is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as = + = = =
the graph intersects the x-axis at one point 3 2 6 6 coefficien t of x 2
only (two coincident points).
Product of the zeroes
(x) The polynomial is linear as the graph is a
2 3 6 cons tan t term
straight line. The number of zeroes is one as = × = =
the graph intersects the x-axis at only one 3 2 6 coefficien t of x 2
point. 

Ex.10 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ZEROES AND 4x2 – 9 and verify the relation between the
 THE COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL. zeroes and its coefficients.

Sol. We have,
Consider quadratic polynomial
4x2 – 9 = (2x)2 – 32 = (2x – 3) (2x + 3)
P(x) = 2x2 – 16x + 30.
So, the value of 4x2 – 9 is 0, when
Now, 2x2 – 16x + 30 = (2x – 6) (x – 3)
2x – 3 = 0 or 2x + 3 = 0
= 2 (x – 3) (x – 5)
3 3
The zeroes of P(x) are 3 and 5. i.e., when x = or x = – .
2 2
Sum of the zeroes
3 3
Therefore, the zeroes of 4x2 – 9 are &– .
(16)  coefficien t of x  2 2
=3+5=8= =–  2
2  coefficien t of x  Sum of the zeroes
Product of the zeroes 3 3 ( 0 ) coefficien t of x
= – =0= =
2 2 4 coefficien t of x 2
30 constan t term
= 3 × 5 = 15 = =
2 coefficien t of x 2 Product of the zeroes

So if ax2 + bx + c, a  0 is a quadratic 3  3

=     =
9
=
cons tan t term
polynomial and ,  are two zeroes of polynomial 2  2 4 coefficien t of x 2
b c
then     – ,   Ex.11 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
a a 9x2 – 5 and verify the relation between the
 EXAMPLES  zeroes and its coefficients.

Ex.9 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial Sol. We have,

6x2 – 13x + 6 and verify the relation between 9x2 – 5 = (3x)2 – ( 5 )2 = (3x – 5 ) (3x + 5 )
the zeroes and its coefficients.
So, the value of 9x2 – 5 is 0,
Sol. We have, 6x2 – 13x + 6 = 6x2 – 4x – 9x + 6
= 2x (3x – 2) –3 (3x – 2) when 3x – 5 = 0 or 3x + 5 = 0
= (3x – 2) (2x – 3) 5  5
i.e., when x = or x = .
So, the value of 6x2– 13x + 6 is 0, when 3 3
(3x – 2) = 0 or (2x – 3) = 0 i.e., Sum of the zeroes
 5 5 ( 0 ) coefficien t of x 2 b b coefficien t of x
= – =0= = = =– =
3 3 9 coefficien t of x 2 2a a coefficien t of x 2

Product of the zeroes Hence, sum of the zeroes of the polynomial

b
 5  5 ax2 + bx + c is –
=    = 5 = cons tan t term a
 3   3  9 coefficien t of x 2
    By multiplying (1) and (2), we get
Ex.12 If  and  are the zeroes of ax2
+ bx + c, a  0   b  b 2  4ac    b  b 2  4ac 
then verify the relation between the zeroes  =   
and its coefficients.  2a  2a 
  
