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IMAGE PROCESSING
AND PATTERN
RECOGNITION
Fundamentals and Techniques

FRANK Y. SHIH
IMAGE PROCESSING
AND PATTERN
RECOGNITION
 IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane
Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief

R. Abari M. El-Hawary S. Nahavandi

J. Anderson B. M. Hammerli W. Reeve
F. Canavero M. Lanzerotti T. Samad
T. G. Croda O. Malik G. Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Reviewers
Tim Newman
Ed Wong
IMAGE PROCESSING
AND PATTERN
RECOGNITION
Fundamentals and Techniques

FRANK Y. SHIH
Copyright  2010 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is Available

Shih, Frank Y.
Image processing and pattern recognition : fundamentals and techniques /
Frank Shih.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-470-40461-4 (cloth)
1. Image processing. 2. Signal processing. 3. Pattern recognition systems.
I. Title.
TA1637.S4744 2010
621.360 7–dc22 2009035856

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS

PART I
FUNDAMENTALS

1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 The World of Signals 4
1.1.1 One-Dimensional Signals 4
1.1.2 Two-Dimensional Signals 5
1.1.3 Three-Dimensional Signals 5
1.1.4 Multidimensional Signals 6
1.2 Digital Image Processing 6
1.3 Elements of an Image Processing System 11
Appendix 1.A Selected List of Books on Image Processing and Computer
Vision from Year 2000 12
1.A.1 Selected List of Books on Signal Processing from Year 2000 14
1.A.2 Selected List of Books on Pattern Recognition from Year 2000 15
References 15

2 MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES 17
2.1 Laplace Transform 17
2.1.1 Properties of Laplace Transform 19
2.2 Fourier Transform 23
2.2.1 Basic Theorems 24
2.2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform 26
2.2.3 Fast Fourier Transform 28
2.3 Z-Transform 30
2.3.1 Definition of Z-Transform 31
2.3.2 Properties of Z-Transform 32
2.4 Cosine Transform 32
2.5 Wavelet Transform 34
References 38

3 IMAGE ENHANCEMENT 40
3.1 Grayscale Transformation 41
3.2 Piecewise Linear Transformation 42
3.3 Bit Plane Slicing 45
3.4 Histogram Equalization 45
3.5 Histogram Specification 49
3.6 Enhancement by Arithmetic Operations 51
3.7 Smoothing Filter 52

v
vi CONTENTS

3.8 Sharpening Filter 55

3.9 Image Blur Types and Quality Measures 59
References 61

4 MATHEMATICAL MORPHOLOGY 63
4.1 Binary Morphology 64
4.1.1 Binary Dilation 64
4.1.2 Binary Erosion 66
4.2 Opening and Closing 68
4.3 Hit-or-Miss Transform 69
4.4 Grayscale Morphology 71
4.4.1 Grayscale Dilation and Erosion 71
4.4.2 Grayscale Dilation Erosion Duality Theorem 75
4.5 Basic Morphological Algorithms 76
4.5.1 Boundary Extraction 76
4.5.2 Region Filling 77
4.5.3 Extraction of Connected Components 77
4.5.4 Convex Hull 78
4.5.5 Thinning 80
4.5.6 Thickening 81
4.5.7 Skeletonization 82
4.5.8 Pruning 84
4.5.9 Morphological Edge Operator 85
4.5.9.1 The Simple Morphological Edge Operators 85
4.5.9.2 Blur-Minimum Morphological Edge Operator 87
4.6 Morphological Filters 88
4.6.1 Alternating Sequential Filters 89
4.6.2 Recursive Morphological Filters 90
4.6.3 Soft Morphological Filters 94
4.6.4 Order-Statistic Soft Morphological (OSSM) Filters 99
4.6.5 Recursive Soft Morphological Filters 102
4.6.6 Recursive Order-Statistic Soft Morphological Filters 104
4.6.7 Regulated Morphological Filters 106
4.6.8 Fuzzy Morphological Filters 109
References 114

5 IMAGE SEGMENTATION 119

5.1 Thresholding 120
5.2 Object (Component) Labeling 122
5.3 Locating Object Contours by the Snake Model 123
5.3.1 The Traditional Snake Model 124
5.3.2 The Improved Snake Model 125
5.3.3 The Gravitation External Force Field and The Greedy Algorithm 128
5.3.4 Experimental Results 129
5.4 Edge Operators 130
5.5 Edge Linking by Adaptive Mathematical Morphology 137
5.5.1 The Adaptive Mathematical Morphology 138
5.5.2 The Adaptive Morphological Edge-Linking Algorithm 140
5.5.3 Experimental Results 141
 CONTENTS vii

5.6 Automatic Seeded Region Growing 146

5.6.1 Overview of the Automatic Seeded Region Growing Algorithm 146
5.6.2 The Method for Automatic Seed Selection 148
5.6.3 The Segmentation Algorithm 150
5.6.4 Experimental Results and Discussions 153
5.7 A Top-Down Region Dividing Approach 158
5.7.1 Introduction 159
5.7.2 Overview of the TDRD-Based Image Segmentation 159
5.7.2.1 Problem Motivation 159
5.7.2.2 The TDRD-Based Image Segmentation 161
5.7.3 The Region Dividing and Subregion Examination Strategies 162
5.7.3.1 Region Dividing Procedure 162
5.7.3.2 Subregion Examination Strategy 166
5.7.4 Experimental Results 167
5.7.5 Potential Applications in Medical Image Analysis 173
5.7.5.1 Breast Boundary Segmentation 173
5.7.5.2 Lung Segmentation 174
References 175

