CRACK BPSC

Class 10 ~ ncert ~ Biology ( summary)

CHAPTER ~ 1
● Oxidising-reducing reactions are some of the most common chemical means to
break-down molecules.
● The process of acquiring oxygen from outside the body, and to use it in the
process of break-down of food sources for cellular needs, is what we call
respiration.

NUTRITION

● Enzymes ~ bio-catalysts.
● Heterotrophic organisms include animals and fungi.

Autotrophic Nutrition

● Carbon and energy requirements of the autotrophic organism are fulfilled

by photosynthesis.
● Carbon dioxide and water is converted into carbohydrates in the presence
of sunlight and chlorophyll.
● Carbohydrates are utilized for providing energy to the plant. The
carbohydrates which are not used immediately are stored in the form of
starch (internal energy reserve).

During the process of photosynthesis ~

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 ● Absorption of light energy by chlorophyll.
● Conversion of light energy to chemical energy and splitting of water
molecules into hydrogen and oxygen.
● Reduction of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates.

Desert plant take up carbon dioxide at night and prepare an intermediate

which is acted upon by the energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the
day.

● cells contain green dots. These green dots are cell organelles called
chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll.
● stomata ~ tiny pores present on the surface of the leaves.
○ gaseous exchange takes place in the leaves through these pores for the
purpose of photosynthesis. (Diffusion )
● But it is important to note here that exchange of gasses occurs across the surface
of stems, roots and leaves as well.
○ Since large amounts of water can also be lost through these stomata, the
plant closes these pores when it does not need carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis.
○ The opening and closing of the pore is a function of the guard cells.
● Water used in photosynthesis is taken up from the soil by the roots in terrestrial
plants.
● Other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus,iron and magnesium are taken up
from the soil.
● Nitrogen is an essential element used in the synthesis of proteins and other
compounds. (form of inorganic nitrates or nitrites)

Heterotrophic Nutrition

● Fungi like bread molds, yeast and mushrooms ~ break-down the food
material outside the body and then absorb it.
● cuscuta (amar-bel), ticks, lice, leeches and tape-worms ~ derive nutrition
from plants or animals without killing them. (parasitic nutritive strategy).
 ● Amoeba (unicellular organism) takes in food using temporary finger-like
extensions (Pseudopodia) of the cell surface which fuse over the food particle
forming a food-vacuole.
● Paramoecium ( unicellular organism) , has a definite shape and food is taken in
at a specific spot.

Nutrition in Human Beings

● Alimentary canal ~ long tube extending from the mouth to the anus.
● Salivary glands secretes Saliva that contains salivary amylase that breaks down
starch into simple sugar.
● From the mouth, the food is taken to the stomach through the food-pipe ~
oesophagus.
● Gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach ~ release hydrochloric acid, a
protein digesting enzyme called pepsin, and mucus.
● The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates the action of
the enzyme pepsin.
● Mucus protects the inner lining of the stomach from the action of the acid under
normal conditions.
● The exit of food from the stomach is regulated by a sphincter muscle which
releases it in small amounts into the small intestine. (longest part of the
alimentary canal)
● Small intestine is the site of the complete digestion of carbohydrates, proteins
and fats.
● Bile juice from the liver.
● The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes like trypsin for
digesting proteins and lipase for breaking down fats
● walls of the small intestine contain glands ~ enzymes ~ convert proteins to
amino acids, complex carbohydrates into glucose and fats into fatty acids
and glycerol

The villi are richly supplied with blood vessels which take the absorbed food to each
and every cell of the body.
● Unabsorbed food is sent into the large intestine ~ absorbs more water from this
material. The rest of the material is removed from the body via the anus.
RESPIRATION
● Break-down of glucose, a six-carbon molecule, into a three-carbon
molecule called pyruvate. This process takes place in the cytoplasm.

●
● lactic acid in our muscles during sudden activity causes cramps.
● The release of energy in this aerobic process is a lot greater than in the anaerobic
process.
● The energy released during cellular respiration is immediately used to synthesize
a molecule called ATP which is used to fuel all other activities in the cell. In
these processes, ATP is broken down giving rise to a fixed amount of energy
which can drive the endothermic reactions taking place in the cell.
 ○ ATP is the energy currency for most cellular processes.
○ Mitochondria
● Amount of dissolved oxygen is low compared to the amount of oxygen in the air,
the rate of breathing in aquatic organisms is much faster than that seen in
terrestrial organisms.
● In human beings , the air passes through the throat and into the lungs. Rings
of cartilage are present in the throat. These ensure that the air-passage does not
collapse.
● Alveoli (balloon-like structures) ~ exchange of gasses takes place.
○ The blood brings carbon dioxide from the rest of the body for release into
the alveoli, and the oxygen in the alveolar air is taken up by blood in the
alveolar blood vessels to be transported to all the cells in the body.
● When the body size of animals is large, the diffusion pressure alone cannot take
care of oxygen delivery to all parts of the body.
● In human beings ~ the respiratory pigment is haemoglobin ( present in the red
blood corpuscles) ~ very high affinity for oxygen.
● Carbon dioxide is more soluble in water than oxygen is and hence is mostly
transported in the dissolved form in our blood.