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of polynomial
(b) 2  (b 2  4ac) 2 b 2  b 2  4ac
ax2 + bx + c. = =
4a 2 4a 2
Therefore, (x – ), (x – ) are the factors of
the polynomial ax2 + bx + c. 4ac c
= 2
=
4a a
 ax2 + bx + c = k (x – ) (x – )
cons tan t term
ax2 + bx + c = k {x2 – ( + ) x + } =
coefficien t of x 2
ax2 + bx + c = kx2 – k ( + ) x + k...(1)
c
Comparing the coefficients of x2, x and Hence, product of zeroes =
a
constant terms of (1) on both sides, we get
a = k, b = – k ( + ) and c = k
In general, it can be proved that if , ,  are the
b c zeroes of a cubic polynomial ax3 + bx2 + cx + d,
  +  = – and  =
k k then
b
b c ++=
+= and  = [ k = a] a
a a
c
b coefficien t of x  +  +  =
Sum of the zeroes = = a
a coefficien t of x 2
d
 =
c cons tan t term a
Product of the zeroes = =
a coefficien t of x 2 Note,
b c
, and
d
are meaningful because a  0.
a a a
Ex. 13 Prove relation between the zeroes and the
coefficient of the quadratic polynomial
ax2 + bx + c. Ex.14 find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
x2 – 2x – 8 and verify a relationship between
Sol. Let  and  be the zeroes of the polynomial
zeroes and its coefficients.
ax2 + bx + c
Sol. x2 – 2x – 8 = x2 – 4x + 2x – 8
2
 b  b  4ac
  = ....(1) = x (x – 4) + 2 (x – 4) = (x – 4) (x + 2)
2a
So, the value of x2 – 2x – 8 is zero when
2 x – 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 i.e., when x = 4 or x = – 2.
 b  b  4ac
 = ....(2)
2a So, the zeroes of x2 – 2x – 8 are 4, – 2.
By adding (1) and (2), we get Sum of the zeroes

 b  b 2  4ac  b  b 2  4ac =4–2=2=

(2)
=
coefficien t of x
+= +
2a 2a 1 coefficien t of x 2
 Product of the zeroes  SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ZEROS OF A
8 cons tan t term  QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL.
= 4 (–2) = –8 = =
1 coefficien t of x 2

 Symmetric function :
Ex.15 Verify that the numbers given along side of An algebraic expression in  and , which
the cubic polynomials are their zeroes. Also remains unchanged, when  and  are
verify the relationship between the zeroes and
interchanged is known as symmetric function in 
1
the coefficients. 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 ; , 1, – 2 and .
2
For example, 2 + 2 and 3 + 3 etc. are
Sol. Here, the polynomial p(x) is symmetric functions. Symmetric function is to be
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 expressed in terms of ( + ) and . So, this can
be evaluated for a given quadratic equation.
Value of the polynomial 2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2
when x = 1/2  Some useful relations involving  and  :
3 2 1. 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2
1 1 1 1 1 5
= 2   +   – 5   +2 = + – + 2 = 0 2. ( – )2 = ( + )2 – 4
2 2 2 4 4 2
3. 2 – 2 = (+) ( – ) = ( + )
So, 1/2 is a zero of p(x).
On putting x = 1 in the cubic polynomial (  ) 2  4
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 4. 3 + 3 = ( + )3 – 3 ( + )
= 2(1)3 + (1)2 – 5(1) + 2 = 2 + 1 – 5 + 2 = 0 5. 3 – 3 = ( – )3 + 3 ( – )
On putting x = – 2 in the cubic polynomial 6. 4 + 4 =[( + )2 – 2]2 –2()2
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 7. 4 – 4 = (2 + 2) (2 – 2) then use (1) and (3)
= 2(–2)3 + (–2)2 – 5 (–2) + 2

= – 16 + 4 + 10 + 2 = 0
 EXAMPLES 
1
Hence, , 1, – 2 are the zeroes of the given
2 Ex.16 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomial
polynomial. ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of
Sum of the zeroes of p(x) (i)  –  (ii) 2 + 2.

1 1  coefficien t of x 2 Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of the

= +1–2=– = polynomial ax2 + bx + c.
2 2 coefficien t of x 3
b c
Sum of the products of two zeroes taken at a   +=– ;  =
a a
time
(i) ( – )2 = ( + )2 – 4
1 1
= ×1+ × (–2) + 1 × (–2) 2
2 2  b 4c b2 4c b 2  4ac
=   – = 2 – =
1 5 coefficien t of x  a a a a a2
= –1–2=– =
2 2 coefficien t of x 3
b 2  4ac
 – =
Product of all the three zeroes a

1 (ii) 2 + 2 = 2 + 2 + 2 – 2

=   × (1) × (–2) = –1
 2 = ( + )2 – 2
2
=
(2) cons tant term
=  b c b 2  2ac
=   – 2  =
2 coefficien t of x 3  a a a2
Ex.17 If  and  are the zeroes of the quadratic = x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
polynomial ax2 + bx + c. Find the value of = x2 – 10x + 24
(i) 2 – 2 (ii) 3 + 3. Ex.19 Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c are –3, 5.

b c Sol. Here, zeroes are – 3 and 5.