6 DISTANCE TRANSFORMATION AND SHORTEST PATH PLANNING 179

6.1 General Concept 180
6.2 Distance Transformation by Mathematical Morphology 184
6.3 Approximation of Euclidean Distance 186
6.4 Decomposition of Distance Structuring Element 188
6.4.1 Decomposition of City-Block and Chessboard Distance Structuring
Elements 189
6.4.2 Decomposition of the Euclidean Distance Structuring Element 190
6.4.2.1 Construction Procedure 190
6.4.2.2 Computational Complexity 192
6.5 The 3D Euclidean Distance 193
6.5.1 The 3D Volumetric Data Representation 193
6.5.2 Distance Functions in the 3D Domain 193
6.5.3 The 3D Neighborhood in the EDT 194
6.6 The Acquiring Approaches 194
6.6.1 Acquiring Approaches for City-Block and Chessboard Distance
Transformations 195
6.6.2 Acquiring Approach for Euclidean Distance Transformation 196
6.7 The Deriving Approaches 198
6.7.1 The Fundamental Lemmas 198
6.7.2 The Two-Scan Algorithm for EDT 200
6.7.3 The Complexity of the Two-Scan Algorithm 203
6.8 The Shortest Path Planning 203
6.8.1 A Problematic Case of Using the Acquiring Approaches 204
6.8.2 Dynamically Rotational Mathematical Morphology 205
6.8.3 The Algorithm for Shortest Path Planning 206
6.8.4 Some Examples 207
6.9 Forward and Backward Chain Codes for Motion Planning 209
6.10 A Few Examples 213
References 217
viii CONTENTS

7 IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND DESCRIPTION 219

7.1 Run-Length Coding 219
7.2 Binary Tree and Quadtree 221
7.3 Contour Representation 223
7.3.1 Chain Code and Crack Code 224
7.3.2 Difference Chain Code 226
7.3.3 Shape Signature 227
7.3.4 The Mid-Crack Code 227
7.4 Skeletonization by Thinning 233
7.4.1 The Iterative Thinning Algorithm 234
7.4.2 The Fully Parallel Thinning Algorithm 235
7.4.2.1 Definition of Safe Point 236
7.4.2.2 Safe Point Table 239
7.4.2.3 Deletability Conditions 239
7.4.2.4 The Fully Parallel Thinning Algorithm 243
7.4.2.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 243
7.5 Medial Axis Transformation 244
7.5.1 Thick Skeleton Generation 252
7.5.1.1 The Skeleton from Distance Function 253
7.5.1.2 Detection of Ridge Points 253
7.5.1.3 Trivial Uphill Generation 253
7.5.2 Basic Definitions 254
7.5.2.1 Base Point 254
7.5.2.2 Apex Point 254
7.5.2.3 Directional Uphill Generation 254
7.5.2.4 Directional Downhill Generation 255
7.5.3 The Skeletonization Algorithm and Connectivity Properties 256
7.5.4 A Modified Algorithm 259
7.6 Object Representation and Tolerance 260
7.6.1 Representation Framework: Formal Languages and Mathematical
Morphology 261
7.6.2 Dimensional Attributes 262
7.6.2.1 The 2D Attributes 262
7.6.2.2 The 3D Attributes 263
7.6.2.3 Tolerancing Expression 263
References 265

8 FEATURE EXTRACTION 269

8.1 Fourier Descriptor and Moment Invariants 269
8.2 Shape Number and Hierarchical Features 274
8.2.1 Shape Number 274
8.2.2 Significant Points Radius and Coordinates 276
8.2.3 Localization by Hierarchical Morphological Band-Pass Filter 277
8.3 Corner Detection 278
8.3.1 Asymmetrical Closing for Corner Detection 280
8.3.2 Regulated Morphology for Corner Detection 281
8.3.3 Experimental Results 283
8.4 Hough Transform 286
8.5 Principal Component Analysis 289
 CONTENTS ix

8.6 Linear Discriminate Analysis 291

8.7 Feature Reduction in Input and Feature Spaces 293
8.7.1 Feature Reduction in the Input Space 293
8.7.2 Feature Reduction in the Feature Space 297
8.7.3 Combination of Input and Feature Spaces 299
References 302

9 PATTERN RECOGNITION 306

9.1 The Unsupervised Clustering Algorithm 307
9.1.1 Pass 1: Cluster’s Mean Vector Establishment 308
9.1.2 Pass 2: Pixel Classification 309
9.2 Bayes Classifier 310
9.3 Support Vector Machine 313
9.3.1 Linear Maximal Margin Classifier 313
9.3.2 Linear Soft Margin Classifier 315
9.3.3 Nonlinear Classifier 316
9.3.4 SVM Networks 317
9.4 Neural Networks 320
9.4.1 Programmable Logic Neural Networks 321
9.4.2 Pyramid Neural Network Structure 323
9.4.3 Binary Morphological Operations by Logic Modules 324
9.4.4 Multilayer Perceptron as Processing Modules 327
9.5 The Adaptive Resonance Theory Network 334
9.5.1 The ART1 Model and Learning Process 334
9.5.2 The ART2 Model 337
9.5.2.1 Learning in the ART2 Model 337
9.5.2.2 Functional-Link Net Preprocessor 339
9.5.3 Improvement of ART Model 341
9.5.3.1 Problem Analysis 341
9.5.3.2 An Improved ART Model for Pattern Classification 342
9.5.3.3 Experimental Results of the Improved Model 344
9.6 Fuzzy Sets in Image Analysis 346
9.6.1 Role of Fuzzy Geometry in Image Analysis 346
9.6.2 Definitions of Fuzzy Sets 347
9.6.3 Set Theoretic Operations 348
References 349

PART II
APPLICATIONS

10 FACE IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 355

10.1 Face and Facial Feature Extraction 356
10.1.1 Face Extraction 357
10.1.2 Facial Feature Extraction 362
10.1.3 Experimental Results 367
10.2 Extraction of Head and Face Boundaries and Facial Features 370
10.2.1 The Methodology 372
x CONTENTS

10.2.1.1 Smoothing and Thresholding 372

10.2.1.2 Tracing Head and Face Boundaries 374
10.2.1.3 Locate Facial Features 374
10.2.1.4 Face Boundary Repairing 374
10.2.2 Finding Facial Features Based on Geometric Face Model 375
10.2.2.1 Geometric Face Model 375
10.2.2.2 Geometrical Face Model Based on Gabor Filter 377
10.2.3 Experimental Results 378
10.3 Recognizing Facial Action Units 378
10.3.1 Facial Action Coding System and Expression Database 379
10.3.2 The Proposed System 382
10.3.3 Experimental Results 383
10.4 Facial Expression Recognition in JAFFE Database 386
10.4.1 The JAFFE Database 388
10.4.2 The Proposed Method 389
10.4.2.1 Preprocessing 389
10.4.2.2 Feature Extraction 389
10.4.2.3 Expression Classification 390
10.4.3 Experimental Results and Performance Comparisons 390
References 392

