EX.NO.

09
SIMULATION OF BLDC MOTOR

AIM:
To simulate the dynamic characteristics of Brushless DC Motor using MATLAB Simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Sim Power System
2. MATLAB

THEORY:
The BLDCM is form of electric motor that kind perspective of modelling appears like a
Traditional DC motor having a liner relationship between voltage and current. Its commutation is controlled
electronically when put next to the DC motor (having brushed contacts) wherever commutation takes place
automatically. And in BLDCM, the armature remains static having stator coil windings whereas the rotor is
static magnet that rotates. Commutation between the stator coil and also the rotor takes place by electronic
controller that performs same distribution of power as brushed DC motor. Benefits of brushless DC motor
over brushed DC motor build it helpful in applications like part wherever house and weight of the motor are
important factors. BLDCMs offer benefits over brushed DC motors and induction motors in terms of
efficiency and performance. Faster and more responsive than ever before due to their improved performance
in terms of speed and torque. Additionally, because of the increased torque, the smaller motor may be used
in situations where weight and size are important considerations. BLDCM, on the other hand, requires
position data to generate torque. Devices like position encoders, resolvers, and Hall Effect sensors are often
used to collect precise location data.

Equivalent Circuit of BLDC Motor

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Brushless direct current motors (BLDCM) are a kind of synchronous motor in which the coil is
made of permanent magnets. These are the motors that do not have brushes or commutators to allow for the
passage of current or the commutation of the motor. It's for this reason that these kinds of motors are
sometimes referred to as electronically commutated motors. In fact, they are not controlled directly but rather
via an associated electrical converter that turns the phases of BLDCM ON/OFF in response to the position of
the rotor. 1200 conductivity mode and 1800 conductivity mode are selectable through the switches located
inside the electrical converter. This figure depicts a block design of the open loop BLDCM.

Stator resistance and inductance, and the back EMF constant of the motor are all factors that
influence motor control responsiveness. For maximal overshoot, an unsteady condition with increased
transient reaction and reduced time response of the control actuation system, look to the motor settings.
As an IGBT-based inverter circuit, the BLDC Motor Driver creates three-phase voltage to power
BLDC motors using a switching PWM signal as input. Using three hall sensors, the controller is able
to monitor the rotor's position at 120 electrical degrees. For six input combinations, three hall sensors
with eight combinations provide hall signals with 120electrical-degree sensor phasing.
A quadrature encoder is used to obtain rotor position information from the BLDC motor as a
feedback to the controller while modelling the control actuation system. The BLDC motor shaft is
connected to the shaft encoder model subsystem. There will be an output from this encoder block that
includes the rotor speed and phase shifting location, as well as a pulse frequency and velocity. The
motor's speed, location, and direction may all be calculated using the shaft encoder pulses. The whole
calculation is based on a MATLAB Simscape model and a triggered subsystem for calculating
information from an encoder's square wave.
SIMULINK DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Four Quadrant operation torque and speed responses

Three Phase Line to Line Voltage responses

Stator Current and Backup Emf Waveform
PROCEDURE:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 24 V.
3. Give step reference to the converter.
4. Give a staircase Generator input to PMSM.
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re-enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the simulink
parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis.

RESULT:
Thus, the dynamic characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using
MATLAB Simulink was simulated.
EX.NO.10
SIMULATION OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

AIM:
To simulate the output characteristics of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) using MATLAB
Simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Sim Power System
2. MATLAB