  += , =
a a Sum of the zeroes = – 3 + 5 = 2
(i) 2 – 2 = ( + ) (– ) Product of the zeroes = (–3) × 5 = – 15
b Hence the polynomial formed
=– (  ) 2  4
a = x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes

b
2
b b 2  4ac = x2 – 2x – 15
b c
=–   4 = –
a  a  a a a2 Ex.20 Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum of
zeroes and product of zeroes are respectively-
b b 2  4ac 1 1
=– (i) ,–1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5
a2 4 3
(ii) 3 + 3 = ( + ) (2 + 2 – ) Sol. Let the polynomial be ax2 + bx + c and its
= ( + ) [(2 + 2 + 2) – 3] zeroes be  and .
= ( + ) [( + )2 – 3] 1
(i) Here,  +  = and  .  = – 1
4
b   b  2 3c 
=     Thus the polynomial formed
a  a  a

= x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
b 2 2
b 3c  b  b  3ac 
 
=  2  = 1 x
a  a a  a  a2  = x2 –   x – 1 = x 2 – –1
  4 4

 b 3  3abc  x 
= The other polynomial are k  x 2   1
a3  4 

If k = 4, then the polynomial is 4x2 – x – 4.

 TO FORM A QUADRATIC POLYNOMIAL
 WITH THE GIVEN ZEROES 1
(ii) Here,  + = 2 ,  =
Let zeroes of a quadratic polynomial be  and . 3
 x = , x= Thus the polynomial formed
x –  = 0, x – = 0
The obviously the quadratic polynomial is = x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of
(x – ) (x – ) zeroes
i.e., x2 – ( + ) x +  1 1
= x2 – ( 2 ) x + or x2 – 2 x +
2 3 3
x  (Sum of the zeroes) x  Pr oduct of the zeroes
 1
 EXAMPLES  Other polynomial are k  x 2  2 x  
 3
Ex.18 Form the quadratic polynomial whose zeroes
are 4 and 6. If k = 3, then the polynomial is
Sol. Sum of the zeroes = 4 + 6 = 10 3x2 – 3 2 x + 1
Product of the zeroes = 4 × 6 = 24 (iii) Here, +=0 and . = 5
Hence the polynomial formed
Thus the polynomial formed
 = x2 – (Sum of zeroes) x + Product of we get
zeroes
x3 – (0) x2 + (–7) x + (–6)
= x2 – (0) x + 5 = x2 + 5 or x3 – 7x + 6
Ex.21 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its Ex.23 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomials
zeroes, sum of the products of its zeroes taken ax2 + bx + c then form the polynomial whose
two at a time, and product of its zeroes as 2, 1 1
– 7 and –14, respectively. zeroes are and .
 
Sol. Let the cubic polynomial be
Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of ax2 + bx + c
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
b c
b 2 c d So  +  = , =
  x3 + x + x+ ....(1) a a
a a a
1 1 
and its zeroes are ,  and , then Sum of the zeroes = + =
  
b
++=2=– b
a 
= a = b
c c c
 +  +  = – 7 = a
a
Product of the zeroes
d
 = – 14 = –
a 1 1 1 a
= . = =
  c c
b c d
Putting the values of , and in (1), a
a a a
But required polynomial is
we get
x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + Product of zeroes
x3 + (–2) x2 + (–7)x + 14
 b a
  x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 14   x2 –   x+  
 c  c
Ex.22 Find the cubic polynomial with the sum, sum
b a
of the product of its zeroes taken two at a or x2 + x+
time and product of its zeroes as 0, –7 and –6 c c
respectively.
 b a
or c  x 2  x  
Sol. Let the cubic polynomial be  c c
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d   cx2 + bx + a
b 2 c d Ex.24 If  and  are the zeroes of the polynomial
  x3 + x + x+ ....(1)
a a a x2 + 4x + 3, form the polynomial whose
 
and its zeroes are , , . Then zeroes are 1 + and 1 + .
 