11 DOCUMENT IMAGE PROCESSING AND CLASSIFICATION 397

11.1 Block Segmentation and Classification 398
11.1.1 An Improved Two-Step Algorithm for Block Segmentation 399
11.1.2 Rule-Based Block Classification 400
11.1.3 Parameters Adaptation 402
11.1.4 Experimental Results 403
11.2 Rule-Based Character Recognition System 407
11.3 Logo Identification 411
11.4 Fuzzy Typographical Analysis for Character Preclassification 414
11.4.1 Character Typographical Structure Analysis 415
11.4.2 Baseline Detection 416
11.4.3 Tolerance Analysis 417
11.4.4 Fuzzy Typographical Categorization 419
11.4.5 Experimental Results 424
11.5 Fuzzy Model for Character Classification 426
11.5.1 Similarity Measurement 427
11.5.2 Statistical Fuzzy Model for Classification 430
11.5.3 Similarity Measure in Fuzzy Model 433
11.5.4 Matching Algorithm 434
11.5.5 Classification Hierarchy 436
11.5.6 Preclassifier for Grouping the Fuzzy Prototypes 437
11.5.7 Experimental Results 439
References 441

12 IMAGE WATERMARKING 444

12.1 Watermarking Classification 445
12.1.1 Blind Versus Non Blind 445
12.1.2 Perceptible Versus Imperceptible 446
 CONTENTS xi

12.1.3 Private Versus Public 446

12.1.4 Robust Versus Fragile 446
12.1.5 Spatial Domain Versus Frequency Domain 447
12.2 Spatial Domain Watermarking 448
12.2.1 Substitution Watermarking in the Spatial Domain 448
12.2.2 Additive Watermarking in the Spatial Domain 450
12.3 Frequency-Domain Watermarking 452
12.3.1 Substitution Watermarking in the Frequency Domain 452
12.3.2 Multiplicative Watermarking in the Frequency Domain 453
12.3.3 Watermarking Based on Vector Quantization 455
12.3.4 Rounding Error Problem 456
12.4 Fragile Watermark 458
12.4.1 The Block-Based Fragile Watermark 458
12.4.2 Weakness of the Block-Based Fragile Watermark 459
12.4.3 The Hierarchical Block-Based Fragile Watermark 460
12.5 Robust Watermark 461
12.5.1 The Redundant Embedding Approach 461
12.5.2 The Spread Spectrum Approach 462
12.6 Combinational Domain Digital Watermarking 462
12.6.1 Overview of Combinational Watermarking 463
12.6.2 Watermarking in the Spatial Domain 464
12.6.3 The Watermarking in the Frequency Domain 465
12.6.4 Experimental Results 466
12.6.5 Further Encryption of Combinational Watermarking 470
References 471

13 IMAGE STEGANOGRAPHY 474

13.1 Types of Steganography 476
13.1.1 Technical Steganography 476
13.1.2 Linguistic Steganography 477
13.1.3 Digital Steganography 478
13.2 Applications of Steganography 478
13.2.1 Covert Communication 478
13.2.2 One-Time Pad Communication 479
13.3 Embedding Security and Imperceptibility 480
13.4 Examples of Steganography Software 480
13.4.1 S-Tools 481
13.4.2 StegoDos 481
13.4.3 EzStego 481
13.4.4 JSteg-Jpeg 481
13.5 Genetic Algorithm-Based Steganography 482
13.5.1 Overview of the GA-Based Breaking Methodology 482
13.5.2 The GA-Based Breaking Algorithm on SDSS 485
13.5.2.1 Generating the Stego Image on the Visual Steganalytic
System 486
13.5.2.2 Generating the Stego Image on the IQM-Based
Steganalytic System (IQM-SDSS) 486
13.5.3 The GA-Based Breaking Algorithm on FDSS 487
13.5.4 Experimental Results 489
xii CONTENTS

13.5.4.1 The GA-Based Breaking Algorithm on VSS 489

13.5.4.2 The GA-Based Breaking Algorithm on IQM-SDSS 490
13.5.4.3 The GA-Based Breaking Algorithm on JFDSS 491
13.5.5 Complexity Analysis 493
References 494

14 SOLAR IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 496

14.1 Automatic Extraction of Filaments 496
14.1.1 Local Thresholding Based on Median Values 497
14.1.2 Global Thresholding with Brightness and Area Normalization 501
14.1.3 Feature Extraction 506
14.1.4 Experimental Results 511
14.2 Solar Flare Detection 515
14.2.1 Feature Analysis and Preprocessing 518
14.2.2 Classification Rates 519
14.3 Solar Corona Mass Ejection Detection 521
14.3.1 Preprocessing 523
14.3.2 Automatic Detection of CMEs 525
14.3.2.1 Segmentation of CMEs 525
14.3.2.2 Features of CMEs 525
14.3.3 Classification of Strong, Medium, and Weak CMEs 526
14.3.4 Comparisons for CME Detections 529
References 531