Transportation in Human Beings

● Blood ~ fluid connective tissue.
○ plasma in which the cells are suspended. Plasma transports
food, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes in dissolved form.
○ Red blood corpuscles ~ carries Oxygen

● Oxygen-rich blood from the lungs comes to the left atrium.

 ● Deoxygenated blood comes from the body to the right atrium.
● Valves ensure that blood does not flow backwards when the atria or ventricles
contract.
● Amphibians or many reptiles have three-chambered hearts, and tolerate some
mixing of the oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood streams. Ex~ Frog
○ Fish ~ 2 chamber ( no lungs) ~ blood is pumped to the gills, is oxygenated
there, and passes directly to the rest of the body
● Sphygmomanometer ~ measures Blood pressure
● High blood pressure ~ hypertension ~ is caused by the constriction of arterioles,
~ increased resistance to blood flow.

● Capillaries ~ ( smallest vessels have walls) ~ Exchange of material between the

blood and surrounding cells takes place.
● The capillaries then join together to form veins that convey the blood away
from the organ or tissue.
● Platelet cells ~ helping in blood clotting
● Lymph ~ colorless and contains less protein.
○ Lymph carries digested and absorbed fat from the intestine and
drains excess fluid from extracellular space back into the blood.

Transportation in Plants

● xylem ~ Transport of water & minerals.

○ The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is
known as transpiration
■ transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of
water and minerals dissolved
■ also helps in temperature regulation.
○ transport in xylem ~ by simple physical forces.
● Phloem ~ Transport of food and other substances.
 ○ transports amino acids
○ This transport of soluble products of photosynthesis is called
translocation
○ Material like sucrose is transferred into phloem tissue using energy from
ATP.
○ translocation in phloem ~ by utilizing energy.

Excretion in Human Beings

● Excretory system of human beings includes a pair of kidneys, a pair of ureters, a
urinary bladder and a urethra.
● Kidneys are located in the abdomen, one on either side of the backbone.
● Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into the urinary
bladder where it is stored until it is released through the urethra.
● Kidney - Ureters - Urinary bladder - Urethra.
● kidneys ~ removes nitrogenous waste such as urea or uric acid.
○ filtration units called nephrons. (Basic units)
● Artificial kidney (Hemodialysis)
○ An artificial kidney is a device to remove nitrogenous waste products from
the blood through dialysis.

Excretion in Plants
● Remove excess water by transpiration.
● Other waste products are stored as resins and gums, especially in old
xylem.
Chapter ~ 6

Human Brain , Hormones , Plant Hormone

NERVOUS SYSTEM

● Gustatory receptors ~ detect taste.

● Olfactory receptors ~ detect smell.
● Reflex action ~ function of the spinal cord.
● Brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system.

● The communication between the central nervous system and the

other parts of the body is facilitated by the peripheral nervous
system consisting of cranial nerves arising from the brain and spinal
nerves arising from the spinal cord.

● The brain has three parts ~ fore-brain, mid-brain and hind-brain.

● Fore-brain is the main thinking part of the brain.
○ specialized for hearing, smell, sight.
○ control the movement of voluntary muscles.
 ● Hind-brain ( medulla) controls ~ All these involuntary actions
including blood pressure, salivation (mouth waters) and vomiting ,
breathe , digest food , hearts beat, coughing, sneezing.
○ cerebellum ( part of hindbrain) ~ responsible for precision of
voluntary actions and maintaining the posture and balance of
the body.
■ walking in a straight line, riding a bicycle, picking up a
pencil.
● Cerebrum
○ Largest part of brain, {Cerebral Cortex} ,
○ Interpreting touch, smell, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning,
emotions, learning, fine control movement

● Muscle cells have special proteins that change both their shape and
their arrangement in the cell in response to nervous electrical
impulse.

PLANTS

● Touch-me-not’ plant (chhui-mui) ~ Mimosa family.

● The plants also use electrical-chemical means to convey this
information from cell to cell, but unlike in animals, there is no
specialized tissue in plants for the conduction of information.
● Plant cells change shape by changing the amount of water in them,
resulting in swelling or shrinking, and therefore in changing shapes.

Plants hormone

● Auxin ~ helps the plant cells to grow longer.

When light is coming from one side of the plant, auxin diffuses towards the shady
side of the shoot. This concentration of auxin stimulates the cells to grow longer on
the side of the shoot which is away from light. Thus, the plant appears to bend
towards light.

● Gibberellins ~ help in the growth of the stem.

● Cytokinins ~ promote cell division.
● Abscisic acid ~ hormone which inhibits growth.