b
++=0=– Sol. Since  and  are the zeroes of the
a
polynomial x2 + 4x + 3.
c Then,  +  = – 4,  = 3
 +  +  = – 7 =
a
Sum of the zeroes
d
 = – 6 =      2     2
a =1+ +1+ =
  
b c d
Putting the values of , and in (1),
a a a
  2   2  2 (  ) 2 ( 4) 2 16 where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
= = = =
  3 3 The result is called Division Algorithm for
Product of the zeroes polynomials.

       Dividend  Quotient  Divisor  Remainder

= 1   1   = 1 + + +
      
 EXAMPLES 
 2  2 2   2   2
=2+ = Ex.25 Divide 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 by x + 4.
 

(  ) 2 ( 4) 2 16
Sol.
= = =
 3 3 3x2 + 4x + 5
3x 3
x+4 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 First term of q(x) = = 3x2
But required polynomial is 3 2 x
3x + 12x
x2 – (sum of zeroes) x + product of zeroes – – 4x 2
2 Second term of q(x) = = 4x
4x + 21x + 20 x
16 16  16 16 
or x2 – x+ or k  x 2  x  4x2 + 16x
3 3  3 3 – – 5x
5x + 20 Third term of q(x) = =5
16 16  x
 5x + 20
or 3  x 2  x  (if k = 3)
 3 3 – –
0
 3x2 – 16x + 16
Quotient = 3x2 + 4x + 5
 WORKING RULE TO DIVIDE A POLYNOMIAL Remainder = 0
 BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL


Ex.26 Apply the division algorithm to find the

Step 1: quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by
First arrange the term of dividend and the divisor g(x) as given below :
in the decreasing order of their degrees. p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
Step 2 : Sol. We have,
To obtain the first term of quotient divide the p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 and g(x) = x2 – 2
highest degree term of the dividend by the highest
x–3
degree term of the divisor. x3
x –2 x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 First term of quotient is 2 = x
2
x
Step 3 : x3 – 2x
– +  3x 2
To obtain the second term of the quotient, divide 2
– 3x + 7x – 3 Second term of quotient is = –3
2 x2
the highest degree term of the new dividend – 3x +6
obtained as remainder by the highest degree term + –
of the divisor. 7x – 9

Step 4 : We stop here since

Continue this process till the degree of remainder degree of (7x – 9) < degree of (x2 – 2)
is less than the degree of divisor. So, quotient = x – 3, remainder = 7x – 9
 Division Algorithm for Polynomial Therefore,
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with Quotient × Divisor + Remainder

g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and = (x – 3) (x2 – 2) + 7x – 9

r(x) such that = x3 – 2x – 3x2 + 6 + 7x – 9
p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 = Dividend
 Therefore, the division algorithm is verified. Here, remainder is 0, so t2 – 3 is a factor of
2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
Ex.27 Apply the division algorithm to find the
quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 = (2t2 + 3t + 4) (t2 – 3)
g(x) as given below
Ex.29 Obtain all the zeroes of
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g (x) = x2 + 1 – x
3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5, if two of its zeroes
Sol. We have, 5 5
are and – .
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x 3 3

x2 + x – 3 5 5
Sol. Since two zeroes are and – ,
x2 – x + 1 x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 3 3
x4 – x3 + x2
– + – 5 5
x= ,x=–
x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 5 3 3
x3 – x2 + x
– + –  5   5  5
–3x2 + 3x + 5   x  x = x2 – or 3x2 – 5
 3   3  3
– 3x2 + 3x – 3 
+ – + is a factor of the given polynomial.
8
Now, we apply the division algorithm to the
given polynomial and 3x2 – 5.