INDEX 535
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 "But——" protested Muriel weakly, but too late. Dennis gathered
up the balls and sauntered leisurely with Delia across the court.
Muriel was left, her back and the terrible, indecent safety-pin
exposed to the full gaze of Social Marshington in the Pavilion. Once,
she had a nightmare that while shopping in Middle Street all her
clothes fell off. Even that had not been as embarrassing as this.
Godfrey was measuring the net.
"Bit higher, Smallwood. G—good thing that we won the toss, Miss
Hammond. The sun's awful."
A good thing that they won the toss! Muriel, hearing a burst of
laughter from the Pavilion, felt sure that somebody had seen the pin.
She gave a sickly smile.
The other courts were deserted. The whole of Marshington was
there on the veranda. The whole of Marshington, finishing its tea,
had nothing better to do than to watch the set. Muriel felt fifty eyes
boring holes into her humiliated back.
Her mother would see. Her mother would see the pin. And the
first time was so important.
She made a despairing effort to recapture her self-possession. At
Heathcroft she had been counted as quite a steady player. Well, now
she would show Marshington. She would show them that, in spite of
the safety-pin, she could at least play tennis. If Godfrey Neale liked
girls because they played well, then he should have no cause to
dislike her.
"Service!" called Delia.
Muriel steeled herself for effort.
The first ball came driving, clean and straight, across the court.
Muriel, dazed but optimistic, put out her racket. The ball sped on
unchecked and bounded against the Pavilion steps.
"Fifteen love!" called Dennis.
"Hard luck," consoled Godfrey.
"I'm so sorry," murmured Muriel.
Godfrey returned the second serve to Delia. She flashed it back
to him. Really, it wasn't nice for a girl to drive so straight and so
efficiently. Delia's tall, white figure became to Muriel something
malevolent and ruthless.
 Godfrey returned the ball again, but Dennis at the net put out his
long arm and sent the ball crashing down at Muriel's feet, to rise and
soar far above her head, beyond her reach, beyond hope.
"Thirty love," called Dennis.
"My fault. I didn't place it well," said Godfrey.
"I am so sorry," pleaded Muriel.
Her time of trial came again. She stood up brave and stiff.
"Play!" called the vicar's daughter.
Muriel played.
She played with such goodwill that the ball rose into the cloud-
flecked sky.
"Forty love," called Dennis, polite but obdurate.
Godfrey Neale, infected perhaps by his partner's impotence, lost
the next point.
"Game," announced Dennis. "Neale, look to your laurels."
"Your service, partner." Godfrey smiled his charming smile. "I
messed up that last game fearfully."
Had he not seen that it was her fault? She could have kissed his
hand for his forbearance. Negotiating carefully, so as not to expose
to him at least the shameful pin, Muriel picked up the balls.
She could not decide whether to hold two or three. Which had
she generally done at Heathcroft? She could remember nothing.
They seemed suddenly to have grown large and slippery, heavier
than cannon-balls. Surely it must be bowls that she was playing, and
not tennis?
She was losing her nerve. She felt it going, and she could not
stop it.
She would not lose her nerve.
She stepped back carefully, three paces from the line.
"Service," she called, in a voice that would not have roused a
rabbit.
That, as it happened, was unimportant, for her first ball hit the
net, and her second, slow and careful to avoid mistakes, sailed
gently into the wrong court.
"Love fifteen," said Godfrey. "Bad luck, partner."
"So sorry," repeated Muriel mechanically.
She would serve the next one well.
 "Play!" she shouted, and with all her strength she smote.
"Oh! Oh, Mr. Neale, I am so sorry!" For Muriel's ball, driven at last
fair across the court, had hit the unfortunate partner right between
his shoulders.
"My fault," he said gallantly. "I got in the way. I stopped a s—
splendid service too."
Entirely unnerved, she sent a ball so cautiously that it dropped
before it reached the net. Godfrey picked it up and brought it to her.
Crimson-faced now, she was forcing back her tears. He looked
down at her, kindly, carelessly, not even noticing her discomfort.
"I say," he said, "I'm awfully glad that you hit me just now. It's a
favourite trick of Delia's, but if she sees other people doing it she'll
stop, just from perversity. She's a bit like a cyclone when she gets
going, isn't she?"
The humorous twist of his smile, the appeal to her criticism of his
friend, the flattery of his attention, soothed Muriel's injured vanity.
She giggled. Then with a sudden burst of confidence, she
whispered:
"She's like the Day of Judgment, I think. I always remember all
my misdoings in her sight. I—I'm terrified of her."
He laughed. "So am I, to tell the honest truth. But she's a ripping
sport really, so for goodness' sake don't tell a soul."
They laughed, sharing a secret together, Muriel and Godfrey
Neale. With one sentence he had drawn her in to the magic circle of
his intimacy. She forgot her double faults and the safety-pin. She
began to play to redeem his game against the girl who terrified him.
Her next serve went straight and hard. In her amazement, Delia
failed to return it.
"Fifteen thirty," cried Godfrey. "Well done, partner. Do it again."
She did it again, not once nor twice. For the rest of the set, she
played with serious care, keeping out of the way for Godfrey's
smashing volleys. The air shimmered with dancing gold. Never
before shone grass so green. Never were balls so white. Never was
the joy of swift movement so exhilarating.
They won the next game and the next. Delia, half amused at the
little Hammond child's spirit, was playing badly.
From the Pavilion, Muriel heard Mrs. Waring's voice:
 "Your little daughter plays a good game, Mrs. Hammond. You
must be pleased to have her at home now."
"Yes, it is delightful. Naturally I missed her dreadfully," answered
Muriel's mother.
Someone beyond the net was asking, "Shall we play it out or
have sudden death?"
"Sudden death," declared Delia, in the voice of a judge; but
Muriel did not care. Neither death, pestilence, nor famine could
affright her now.
"Game—and set," said Godfrey Neale. "By Jove, Miss
Hammond, we must have some more like that!"
Sunning herself in his smile, she walked back to the Pavilion.
Congratulatory smiles met her. For some reason, utterly unguessed
by her, she had become a heroine. That Delia's defeat could be
sweeter than honey to Marshington never occurred to her. She
accepted the glory of the moment as it came.
"I say, Mu"—she had forgotten Connie. She turned upon her now
with sudden irritation. But Connie had had no triumph. She was
thirsty. She was bored. She thought that Muriel had had enough
