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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

B.E. Electronics and Communication Engineering

Anna University Regulation: 2021

EC3492-Digital Signal Processing

II Year / IV Semester

Unit 3
Question Bank

Prepared by,
Mrs. P.Tamilselvi, AP/ECE

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UNIT – III
IIR FILTER DESIGN
NOV/DEC 2015
1. (a) (i) List the steps invplved by the general process of designing a digital filter. (8)
(ii) List the advantages of FIR filters. (8)
2. (b) (i) the transfer function H(z) = characterizes a Fir filter M = 11.
Find the magnitude response. (8)
(ii)Use Fourier series method to design a low pass digital filter to approximation the
ideal specifications given by

H(ejω) =

Where = pass band frequency

F = sampling frequency (8)

MAY/JUNE 2015
1. (a) Explain the principle and procedure for designing FIR filter using rectangular window. (16)
2. (b) Design a FIR linear phase digital filter for the response. (16)

H(ω) =

NOV/DEC 2014
. 1. (a) (i) A low pass filter has the desired response as given below (10)

Determine the filter coefficients h(n) for M = 7, using type I frequency sampling.
(ii) What is a linear phase filter? What are the conditions to be satisfied by the impulse
response of an FIR system in order to have a linear phase. (6)
2. (b) (i) Determine the coefficients {h(n)} of a linear phase FIR filter oflength M =15
which has a symmetric unit sample response and afrequency response that satisfies
the condition (10)
H( ) = 1, k = 0,1,2,3
= 0, k = 4,5,6,7
(ii)Design a BPF which approximates the ideal filter with cut off frequencies at 0.2 rad/sec
and 0.3 rad/ sec. The filter order is M = 7. Use the Hanning window function. (16)

MAY/JUNE 2014
1. (a) Explain the designing of FIR filters using frequency sampling method. (16)
2. (b) (i) State and explain the properties of FIR filters. State their importance. (8)
(ii) Explain linear phase FIR structure. What are the advantages of such structures? (8)

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NOV/DEC 2013
. 1. (a) (i) Explain briefly how the zeros in FIR filter is located. (7)
(ii) Using a rectangular window technique design a low pass filter with passband gain
of unity, cutoff frequency of 1000 Hz and working at a sampling frequency of 5 KHz.
The length of the impulse response should be 7. (9)
OR
(b) Consider an FIR lattice filter with coefficients k1= , k2 = , k3 = .Determine the FIR

filter coefficients for the direct form structure. (16)

MAY/JUNE 2013
1. (a) (i)Determine the frequency response of FIR filter defined by
y(n) = 0.25 x(n) + x(n – 1) + 0.25x(n – 2). (8)
(ii) Discuss the design procedure of FIR filter using frequency sampling method. (8)
2. (b) Design a FIR linear with the following desired specification. (16)

Hd( )=

using a Hanning window with N = 5.

NOV/DEC 2012
1. (a) Design an FIR low pass digital filter by using the frequency sampling method for the
following specifications
Cutoff frequency = 1500Hz
Sampling frequency = 15000 Hz
Order of the filter :N = 10
Filter length required L = N + 1 = 11(16)
2. (b) (i) Explain with neat sketch the implementation of FIRfilters in the
(1) Direct form
(2) Lattice form(6)
(ii) Design a digital FIR band – pass filter with lower cut-off frequency2000 Hz and
upper cut-off frequency 3200 Hz using hamming window oflength N = 7.
Sampling rate is 10000 Hz.(10)
MAY/ JUNE 2012
1. (a) (i)Explain the frequency sampling method of FIR filter design. (10)
(ii) Determine the direct form realization of system function.
H(z) = 1 + 2 -3 -4 +5 (6)
2. (b) Design a FIR LPF having the following specification using a Hanning window with N = 7

Hd( )= (16)

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NOV/DEC 2011
. 1. (a) Design an ideal differentiator with a frequency response
H( ) = jω; -π ≤ 𝝎 ≤ π using Hamming window with N = 8. (16)
2.(b) Design an ideal high pass filter with a frequency response

Hd(ejω) =

Find the values of h(n) for N =11 using hanning window.(16)

APRIL/MAY 2011
1. (a)Realize the system function H(z)=(2/3)z+1+(2/3)z-1 by linear phase FIR structure.
2. (b)Explain the designing of FIR filters using windows.
NOV/DEC 2010
1. (a) Design an ideal high pass filter with a frequency response

Hd(ejω) =

Find the values of h(n) for N =11 using hamming window.