We stop here since x2 + 2x + 1

4 3 2
3x2 – 5 3x + 6x – 2x – 10x – 5
degree of (8) < degree of (x2 – x + 1). 3x 4
– 5x2
So, quotient = x2 + x – 3, remainder = 8 – +
6x3 + 3x2 – 10x – 5
Therefore, 6x3 – 10x
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder – +
2
3x –5
= (x2 + x – 3) (x2 – x + 1) + 8 3x2 –5
= x4 – x3 + x2 + x3 – x2 + x – 3x2 + 3x – 3 + 8 – +
0
= x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 = Dividend
So, 3x4 + 6x3 – 2x2 – 10x – 5
Therefore the Division Algorithm is verified.
= (3x2 – 5) (x2 + 2x + 1) + 0
Ex.28 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of
the second polynomial by applying the division Quotient = x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2
algorithm.t2 – 3; 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12. Zeroes of (x + 1)2 are –1, –1.
Sol. We divide 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12 by t2 – 3
5 5
2t2 + 3t + 4 Hence, all its zeroes are ,– , –1, –1.
2 4 3 2
3 3
t – 3 2t + 3t – 2t – 9t – 12
4
2t – 6t2 Ex.30 On dividing x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 by a polynomial
– + g(x), the quotient and remainder were x – 2
3t3 + 4t2 + 9t – 12 and –2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).
3t3 – 9t
Sol. p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + x + 2
– +
4t2 – 12 q(x) = x – 2 and r (x) = –2x + 4
4t2 – 12
– + By Division Algorithm, we know that
0 p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)
Therefore,
 x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 = (x – 2) × g(x) + (–2x + 4) and sum of zeroes is (a – b) + a + (a + b) = 3
  x3 – 3x2 + x + 2 + 2x – 4 = (x – 2) × g(x)  3a = 3  a = 1 …(2)

x 3  3x 2  3x  2 by (1) and (2)

  g(x) =
x2 (1 – b2)1 = –1
On dividing x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 by x – 2,  2 = b2  b = ± 2
we get g(x)
x2 – x + 1  a = –1 & b = ± 2 Ans.
x3
x–2 x3 – 3x2 + 3x – 2 First term of quotient is =x
x3 – 2x2 x
– +  x2
Ex.33 If two zeroes of the polynomial
–x2 + 3x – 2 Second term of quotient is = –x
–x2 + 2x x x4 – 6x3 –26x2 + 138x – 35 are 2 ± 3,
+ – find other zeroes.
x
x – 2 Third term of quotient is =1
x –2 x Sol.  2 ± 3 are zeroes.
– +
0  x=2± 3

Hence, g(x) = x2 – x + 1.  x – 2 = ± 3 (squaring both sides)