success—"do you know that your safety-pin's come undone, and
you've got your blouse all out behind?"
Muriel fled to the cloak-room.
 VII
The excitement of Muriel's début at the Club was not repeated.
She certainly went often enough, and once or twice Godfrey Neale
spoke to her. She did not, however, play with him again, but sat for
most afternoons on the steps of the Pavilion until asked to join a
Ladies' Double with Nancy Cartwright and Sybil Mason and poor
Rosie Harpur, who had also just left school, and who could play
tennis no better than she danced. Then the tennis season closed,
and Connie returned to school, and Muriel learnt how to order joints
from the butcher's and stores from the grocer's, and passed cakes at
her mother's tea-parties, and helped her with the accounts for the
Mother's Union and the G.F.S., and wondered when her real Life
was going to begin.
Then came November and the Lord Mayor's dance, and Muriel
woke up next morning to remember that she had come out.
It would all have been wonderful, if only her hair had kept tidy.
Next morning she sat before her looking-glass and wrestled with
aching arms to cure her hair of its irresistible tendency to fall in
heavy locks upon her shoulders. It had spoilt everything, the band,
the supper, the confused medley of names upon her programme.
From her first ball, Muriel brought home only the memory of a
scrambling rush to the cloak-room, and of her mother's worried face
bending above hers in the long mirror.
She rested her chin on her hands and gazed at her thin, solemn
face in the glass, wondering whether she was really very plain, or
whether she would improve with time, as Mrs. Cartwright said that
Adelaide had done.
She was so much absorbed by these reflections that she did not
at first hear Annie, the housemaid, who knocked and came straight
in with the ostentatious familiarity of the old servant.
"Miss Muriel, a telegram for you."
"For me?" People were not in the habit of sending telegrams to
Muriel. She was not that kind of person.
"It's addressed to Muriel Hammond," remarked Annie stolidly.
She, too, found something unbecoming in the sending of telegrams
to Miss Muriel.
Muriel took the envelope and fingered it. "Where's Mother?" she
asked slowly.
"Mrs. Hammond's in the kitchen."
"Oh."
For a moment, Muriel's training fought with her curiosity. Then her
training conquered. She seized her rope of hair, twisted it lightly
round her head, and fled downstairs with the unopened envelope.
Mrs. Hammond was alone in the kitchen writing up the menu for
the day. She raised her eyebrows at Muriel's flying entrance.
"Well, dear? Oh, Muriel, what have you been doing to your hair?"
"Doing it. Oh, Mother, there's a telegram."
"For me, dear?"
"No. It's for me." She hesitated, still afraid lest her mother should
consider the receipt of telegrams by her improper.
To her surprise, Mrs. Hammond took it quite calmly.
"Well, Muriel, who is it from?"
Muriel opened the envelope and read: "Can you have me week
or longer harribels have measles Felix not due England till 24th no
money to go Italy Duquesne."
She read it to herself. She read it aloud to her mother. She could
not believe her eyes.
"What does it mean?" asked Mrs. Hammond.
Muriel explained. "It's Clare, Clare Duquesne. You remember, my
great friend at Heathcroft, at least she wasn't exactly my friend, but I
always wanted her to be. She went to Germany to learn singing."
"Yes, but I don't understand. Does she want to come here?"
"Well—I—she—I think. It looks as though she had been going to
stay with the Harribels, and they had measles."
"But, who is Félix?"
"Félix is her father, Félix Duquesne, you know, the writer; he
writes in French, and it's Clare's mother who insists that he shall be
called Félix because 'Mother' and 'Father' make her feel so old and
when you are on the stage you have to keep young because of the
dear public," Muriel explained, feeling that somehow she was not
being as clear as she might have wished.
 "But, my dear child, you can't expect her to come here on her
own invitation like this at a moment's notice. I never heard of such a
thing. And uninvited. Really, I don't know what girls are coming to."
"But I did say—I mean I didn't ever think that she'd come, only I
did say that I knew we should be pleased to see her. You see——"
Mrs. Hammond frowned. "Now Muriel, this is really too bad of
you. Can't you see what a position you put me into? You know how
much I want you to have the things that you like, and I should have
been glad enough to let you have a school friend to stay at some
proper time, but you know that Father doesn't like just anyone, and
just now——"
"Well, mother, of course if we can't have her—I mean if it's
inconvenient——"
Hope died from Muriel's grey eyes. Four months at home had
taught her that argument, when not wicked, was futile. It meant not
just difference of opinion, but a way of making things difficult for Mrs.
Hammond, who had to see that the house ran smoothly.
"Well, dear, of course you must see how impossible it all is. I
don't know anything about this girl. I'm very busy just now, and surely
she must have other friends in England? It's a queer name. Is she
French or something?"
"Half French, half Irish, I think. I don't think that she has any
relatives in England. The nearest that I know of are the Powells at
Eppleford in Donegal." Muriel's voice was sullen with resignation.
She had turned from her mother and stood, smoothing out the
creases from the telegram, while an enchanting vision of Clare faded
into the limbo of impossibilities.
"Powells, at Eppleford? Surely, where have I heard that? Why, is
this the girl of whom Mrs. Hancock spoke, Lord Powell's niece?"
"Yes. Did she tell you about her?" sighed Muriel, still without hope
and rather wishing that her mother would close a painful
conversation. She had been good. She had not pressed Clare's
claims. For her mother's sake, no one should ever know how bitter a
disappointment she had swallowed down, there by the kitchen table.
"But, dear, you never told me that she was a particular friend of
yours. I thought that that Janet somebody or other——"
 "Oh, Clare wasn't exactly my friend." These things could not be
explained even to somebody as sweet and beautiful as Muriel's
mother. "She was so lovely and so popular. She knew all the—all the
people I didn't know."
In spite of her resolute stoicism, Muriel gulped. Her mother
looked sharply at her averted face.
"You really want her so much, then?"
"Oh, mother!"
"Well, I must talk to your father. It just might be arranged. But I do
wish that you had told me about this before, dear. You make things
so difficult for me. Why didn't you tell me, dear?"
"There didn't seem to be anything to tell until now," said Muriel. "I
thought that she had quite forgotten me. She never answered my
letters; I thought that she hadn't liked me much."