Find H(z) and determine the magnitude response. (16)
2. (b) (i) Determine the coefficients {h(n)} of a linear phase FIR filter oflength M =15
which has a symmetric unit sample response and afrequency response that satisfies
the condition (10)
H( ) = 1, k = 0,1,2,3
= 0, k = 4,5,6,7
(ii) Obtain the linear phase realization of the system function
H(z) = (6)

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UNIT – III
FIR FILTER DESIGN
1. Write the condition for FIR filter to have linear phase. (NOV/DEC 18)
For FIR filter to have linear phase, the necessary and sufficient condition is
h(n) = ± h (N – 1 – n)
where N = Duration of the sequence
2. Give the window function of Hamming window. (NOV/DEC 18)
Hamming window
2𝜋𝑛
0.54 − 0.46 cos for n = 0, 1, . . . . . . M − 1
ωH(n) = { 𝑀−1
0, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
3. Compare Hanning and Hamming window. (A/M ’18)
Hanning window Hamming window
This is also known as a cosine taper. It This modified cosine taper starts at
starts at 0, rises to 1 in the middle of the 0.08, rises to 1 in the middle of the
period, and then goes smoothly back down period, and then goes smoothly back
to zero at the end. down to 0.08 at the end.
The following equation defines the Hanning The following equation defines the
window. Hamming window.
(B) (C)

for n = 0, 1, 2, …, N – 1 for n = 0, 1, 2, …, N – 1
where N is the length of the window where N is the length of the window
and w is the window value. and w is the window value.
The following figure shows a Hanning The following figure shows a
window with N = 32. Hamming window with N = 32.

4. What is Linear phase FIR filter ? (A/M ’18)

Linear phase is a property of a filter, where the phase response of the filter is a
linear function of frequency. The result is that all frequency components of the
input signal are shifted in time (usually delayed) by the same constant amount
(the slope of the linear function), which is referred to as the group delay.
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5. What are the various windows used for designing FIR filters ?(N/D ’17)
 Rectangular Window
 Hamming Window
 Hanning Window
6. State the advantages and disadvantages of FIR filter over IIR filter. (A/M ’17)
Advantages of FIR filter over IIR filter:
1) FIR filter have linear phase characteristics whereas IIR are non linear.
2)IIR filters can become difficult to implement, and distort adjustments(because of
feedback) can alter the poles & zeroes, which make the filters unstable, whereas FIR
filters remain stable(absence of feedback).
3) because of feedback present in IIR, they are somewhat difficult to control as
compare to FIR.
4) IIR filters require more adders and multipliers as compare to FIR, hence IIR are
more costly.
5) FIR filter consume low power and IIR filter need more power due to more
coefficients in the design.
Disadvantage of FIR over IIR:
1) IIR filters are having fast computation speed as compare to FIR.
2) FIR filter require more memory as compare to IIR
3) Delay is more in FIR than IIR filter.
4) FIR has lower sensitivity than IIR filter.
7. Define Gibbs phenomenon. (A/M ’17)
While designing FIR filters, unit sample response is obtained from
desired frequency response. The desired unit sample response can be achieved
by taking inverse Fourier transform or Fourier series. Normally h(n) is infinite in
length. Hence it is truncated and only finite number of samples are taken. This
truncation introduces oscillations or ringing in pass band and stop band. This
effect is called Gibb’s phenomenon. It can be reduced by using suitable windows.
9. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed n order that
this filter can be called a linear phase filter ? Write the necessary and
sufficient condition for the FIR filter to have linear phase. (N/D ’16)
A FIR filter will have linear phase
if, h (n) = h (M-1-N) for symmetric response.
h (n) = -h (M-1-N) for antisymmetric response.
2
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Where ‘M’ is the length of unit sample response of the filter.