 (x – 2)2 = 3  x2 + 4 – 4x – 3 = 0
Ex.31 Give examples of polynomials p(x), q(x) and
r(x), which satisfy the division algorithm and  x2 – 4x + 1 = 0 , is a factor of given
polynomial
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
 other factors
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
(iii) deg q(x) = 0 x 4  6x 3  26x 2  138x  35
=
x 2  4x  1
Sol. (i) Let q(x) = 3x2 + 2x + 6, degree of q(x) = 2
x2 – 2x – 35
p(x) = 12x2 + 8x + 24, degree of p(x) = 2 4 3 2
x2 – 4x + 1 x 4 – 6x 3 – 26x2 + 138x – 35
Here, deg p(x) = deg q(x) x – 4x + x
– + –
(ii) p(x) = x5 + 2x4 + 3x3 + 5x2 + 2 – 2x3 – 27x2 + 138x – 35
q(x) = x2 + x + 1, degree of q(x) = 2 – 2x3 + 8x2 – 2x
+ – +
g(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 1 – 35x2 + 140x – 35
– 35x2 + 140x – 35
r(x) = 2x2 – 2x + 1, degree of r(x) = 2 + – +
×
Here, deg q(x) = deg r(x) 2
 other factors = x – 2x – 35
(iii) Let p(x) = 2x4 + 8x3 + 6x2 + 4x + 12
= x2 – 7x + 5x – 35 = x(x – 7) + 5(x – 7)
q(x) = 2, degree of q(x) = 0
= (x – 7) (x + 5)
g(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 3x2 + 2x + 6
 other zeroes are (x – 7) = 0  x = 7
r(x) = 0
x+5=0x=–5 Ans.
Here, deg q(x) = 0
Ex.32 If the zeroes of polynomial x3 – 3x2 + x + 1
are a – b, a , a + b. Find a and b.
Sol.  a – b, a, a + b are zeros
 product (a – b) a(a + b) = –1
 (a2 – b2) a = –1 …(1)
 EXERCISE # 1
A.Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.18 Find the zeroes of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 2
and verify the relation between its zeroes and
Factorize each of the following expression
coefficients.
Q.1 x2 – x – 42
Q.19 Obtain the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial
Q.2 6 – 5y – y2
3 x2 – 8x + 4 3 and verify the relation
2
Q.3 a + 46a + 205 between its zeroes and coefficients.
2
Q.4 ab + ac – b – bc Q.20 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum of its
4 4
Q.5 p – 81q zeroes, sum of the products of its zeroes taken
two at a time and the product of its zeroes as
Use remainder theorem to find remainder,
2, –7 and –14 respectively.
when p(x) is divided by q(x) in following
questions. Q.21 Find a cubic polynomial whose zeroes are 3, 5
Q.6 p(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 7, q(x) = x – 1 and – 2.

Q.7 p(x) = x9 – 5x4 + 1 , q(x) = x + 1 Q.22 Divide 5x3 – 13x2 + 21x – 14 by (3 – 2x + x2)
and verify the division algorithm.
Q.8 p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 1 , q(x) = x + 2
Q.23 What real number should be subtracted from
B. Short Answer Type Questions the polynomial (3x3 + 10x2 – 14x + 9) so that
Q.9 Find positive square root of 36x2 + 60x + 25 (3x – 2) divides it exactly?

Q.24 Find all the zeroes of (2x4 – 3x3 – 5x2 + 9x –3),

Q.10 Simplify : 2a 2  2 6 ab  3b 2
it being given that two of its zeroes are
Q.11 (x2 + 4y)2 + 21 (x2 + 4y) + 98 3 and – 3.
Q.12 Find the value of k if (x – 2) is a factor of
2x3– 6x2+ 5x + k.

Q.13 Find the value of k if (x + 3) is a factor of

3x2 + kx + 6.

Q.14 p(x) = 3x6 – 7x5 + 7x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 2, q(x) = x – 1

Q.15 For what value of k is y3 + ky + 2k – 2 exactly

divisible by (y + 1) ?

C. Long Answer Type Questions

Q.16 If x + 1 and x – 1 are factors of

mx3 + x2 – 2x + n, find the value of m and n.

Q.17 Find the zeros of the polynomial

f(x) = 2x2 + 5x – 12 and verify the relation
between its zeroes and coefficients.
 ANSWER KEY
A. VERTY SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1. (x + 6) (x – 7) 2. (6 + y) (1 – y) 3. (a + 41) (a + 5) 4. (a – b) (b + c)

5. (p + 3q) (p – 3q) (p2 + 9q2) 6. 4 7. – 5 8. –37

B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

9. 6x + 5 10. ( 2 a + 3 b) 11. (x2 + 4y + 7) (x2 + 4y + 14) 12. –2

13. 11 15. 3

C. LONG ANSWER TYPE :

3 2
16. m = 2, n = – 1 17. –4, 18.  2 , 2 19. 2 3 ,
2 3

20. x3 – 2x2 – 7x + 14 21. x3 – 6x2 – x + 30 22. quotient = 5x – 3, Remainder = –5

1
23. 5 24. 3 ,  3 ,1,
2
 EXERCISE # 2
 1  1 
Q.1 If  x   = 3, then find value of  x 2   . Q.15 Find the quadratic polynomial, sum of whose
 x  x2  zeros is 8 and their product is 12. Hence, find
1 1 4  the zeros of the polynomial.
 