"Dear, you mustn't be so—so backward. People will take you at
your own valuation, you know, and there is nothing more
objectionable than the pride that apes humility. Now run away. Have
you done the flowers yet? I thought not. And for goodness' sake tidy
your hair, and tell me when your father comes in."
"Then—then, will you ask him?"
"Yes, yes, I'll ask him, though I can't say what—— Why, my dear
child! What? Now don't crush my dress!"
For Muriel had flung her arms round her mother's waist in an
ecstasy of gratitude for her sympathetic understanding.
 VIII
Because he wanted to drive the new chestnut mare, Mr.
Hammond chose to go to the station to meet Clare. Muriel could
come too if she liked, but the real reason was the mare. If there was
one thing that Mr. Hammond prided himself upon more than another,
it was his knowledge of horseflesh. The new mare was delicately
perfect, from aristocratic shoulder to quivering nostril. A network of
soft veins trembled beneath the shining velvet of her neck.
Muriel, terrified lest they should arrive too late, and always
nervous in the high dog-cart, watched her father draw the lash of the
whip lightly across the mare's back, playing it subtly as an angler
plays a fly. He flirted with the mare as another man might have flirted
with a pretty girl, chuckling because she was so daintily feminine and
capricious. He had forgotten Muriel and Clare.
"Father," she spoke softly, being more than a little afraid of him,
"we'll never be there in time." She watched for the curling smoke
between the chimneys.
"By Jove, what time did you say that your friend's train arrived?"
"3.45."
"Well, now, if I hadn't had to stop to tell Tom Bannister about that
order, we might just have done it. Maybe train'll be late."
But the train was not late, as trains never are except when you
need them to be punctual. A little stream of Marshington residents
had trickled out of the wicket-gate and separated up and down the
straggling length of Middle Street before Muriel and her father drew
up in the station yard. A shudder of apprehension stirred Muriel, who
for one awful moment feared lest Clare should never have arrived, or
lest, having arrived, she should have been offended that nobody was
there to meet her. How like Father not to bother just because he
thought Clare a child!
But when they appeared in the station, there at the end of the
platform, surrounded by three suit-cases, a roll of rugs, a side-
saddle, a hat box, a long, thin dachshund on a lead, and all the
porters, stood Clare. She turned and saw them. She came to meet
them. More beautiful and radiant than ever, in a grey travelling cloak,
and a little grey toque with a scarlet quill, she hurried forward with
outstretched hands to greet them, the dimples flickering in her
cheek.
"You are Mr. Hammond, I am sure? But how good of you to come
yourself to meet me!" Her small suède glove slipped into his
capacious paw and rested there a moment longer than was
necessary, while she smiled up at him, fearless, friendly, the least
little bit in the world amused. He was such an enormous father for
funny little Muriel Hammond! Muriel saw her father's big red face,
first grave, then surprised, then broadening out into a delighted
smile. His blue eyes twinkled.
"Well, now, Miss Duquesne, a nice sort o' welcome we gave you
leaving you like this all alone on the platform." He winked gaily at the
surrounding porters.
Muriel shrank back, a little hurt. They had greeted one another
like old friends, as though she did not count.
Then Clare saw her. "Muriel, my dear! How perfectly ripping to
see you again! My dear, it is good of you to have me. Behold me, a
lone creature lost in London, and the Harribels, with whom I was to
stay, all over measles and things."
"Very glad to have you, Miss Duquesne." Mr. Hammond rubbed a
stiff hand across his chin, a sure sign, as Muriel knew, that he was
pleased. "Now then, what about all this luggage, eh?"
Clare explained volubly. "Oh, I'm frightfully sorry, but, you see, I
had to bring all my things from Germany because I don't know when
I'm going back, and the side-saddle is because Jimmie Powell
promised me a mount when I go to Ireland. And Fritz was a most
embarrassing gift from a student. I was in such a hurry that I couldn't
make up my mind what to do with him, so I brought him all the way
through the customs and everything rolled up in the rugs, with my
umbrellas. He hated it, and I don't really care for him, and if there's a
lost dogs' home here, for goodness' sake let me dispose of him
painlessly. Down, my friend, down!"
"Oh, he's not a bad little tyke," commented Mr. Hammond with
the eye of a connoisseur. "But it's all this other stuff I'm thinking
about. Look here, Miss Duquesne, can you manage to-night with one
of these bag things and have the rest of the caboodle sent up to-
morrow? My man's sick or I'd have him come down for 'em now."
"Of course I'll manage. Only, wait a minute." Clare stood
meditating while the youngest porter wrestled valiantly with the
dachshund, and the others gazed with tolerant amusement at the
eccentricities of this young lady, who at least seemed to be worth a
good tip. "Now the point is," continued Clare, looking as though for
enlightenment at the youngest porter, "my night things are in that
bag, but my yellow dress, which I must wear this evening, is in this
trunk."
Muriel was about to say, "Oh, don't trouble about that, because
we don't change at night," when she remembered that while Lord
Powell's niece was staying at Miller's Rise they were to have late
dinner.
"I know," cried Clare. "A sudden inspiration. Can you wait just two
minutes? I'll take the dress from the trunk and put it into the case,
and then we'll be all right. Yes, go on holding the dog, please. Muriel,
chérie, take my gloves. Mr. Hammond, will you be an angel and
undo these straps for me?"
Muriel gasped horror-stricken. Even Clare could surely not take
these liberties with impunity. But Mr. Hammond seemed to have
forgotten the new mare and to be reconciled to his novel rôle of
angel. He knelt upon the platform, breathing heavily as he tugged at
straps, unfastened locks, and chuckled to himself while Clare dived
into a foam of tissue paper, billowing chiffon and frothing lace.
"There, just hold that a minute." Clare thrust a tray full of
gossamer lingerie into the arms of the eldest porter, while she herself
shook out the cloudy folds of primrose chiffon.
It must have been this that proved too much for the patience of
Fritz. A fur-lined slipper fell from the tray, its fluffiness doubtless
reminiscent of happy days of rabbiting. With a bound he broke from
the hold of the youngest porter. A streak of yellow shot along the
platform. The fur-lined slipper vanished, Mr. Hammond dropped the
lid of the case, and the dachshund, free at last, forgot the tedium of
his late experience.