For FIR filter to have linear phase, the necessary and sufficient condition is
h(n) = ± h (N – 1 – n)
where N = Duration of the sequence
10. What are the properties of FIR filter ? (N/D ’16)
 Requires no feedback.
 FIR filters are inherently stable. This is because, because there is no required
feedback, all the poles are located at the origin and thus are located within the
unit circle (the required condition for stability in a Z-transformed system).
 Linear Phase-They can easily be designed to be linear phase by making the
coefficient sequence symmetric, linear phase, or phase change proportional to
frequency, corresponds to equal delay at all frequencies.
 FIR’s delay characteristic is much better but more memory is required. o FIR
filters are used a for tapping of higher order filters.
 There is great flexibility in shaping their magnitudes, convenient and easy to
implement and are dependent upon linear phase characteristics. 82
 FIR filters have only zeros (no poles), hence also known as all-zero filters. FIR
filters are also known as feed-forward or non-recursive, or transversal filters.
11. What are the desirable characteristics of the windows ? (N/D ’16)
1. Central lobe of the frequency response of the window should contain most
of the energy and it should be narrow.
2. The highest side lobe level of the frequency response should be small.
3. The side lobe of the frequency response should decrease in energy rapidly
as ω tends to π.
12. Write the necessary condition for a linear phase FIR filter. (N/D ’15)
For FIR filter to have linear phase, the necessary and sufficient condition is
h(n) = ± h (N – 1 – n)
where N = Duration of the sequence
13. What condition on the FIR sequence h(n) are to be imposed in order that this filter
can be called a linear phase filter? (N/D ’15)
A FIR filter will have linear phase
if, h (n) = h (M-1-N) for symmetric response.
h (n) = -h (M-1-N) for antisymmetric response.
Where ‘M’ is the length of unit sample response of the filter.
14.What is linear phase response of a filter? (M/J ’15)
A FIR filter will have linear phase if, h (n) = h (M-1-N) for symmetric response.
3
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h (n) = -h (M-1-N) for antisymmetric response.

Where ‘M’ is the length of unit sample response of the filter.
15. State any two important properties of FIR filter. (M/J ’15)
1. FIR filter is always stable.
2. A realizable filter can always be obtained.
3. FIR filter has a linear phase response.

16. What are the characteristic features of FIR filters? (N/D ’14)
1. Leakage in side lobes is minimized by power selection of the window.
2. The length and type of the window decides the width of main lobe and
side lobes attenuation.
17. Define Finite word length effects. (N/D ’14)
The digital implementation of the filter has finite accuracy. When numbers are
represented in digital form, errors are introduced due to their finite accuracy.
These errors generate finite precision effects or finite word lengths effects.
When multiplication or addition is performed in digital filter, the result is to be
represented by finite word length. Therefore, the result is quantized so that it
can be represented by finite word register. This quantized error can create
noise or oscillations in the output. These effects are called finite word length
effects.
18. What do you understand by linear phase response in filters? (M/J ’14)
A FIR filter will have linear phase if, h (n) = h (M-1-N) for symmetric response.
h (n) = -h (M-1-N) for antisymmetric response.
Where ‘M’ is the length of unit sample response of the filter.
19. What is the reason that FIR filter is always stable? (M/J ’14)
FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at origin.
20. What are Gibb’s oscillations? (N/D ’13)
While designing FIR filters, unit sample response is obtained from desired
frequency response. The desired unit sample response can be achieved by taking
inverse Fourier transform or Fourier series. Normally h(n) is infinite in length. Hence it
is truncated and only finite number of samples are taken. This truncation introduces
oscillations or ringing in pass band and stop band. This effect is called Gibb’s
phenomenon. It can be reduced by using suitable windows.

4
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21. Distinguish between FIR and IIR filters. (N/D ’13)

No. FIR filter IIR filter

1 These filters can be easily These filters do not have linear
designed to have perfectly linear phase
phase
2. FIR filters can be realized IIR filters are easily recursively
recursively and non recursive
3 Greater flexibility to control the Less flexibility, usually limited to
shape of magnitude response specific kinds of filters.
4 Errors due to round off noise are The round off noise in IIR filters
less severe in FIR filters, mainly is more.
because feedback is not used.
5. Depends on present, past values of Depends on present, past values
input and output of input

22. Write the equation for Blackman window. (M/J ’13)

The equation for Blackman window is given by
2𝜋𝑛 4𝜋𝑛
0.42 + 0.5 cos 𝑁−1 + 0.08 cos 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0, 1, … . 𝑁 − 1
ωB(n) = { 𝑁−1
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

23. What is Gibb’s phenomenon? (N/D ’12)

While designing FIR filters, unit sample response is obtained from desired frequency
response. The desired unit sample response can be achieved by taking inverse Fourier
transform or Fourier series. Normally h(n) is infinite in length. Hence it is truncated and
only finite number of samples are taken. This truncation introduces oscillations or
ringing in pass band and stop band. This effect is called Gibb’s phenomenon. It can be
reduced by using suitable windows.