Q.2 If  x   = , then find  4x 2  2  .
 x 2  x  Q.16 Find the quadratic polynomial , the sum of
whose zeros is –5 and their product is 6. Hence,
 1  1 
Q.3 If  x   = 4, then find  x 4   . find the zeros of the polynomial.
 x  x4 
Q.17 Find the quadratic polynomial, the sum of
Q.4 If (x – 2) is a factor of (x2 + 3qx – 2q), then
whose zeros is 0 and their product is –1. Hence,
find the value of q.
find the zeros of the polynomial.
Q.5 If x3 + 6x2 + 4x + k is exactly divisible by
Q.18 Find a quadratic polynomial whose one zero is
(x + 2), then find the value of k.
5+ 7.
Q.6 Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then, which one
of the following is not factor of f(x) ? Q.19 On dividing (x3 – 3x2 + x + 2) by a polynomial
g(x), the quotient and remainder are (x – 2) and
(A) x – 1 (B) x – 2 (–2x + 4) respectively. Find g(x).
(C) x + 3 (D) x – 3 Q.20 If the polynomial (x4 + 2x3 + 8x2 + 12x + 18) is
Q.7 If x100 + 2x99 + k is divisible by (x + 1), then divided by another polynomial (x2 + 5), the
find the value of k. remainder comes out to be (px + q). Find the
value of p and q.
Q.8 On dividing (x3 – 6x + 7) by (x + 1), find the
remainder. Q.21 Obtain all zeros of the polynomial
3 2
(2x – 4x – x + 2), if two of its zeros are 2
Q.9 Find the value of expression (16x2 + 24x + 9)
3 and – 2 .
for x = – .
4
Q.22 If 1 and –2 are two zeros of the polynomial
Q.10 If 2x3 + 5x2 – 4x – 6 is divided by 2x + 1, then
(x3 – 4x2 – 7x + 10), find its third zero.
find remainder.
Q.23 Find all the zeros of the polynomial
(2x4 – 11x3 + 7x2 + 13x – 7), it being given that
Q.11 If p(x) = x2 – 2x – 3, then find
(i) p(3); (ii) p(–1) two if its zeros are (3 + 2 ) and (3 – 2 ).

Q.12 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.24 If ,  are the zeros of the polynomial
(6x2 – 7x – 3) and verify the relation between f(x) = x2 – 5x + k such that  –  = 1, find the
its zeros and coefficients. value of k.

Q.13 Find the zeros of the quadratic polynomial Q.25 Show that the polynomial f(x) = x4 + 4x2 + 6
(5u2 + 10u) and verify the relation between the has no zero.
zeros and the coefficients.
Q.26 Use remainder theorem to find the value of k, it
Q.14 Find the quadratic polynomial whose zeros are being given that when x3 + 2x2 + kx + 3 is
2 1 divided by (x – 3), then the remainder is 21.
and . Verify the relation between the
3 4
coefficients and the zeros of the polynomial.
 ANSWER KEY
1. 7 2. 9 4. – 1 5. – 8 6. (C)

7. 1 8. 12 9. 0 10. – 3

3 1
11. (i) 0 , (ii) 0 12. ,– 13. – 2, 0 14. 12x2 – 5x – 2
2 3

15. (x2 – 8x + 12), {6, 2} 16. (x2 + 5x + 6), {– 3, – 2}

17. (x2 – 1), {1, –1} 18. x2 – 10x + 18 19. x2 – x + 1 20. p = 2, q = 3

1 1
21. 2 , – 2, 22. 5 23. (3  2 ), (3 – 2 ) , ,–1
2 2

24. k = 6 26. k = – 9