Clare, regardless of her laden arms, started in pursuit. Muriel
followed. Fritz, evading the ticket collector, dived under the bookstall,
then out again towards the wicket-gate just as a tall, tweed-clad
figure strolled leisurely on to the platform.
"Fritz!" cried Clare. "Catch him, catch him!"
A long arm shot down. A sudden squawk announced the
breaking of Teutonic dreams of liberty, and Clare stood, her arms full
of tissue paper, a filmy nightdress, a single bedroom slipper, face to
face with Godfrey Neale.
Solemnly he held out to her a mangled slipper and an armful of
protesting, elongated dachshund.
"I think that these are yours," he said.
For a moment Muriel saw them stand in silence. Then,
simultaneously, they broke out into uncontrollable laughter.
 IX
"Of course, if it had been your dog, Mu, it would have run into the
curate," Connie observed cuttingly.
"But I haven't got a dog," sighed Muriel.
Connie looked at her with pity. Really there were times when she
wondered whether Muriel was quite all there.
Mumps at Heathcroft had conspired with measles in London to
throw Connie once again into Clare's company. School had broken
up early, and Connie arrived at Miller's Rise two days after Clare's
spectacular descent upon her family. She failed to appreciate the
honour.
"Never in my life did I see any one make so much fuss of a girl.
You're all daft. Mother's as set up as a pouter pigeon because she's
got Lord Powell's niece staying here, and Mrs. Neale brings Godfrey
at last to call—if you can say that it was a call. I wouldn't stand this
eleventh hour patronage from a duchess, let alone just Mrs. Neale,
and every one knows that she's crazy anyway. And look at Father!
The way he goes on as though he'd never seen a girl before."
"Connie, don't be horrid."
"Horrid yourself. You see if I'm not right. And Mother can't stand
her really, only she won't say anything before she's had a chance to
show her off to the rest of Marshington."
"That isn't true. You're being simply horrid because you think it's
clever, and you're jealous of Clare because Father takes a lot of
notice of her. It's only because she's a visitor. You're always so
unreasonable."
"Wait till she's been in the house a bit longer, and you'll see who's
unreasonable."
Muriel turned away and left Connie to her dark prophecies. There
were times when her younger sister exasperated her by a shrewd
interpretation of their parents' motives which Muriel rejected as both
unpleasant and untrue. Connie had no business to go about saying
nasty things about people, just to pretend that she knew more about
Life than Muriel who was grown up.
 That conversation took place the day before Mrs. Hammond
opened her campaign. She was sitting before the dressing-table in
her room, finishing her morning toilet. She knew that in her dressing-
jacket, with her plump arms bare from the elbow, she looked girlish
and very charming. The silver in her hair gleamed like moonlight
rather than Time's theft of colour. She rather liked to see it spread
softly about her shoulders before she coiled it high upon her head.
From the dressing-room she could hear her husband whistling
through his teeth, as a stable boy whistles when he grooms a horse.
Through the open door she could see him standing before his
shaving-glass, brushing vigorously his wiry thatch of hair.
Mrs. Hammond set down her own brush and called softly:
"Arthur!"
The whistling stopped. Mr. Hammond put down his brushes and
began to flex and unflex his arms, then ran his hands down the firm
line from his arm-pits to his thighs.
"Hardly an ounce of spare flesh, by gosh," he remarked
irrelevantly. "Few chaps o' my age could say the same thing. Have
you seen Ted Hobson? great coarse-looking, over-fed fellow, he's
grown. Lifts his elbow a bit too often they say. Nothing like that for
——"
"Arthur, you know I think that while Clare is here we ought to give
a dinner-party."
"Of course I don't object to a moderate tipple myself——"
A little pucker of thought appeared on Mrs. Hammond's forehead.
"I was thinking of just a few people, the Marshall Gurneys perhaps,
and Colonel Cartwright, and Mr. Vaughan now that Delia's away.
Arthur! Are you listening?"
"Yes, yes, my dear. Let 'em all come. Have a dozen dinner-
parties for all I care."
"And the Neales, Arthur. I returned her call yesterday, but she
was out with those everlasting dogs."
"Knows a good dog, the old lady. Yes, go ahead. Ask the Neales.
Ask the Prince of Wales. Ask the whole blooming royal family."
"Arthur, I do wish that you would take this seriously. You know
perfectly well that it's as much your duty as mine to do what you can
for the girls."
 "Oho! It's the girls, is it? And what do you expect to get for them
out of all this fussification, eh?" He stood in the doorway now
between the two rooms, smiling down at her, his eyes twinkling with
amusement. "Are you going to marry Connie off to the vicar?"
"You needn't pretend to be stupid when you aren't," snapped Mrs.
Hammond. When she saw him in a good temper she could
sometimes take a holiday from her habitual patience.
She began to gather up her rings, and slip them one after the
other on to her white fingers. Here was the diamond half-hoop, her
engagement ring. Arthur had been generous but unoriginal. Here
was the emerald that he had bought during their honeymoon. Here,
the ruby set between two splendid pearls that he had bought her
after that affair. She twisted it round on her finger reflectively. Her
gentle face hardened. From the dressing-room she could hear her
husband jingling pencils, pennies and his watch, as he transferred
them from the chest to his pockets. "Does he still keep her
photograph in his watch case?" she wondered. That would be like
Arthur, to repent extravagantly, and then to keep one little trace of his
misdeed to sigh over.
Mrs. Hammond was not a sentimentalist. She clapped the ruby
ring down on top of the emerald and diamond, and smiled faintly
without too much bitterness as she heard the faint whirring sound of
Arthur winding up his watch. It was his inevitable prelude to descent
for breakfast.
"You'll order some more Burgundy, Arthur, won't you?"
"Better have a few bottles of fizz up while we're about it, hadn't
we?" Mr. Hammond was dressed and disposed to take the world and
the dinner-party more seriously. Like many middle-aged men he laid
aside maturity with his clothes, and looked like a schoolboy in
pyjamas, feeling like one too.
"Not champagne, I think, Arthur. We don't want to be thought
ostentatious. Things must be right."
Reluctantly he agreed. Though his taste in parties differed from
hers, he had to admit that in these things she was right. Although he
chaffed her, he paid this tribute of acknowledgment to the long years
of patient sowing of the social ground in Marshington until now at last
the Neales were ripe for harvest.