24.List few applications, where in Linear phase is preferred. (M/J ’12)

Linear-Phase finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters play an important role in many
signal processing applications, for example, in multirate systems, image processing, and
communication systems, to mention a few. Consequently, design methods for linear-
phase filters have been intensively researched in the digital signal processing literature
for over almost half a decade.

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25. List out the conditions for the FIR filter to be linear phase. (M/J ’11)
The conditions are
1. Symmetric condition h(n) = h (N – 1 - n)
2. Anti-symmetric condition h(n) = - h (N – 1 - n)

26. Write procedure for designing FIR filter using windows. (M/J ’08)
1. For the desired frequency response Hd(w), find the impulse response
hd(n) using Equation

2. Multiply the infinite impulse response with a chosen window sequence

w(n) of length N to obtain filter coefficients h(n),i.e.,

3. Find the transfer function of the realizable filter

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UNIT IV
FINITE WORD LENGTH EFFECTS IN DIGITAL FILTERS

1) Define deadband. How do calculate the deadband of an IIR system ?

(NOV/DEC 18)
Dead band is the range through which an input can be varied without initiating an
observable response. Dead band is usually expressed in percent of span. Deadband
is a region of pressure where a change in pressure produces no change in
measurement output or control signal.
2−𝑏
2
Dead Band = 1−|𝑎|

2) Mention the types of quantization errors. (A/M ’18)

 Input quantization error
 Coefficient quantization error
 Product quantization error
3) What is zero input limit cycle oscillations ? (A/M ’18) (A/M ’17)
When astable IIR digital filter is excited by a finite sequence , that is constant , the
o/p will decay to zero . however , the nonlinearities due to the finite –precision
arithmetic operation often cause periodic oscillation to occur in the o/p . such
oscillation in recursive are called zero i/p limit cycle oscillations.
4) Distinguish between truncation and rounding of binary digits using
relevant examples. (N/D ’17)
Truncation Rounding
Truncation is the process of reducing Rounding is the process of reducing
the size of a binary number by the size of a binary number to finite
discarded all bits less significant than word size of bits such that, the
the least significant bit that is rounded b-bit number is closest to
retained. the original unquantized number
x = 0.011010100 If x = 0.110101101
In x, totally 9 bits are available, if x is Here total number of bits = 9
truncated to 4-bits, we can get If it is rounded to 5-bits, then
x = 0.0110 x = 0.11011
So, definitely error occurs because of In x, 5th bits = 0 (0.11.101101)
this truncation. But 6th bit = 1, so, according to

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Anna University ECE - Reg 2021

1st Semester 2nd Semester 3rd Semester
Random Process & Linear
Professionsal English I Professional English II
Algebra
Statistics and Numerical C Programming & Data
Matrices and Calculas Methods Structures
Engineering Graphics Signals and Systems
Engineering Physics
Physics for Electronics
Electronic Devices and Circuits
Engineering
Engineering Chemistry
Electrical and Instrumentation Control Systems
Engineering
Problem Solving & Python
Programming Circuit Analysis Digital Systems Designs

4th Semester 5th Semester 6th Semester

Electromagnetic Fields Embedded System & IOT

Wireless Communication Design

Networks & Security Artificial Intelligence &

VLSI and Chip Design
Machine Learning
Linear Integrated Circuits Transmission Lines & RF Open Elective I
Systems
Digital Signal Processing Professional Elective I Professional Course III

Communication Systems Professional Elective II Professional Course IV

Environmental Sciences &

Sustainability Mandatory Course I Mandatory Course II

7th Semester 8th Semester

Human Values & Ethics Project Work

Elective Management

EEE ECE
Open Elective II CSE
Open Elective III Click on clouds to navigate
other departments
Open Elective IV

MECH CIVIL
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