Hormone in Human (Animals)

● Adrenal glands ~ secrete Adrenaline hormone ( secreted directly

into the blood)
○ Flight & fight ( heart beats faster)
● Thyroid gland to make thyroxine hormone
○ Regulates carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism.
○ Regulates metabolism for body growth
○ Iodine is essential for the synthesis of thyroxin
■ Deficiency of iodine causes Goitre (swollen neck).
● Pituitary glands ~ Growth hormone
○ regulates growth and development of the body.
○ deficiency of this hormone in childhood, it leads to dwarfism
○ Secret milk ejection Hormones ~ Oxytocin
● Testes ~ Testosterone in males
● Ovaries ~ Oestrogen in females
○ Development of female sex organs,
○ regulates menstrual cycle, etc.
● Hypothalamus ~ Releasing hormone ~ stimulates the pituitary gland
to release growth hormones.
● Pancreas ~ insulin ~ regulating blood sugar levels.
○ Mixed glands

● Hypothalamus regulates Body temperature

● Hormone control quantity of urine ~ ADH
Chapter~ 7
Asexual reproduction

● Fission ~ unicellular organisms, cell division

○ Many bacteria and protozoa simply split into two equal halves during
○ Amoeba, the splitting of the two cells
○ Binary fission ~ Leishmania (protozoa) (which causes kala-azar).
○ Multiple fission ~ Plasmodium
● Fragmentation ~ In multicellular organisms
○ Spirogyra ~ breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation
● Regeneration ~ Many fully differentiated organisms have the ability to give rise
to new individual organisms from their body parts.
○ For example ~ animals like Hydra and Planaria.
● Budding ~ Organisms such as Hydra use regenerative cells for reproduction in
the process of budding.
● Vegetative Propagation ~ parts like the root, stem and leaves develop into new
plants under appropriate conditions.
○ methods such as layering or grafting to grow many plants like sugarcane,
roses, or grapes.
○ This methods also make possible the propagation of plants such as
banana, orange, rose and jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce
seeds.

Leaf Margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into new plants

● Spore Formation ~ Rhizopus

All of the above method of reproduction are Asexual reproduction

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
in Flowering Plants
● reproductive parts of angiosperms are located in the flower.
● Stamens and pistils are the reproductive parts of a flower.
 ● unisexual flower ~ papaya , watermelon ~ when it contains either
stamens or pistil
● Bisexual (Hibiscus, mustard) ~ when it contains both stamens and pistil.
parts of a flower – sepals, petals, stamens and pistil
● Stamen ~ male reproductive part ~ produces pollen grains that are
yellowish in color.
○ Anther (Pollen grains) & Filament are of it .
● Pistil ~ female reproductive part
○ made of three parts ~ style , stigma & ovary.
● Pollen transferred from the stamen to the stigma in the same flower ~
self-pollination.
● Pollen transferred from one flower to another ~cross pollination.
● After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo
within the ovule.

Reproduction in Human Beings

● Male reproductive system consists of testes , vas deferens, seminal vesicles,
prostate gland, urethra and penis.
● The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and
vagina.
● formation sperms takes place in the testes
● Testes ~ located outside the abdominal cavity in scrotum
○ Because sperm formation requires a lower temperature than the normal
body temperature.
● urethra forms a common passage for both the sperms and urine.
● Prostate gland and the seminal vesicles add their secretions so that the sperms
are now in a fluid.
● The egg is carried from the ovary to the womb through a thin oviduct or fallopian
tube.
● The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus.
The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
● Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
● The fertilized egg (zygote) starts dividing and forms a ball of cells or embryo.
 ● The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special
tissue called placenta.

Sexually transmitted diseases.

● Bacterial infections ~ gonorrhoea and syphilis

● viral infections ~ warts and HIV-AIDS

● Contraception to avoid pregnancy can be achieved by the use of condoms, oral

pills, copper-T and other methods.

Chapter ~ Heredity
● Father of genetics ~ Johann Mendal
○ Law of inheritance.
○ Mendel principle of inheritance ~ Sexual
○ Mendel used peas plant.
● First to identify DNA ~ F Miescher
● Double helix model propounded by ~ Waston & Crick
○ Double helix features makes DNA suited to store & transmit
genetic information
● Unit of heredity ~ General
● Gene is a segment of DNA
● Change in base sequence of genetics ~ Mutation
● DNA ~ Control hereditary character
● Cellular DNA is the information source for making proteins in the cell
● Sexual reproduction causes genetic variation by bleeding of genes ,
shuffling of genes , chromosomal change.
● Chromosomal theory of inheritance ~ Sutton and Boveri
● Most human chromosomes have a maternal and a paternal copy, and
we have 22 such pairs. But one pair, called the sex chromosomes, is
odd in not always being a perfect pair. Women have a perfect pair of
sex chromosomes, both called X. But men have a mismatched pair in
which one is a normal-sized X while the other is a short one called Y.
So women are XX, while men are XY.
● 22 pairs chromosome ~ Autosome , 23rd pair ~ Sex chromosome.
● Har Gobind Khorana discovered ~ synthesis of protein ( DNA )
● Coping of DNA into RNA is called ~ TRANSCRIPTION