THEORY:
The switched or variable reluctance motor (SRM) is a synchronous machine. It has wound field coils
as in a DC motor for the stator windings. The rotor however has no magnets or coils attached. Motion is
produced as a result of the variable reluctance in the air gap between the rotor and the stator. When a stator
winding is energized, producing a single magnetic field, reluctance torque is produced by the tendency of the
rotor to move to its minimum reluctance position. This phenomenon is analogous to the force that attracts
iron or steel to permanent magnets. In those cases, reluctance is minimized when the magnet and metal come
into physical contact. In order to achieve a full rotation of the motor, the windings must be energized in the
correct sequence.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The SRM is fed by a three-phase asymmetrical power converter having three legs, each of which
consists of two IGBTs and two free-wheeling diodes. During conduction periods, the active IGBTs apply
positive source voltage to the stator windings to drive positive currents into the phase windings. During free-
wheeling periods, negative voltage is applied to the windings and the stored energy is returned to the power
DC source through the diodes. The fall time of the currents in motor windings can be thus reduced. By using
a position sensor attached to the rotor, the turn-on and turn-off angles of the motor phases can be accurately
imposed. These switching angle can be used to control the developed torque waveforms. The phase currents
are independently controlled by three hysteresis controllers which generate the IGBTs drive signals by
comparing the measured currents with the references. The IGBTs switching frequency is mainly determined
by the hysteresis band.
SIMULINK DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Output of the SRM

PROCEDURE:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser
2. Connect 240V DC supply to Converter.
3. Give step reference to the regulator input.
4. Verify all the model parameters values & re-enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
5. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the simulink
parameter and click the start.
6. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
7. Then output is printed for result analysis.

RESULT:
Thus, the output characteristics of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) using MATLAB
Simulink was simulated.
EX.NO.11
SIMULATION OF STEPPER MOTOR

AIM:
To simulate the performance characteristics of Stepper Motor using MATLAB Simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Sim Power System
2. MATLAB

THEORY:
The stepper motor has a wide popularity in the digitally control system means with changing the input
pulses the position of the rotor can be controlled. Stepper motor widely used in numerical control of machine
tools, tape drives, floppy disk drives, printers, robotics, X-Y plotters, textile industry, integrated circuit
fabrication, electric watches etc. Application of simulation packages has considerably improved electrical
machines analysis replacing the expensive laboratory equipment and enabling performing of different
experiments easy and with no cost.

BLOCK DIAGRAM
The system we are using can be represented by following block diagram as shown in figure.1. It consists
of dc supply batteries are rated of 12V, 24V, 48V and may be higher as per the requirement, control or drive
circuit to control the pulses, stepper motor and load. Load will be the angular movement of an object or
translational. Control circuit is consisting of semiconductor switches and hysteresis comparator to achieve
the sequential energization and de-energization of the phase winding.

One phase of a Bi-polar drive circuit for hybrid stepper motor

SIMULINK DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:

Motor transient performance at no-load

Motor transient performance for load 0.1 N-m
PROCEDURE:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser.
2. Connect 12V DC supply to Drive circuit.
3. Give a step input signal for a period of 1ms.
4. Verify all the model parameters values & re-enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
5. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (or) Go to the simulink parameter
and click the start.
6. Simulate the circuit to measure voltage and current under no load condition.
7. Simulate the same circuit for a step load of 0.1 N-m.
8. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
9. Then output is printed for result analysis.

RESULT:
Thus, the performance characteristics of Stepper Motor using MATLAB Simulink was
simulated.
EX.NO.12
SIMULATION OF PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

AIM:
To simulate the dynamic characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using MATLAB
Simulink.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
1. Sim Power System
2. MATLAB

THEORY:
PMSM is high-performance different speed motors for many automated applications. Basic advantages of
using a PM synchronous motor (PMSM) drive includes high reliability, less maintenance, high efficiency.
The PMSM motors are generally chosen in the high-performance drives, where the specific performances
justify the costs, higher than other motors with the same torque but realized with a different technology.
PMSM are used in highly reliable direct-drive applications mainly due to their advantages. Compared to
stranded DC motors, they have no brushes or mechanical commentators, which eliminate the issues due to
mechanical wear of the moving parts. In addition, the better heat dissipation characteristic and ability to
operate at high speed make them a better option. Figure 1 shows PM Synchronous Motor Drive system. It
consists of the stationary member of the machine called stator. Stator laminations for axial air gap machines
are frequently formed by winding sustained strips of soft steel. Varied parts of the laminations are the teeth
slots whichever carry the armature windings. Yoke finishes the magnetic path. Armature windings are a
commonly duplex layer (two coil side per slot) and lap wound. Individual coils are connected successively to
form phasor groups.