 Half amused at the object of her ambition, pleased to allow her to
please herself if that did not interfere with his comfort, proud that she
was successful in the quest that she had undertaken, Arthur
Hammond went downstairs to order some more of the best
Burgundy.
 X
Dinner was over. It had succeeded so far beyond Mrs.
Hammond's wildest dreams. Mrs. Neale had talked dogs and horses
with Mr. Hammond, and Clare had been effectively subdued
between Colonel Cartwright and the curate. The colonel himself had
lent a distinguished air of political interest to the party, proving that
these "confounded Radicals will be the death of the country, Mrs.
Hammond. All this talk of Home Rule and Insurance and whatnot.
What I say is that the people were happy enough before Lloyd
George began to give 'em eightpennyworth of conceit of
themselves." Mrs. Marshall Gurney, whose efforts to disengage
Godfrey Neale's attention from Muriel had been unavailing, had been
forced to console herself with the admirable saddle of mutton and
the carnations from Kingsport, ninepence each. And the soufflé had
been a dream, and Connie looked quite nice in her blue dress, and,
best of all, something had happened to Muriel to startle her out of
her usual dumb nervousness. Godfrey Neale really seemed to be
quite taken by her. Why not? Mrs. Hammond looking down the
charmingly appointed table smiled to herself. Why not, indeed, why
not?
Afterwards, when the men reappeared from their cigars and
excellent port, there was music in the drawing-room. As he entered,
Godfrey Neale looked hurriedly round the room for Clare Duquesne.
He was uneasy and puzzled. All through the interminable dinner he
had searched across the barrier of flowers for Clare's charming face,
but the ninepenny carnations had blocked his view. Once he heard
her laugh, full-throated and merry. And all the time Muriel's prim little
voice had told him tale after tale of Clare at school, Clare on the
Continent, Clare galloping wildly along the sands at Hardrascliffe on
a rough hackney, after a mad Saturday outing with a school friend's
brother. Godfrey felt somehow that he would not have liked that
brother, but he listened to the tales, greedy for more. Muriel,
delighted to find in a man such unexpected interest and sympathy,
unlocked to him the doors of her mind, and poured forth all the
wistful hero-worship hitherto suppressed for fear of ridicule. Godfrey,
completely oblivious of her, sunned himself in the wonder of Clare's
swift vitality. Only when Muriel had left the past for the future did he
check her with abrupt, almost discourteous questioning, afflicted
suddenly again with his worst kind of stammering. She had faltered
then, played with her fork, and looked up at him with wide,
wondering eyes. So, for a moment, he had seen, not Clare, but
Muriel, facing her as for the first time and noticing her solemn
childish face, her mobile mouth, and the questioning trustfulness of
her slow, quiet glance.
In a moment she had answered his question, and each lost the
sense of the other in the concentration of their thoughts on Clare.
At first, on looking round the drawing-room, he did not see her;
then she became clear to him, withdrawn from the circle round the
fireplace, sitting with head erect against a heavy background of dark
curtains. The gloom of the unlit window-bay had quenched the
glowing crimson of her dress, but its folds of still brocade flowed
round her like the drapery in a Pre-Renaissance drawing. The dress
covered her arms, but left her shoulders bare, so that her clasped
hands lay together on her lap like a pale flower, and the faint glimmer
of her perfect shoulders moved him to sudden anger against the
shadow that robbed him of the purity of their line.
Why did she wear that queer outrageous dress? Why had she
never spoken to him before dinner, but only smiled demurely as she
bowed? What right had she to come straight from Ostend and
Naples to Marshington, where the girls were all dull and stiff?
Besides, she was fast. That ridiculous exhibition at the station. That
was just the sort of thing that Godfrey hated. And his mother disliked
her, though as usual she said nothing, and—well, altogether Godfrey
felt that he had good reason to be angry with Clare Duquesne.
He pushed his way through the chairs to the window seat,
disregarding Mrs. Hammond's gentle invitation and Phyllis Marshall
Gurney's pallid smile. He sat down on the narrow window seat
beside her, making himself as uncomfortable as possible out of spite
against her. There was a wretched draught.
"Are you going to sing, Miss Duquesne?" he asked.
His usually friendly voice bristled with his grievance.
Clare looked up at him in surprise. "Who told you that I sang?"
 "Miss Hammond told me during dinner that you are going to be a
professional singer. Are you?"
Clare laughed, still sitting upright with her hands lying on her
wine-red dress. He could only see the profile of her face.
"That is as may be. It is not so easy as I had thought to become a
great prima donna. They want me to work. I detest working." She
shrugged her bare, smooth shoulders. "Life is too short for spending
its best years in stuffy German parlours singing scales that no one
but an old professor wants to hear." Suddenly she turned upon him
her full loveliness. "Why do you ask?"
"I—I——" Godfrey Neale himself was at a loss for words, feeling
gauche as any country bumpkin.
"Do you disapprove?" Clare continued cheerfully.
"Yes," he said, unreasoningly rude. "I do. Decidedly. You, singing
for the public, for just any ass——"
She opened her dark eyes very wide. "But why not? Not all the
public are asses. Besides, my mother does it. She acts."
"Oh, I did—didn't mean that. I mean, it seems somehow such a
waste."
"Waste? Comme vous êtes drôle! Ils sont tous fous, les anglais."
She laughed again, teasing him, knowing how much he hated for her
to speak French, partly because it was a foreign language, partly
because he dreaded more than anything in the world that she should
make a fool of him. "Why a waste? Is it not better to sing for the
many than for the few?"
"No, no. It is not." He fumbled indignantly with his ideas, only
knowing that he could not bear the thought of her, standing on show
for any fool to gape at, any ill-bred, foreign fool, greasy Germans,
nincompoop Frenchmen, Italians—ugh!
"How very English you are, Mr. Neale. That proprietary instinct.
You want everything for yourself, land, ladies, music. You would like
to put up a notice on me like you put up on your woods. 'Trespassers
will be prosecuted.'"
"When did you see my woods?"
"Hush, I want to hear Mr. Smallwood sing."
Godfrey could not sing. He disliked fellows who chirruped inanely
in drawing-rooms; but he had to sit there, consoling himself by
watching Clare's intent, uplifted face.
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