MATLAB/SIMULINK includes a graphical editor for constructing models as simulink block

diagrams, the editor allow to draw the models. Simulink also includes a substantial library of the sink, source,
basic linear and nonlinear elements, and connector blocks. If the given blocks do not meet your needs, you
can also design your own blocks. The interactive environment simplifies the modelling process, eliminating
the need to formulate differential and difference equations in a language or program. Models are pecking
order, so you can build models using both top-down and bottom-up access. You can point of view the system
at a high level, and then drill down to see increasing levels of model detail.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Self-Controlled Synchronous Motor Drive employing a load commutated thyristor inverter is

shown in Fig. 7.10. In large power drives wound field synchronous motor is used. Medium power drives also
employ permanent magnet synchronous motor. The drive employs two converters, which are termed here as
source side converter and load side converter. The source side converter-is a 6-pulse line-commutated
thyristor converter. For a firing angle range 0 ≤ αs ≤ 90∘, it works as a line-commutated fully controlled
rectifier delivering positive Vds and positive Id, and for the range of firing angle 90∘ ≤ αs ≤180∘ it works as
a line-commutated inverter delivering negative Vds and positive Id.
When Self Controlled Synchronous Motor Drive operates at a leading power factor, thyristors
of the load side converter can be commutated by the motor induced voltages in the same way, as thyristors of
a line-commutated converter are commutated by line voltages. Commutation of thyristors by induced voltages
of load (here load is a motor) is known as load commutation. Firing angle is measured by comparison of
induced voltages in the same way as by the comparison of line voltages in a line commutated converter.
Converter operates as an inverter producing negative Vdl and carrying positive Id for 90∘ ≤ αl ≤ 180∘. For 0
≤ αl ≤ 90∘ it works as a rectifier giving positive Vdl. For 0 ≤ αs ≤ 90∘, 90∘ ≤ αl ≤ 180∘ and with Vds > Vdl,
the source side converter works as a rectifier and load side converter as an inverter, causing power to flow
from ac source to the motor, thus giving motoring operation.
When firing angles are changed such that 90∘ ≤ αs ≤ 180∘ and 0∘ ≤ αl ≤ 90∘, the load side
converter operates as a rectifier and the source side as an inverter. Consequently, the power flow reverses and
machine operates in regenerative braking. The magnitude of torque depends on (Vds — Vdl). Speed can be
changed by control of line side converter firing angles.
When working as an inverter, the firing angle has to be less than 180° to take care of
commutation overlap and turn-off of thyristors. It is common to define a commutation lead angle for load
side converter as
= 180 −
If commutation overlap is ignored, the input ac current of the converter will lag behind input ac
voltage by angle αl. Since motor input current has an opposite phase to converter input current, the motor
current will lead its terminal voltage by an angle βl. Therefore, the motor operates at a leading power factor.
SIMULINK DIAGRAM
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS:
PROCEDURE:
1. A model is created by using the component available in the simulink browser
2. Go to the voltage measurements block & set the magnitude as 100 V and frequency as 50
Hz
3. Next go to the thyristor gate of pulse generator block and set the firing angle as 15°, 90°,
etc.
4. Then go to the load block and enter the value as for stator current, rotor current & angular
speed and electromagnetic torque
5. Verify all the model parameters values & re-enter for the various firing angle for the
required rating of the parameter block.
6. Then run the program by clicking the arrow in the top box (Or) Go to the simulink
parameter and click the start.
7. Double click the scope to see the output waveform.
8. Then output is printed for result analysis.

RESULT:
Thus, the dynamic characteristics of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using
MATLAB Simulink was simulated.