Syllabus for JEE (Main) – 2025

MATHEMATICS

SETUNIT 1: SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS:

Sets and their representation:; Union, intersection, and complement of sets and their algebraic
properties; Power set; Relation, TypeRelations, type of relations, equivalence relations, functions;
one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions.

UNIT 2: COMPLEX NUMBERS AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:

Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals, Representation of complex numbers in the form a +
ib and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, algebra of complex numbernumbers,
modulus, and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number, Quadratic equations in real and
complex number systemsystems and their solutions; Relations between roots and co-
efficientcoefficients, nature of roots, the formation of quadratic equations with given roots.

UNIT3: MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS:

Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices, determinants, and matrices of order two and
three, evaluation of determinants, area of triangles using determinants, ; Adjoint, and evaluation
of inverse of a square matrix using determinants and,; Test of consistency and solution of
simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices.

UNIT 4: PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS:

The fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an arrangement and combination as
section,permutations and combinations; Meaning of P (n, r) and C (n, r), simple. Simple applications.

UNIT 5: BINOMIAL THEOREM: AND ITS SIMPLE APPLICATIONS:

Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and middle term, and itssimple
applications.

UNIT 6: SEQUENCE AND SERIES:

Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic, geometric means between two
given numbers, Relation between A.M and G.M.

UNIT 7: LIMIT, CONTINUITY, AND DIFFERENTIABILITY:

Real–valued functions, algebra of functions, polynomials; polynomial, rational, trigonometric,
logarithmic, and exponential functions,; inverse functionfunctions. Graphs of simple functions.
Limits, continuity, and differentiability. Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and
quotient of two functions. Differentiation of trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, logarithmic,
exponential, composite, and implicit functions; derivatives of order up toupto two, Applications of
derivatives: Rate of change of quantities, monotonic-Increasing and decreasing functions,
Maxima and minima of functions of one variable.

INTEGRAL CALCULUS: UNIT 8: INTEGRAL CALCULAS:

Integral as an anti-derivative, Fundamental integralintegrals involving algebraic, trigonometric,
exponential, and logarithmic functions. IntegrationsIntegration by substitution, by parts, and by
partial functionsfractions. Integration using trigonometric identities.
Evaluation of simple integrals of the type

The fundamental theorem of calculus, properties of definite integrals. Evaluation of definite

integrals, determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves by simple curves in standard
form. forms.

DIFFERENTIALUNIT 9: DIFFRENTIAL EQUATIONS :

Ordinary differential equations, their order, and degree, the solution of differential equation by
the method of separation of variables, solution of a homogeneous and linear differential equation
of the type dy/dx + p(x)y=q(x)type***************

UNIT 10: CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY :

Cartesian system of rectangular coordinates in a plane, distance formula, sections formula,
locus, and its equation, the slope of a line, parallel and perpendicular lines, intercepts of a line on
the co-ordinate axis.

Straight line:
Various forms of equations of a line, intersection of lines, angles between two lines, conditions for
concurrence of three lines, the distance of a point form a line, co-ordinate of the centroid,
orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle,

Conic sections
triangle.
Circle, conic sections: A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation
of a circle, its radius and centralcentre, equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are
given, points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin and sections of
conics, equations of conic sections (parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola) in standard forms, .

UNIT 11: THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY :

Coordinates of a point in space, the distance between two points, section formula,
directionsdirection ratios, and direction cosines, and the angle between two intersecting lines.
Equation of a line; Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a
line
UNIT 12: VECTOR ALGEBRA :
Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors, components of a vector in two dimensions and three-
dimensional spacespaces, scalar and vector products, .

UNIT 13: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY :

Measures of discretiondispersion; calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped

data, calculation of standard deviation, variance, and mean deviation for grouped and
ungrouped data.
Probability: Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of probability, Baye's
theorem, probability distribution of a random variatevariable.

UNIT 14: TRIGONOMETRY :

Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions, inverse trigonometrical functions , and
their properties.

PHYSICS
PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT UNIT 1: Units and Measurements
Units of measurements, System of Unitsunits, SI Units, fundamental and derived Unitsunits, least
count, significant figures, Errors in measurements,. Dimensions of Physics quantities,
dimensional analysis, and its applications.

KINEMATICS
UNIT 2: Kinematics

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line, Position- time graph, speed and velocity; Uniform,
uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity, uniformly
accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated
motion, Scalars and Vectors, Vector. Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products, Vector, Resolution
of a Vector. Relative Velocity, Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion, Uniform Circular Motion. relative
velocity.

Motion in a plane, projectile motion, uniform circular motion.

LAWS OF MOTION UNIT 3: Laws of Motion

Force and inertia, Newton’s Firstfirst law of motion; Momentum, momentum, Newton’s
Secondsecond Law of motion, Impulses;impulse, Newton’s Thirdthird Law of motion. Law of
conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium, equilibrium of concurrent
forces.
Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.
Dynamics of uniform circular motion:, centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level
circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER UNIT 4: Work, Energy and Power

Work done by a constant force and a variable force;, kinetic and potential energies, work-energy
theorem, power.
The potential energy of a spring, conservation of mechanical energy, conservative and
nonconservativenon- conservative forces;, motion in a vertical circle:. Elastic and inelastic collisions
in one and two dimensions.

ROTATIONAL MOTION UNIT 5: Rotational Motion

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centrecentre of the mass of a rigid body;. Basic
concepts of rotational motion; , moment of a force;, torque, angular momentum, conservation of
angular momentum and its applications; .
The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple
geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, and their applications.
Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison
of linear and rotational motions.

GRAVITATION UNIT 6: Gravitation

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and
depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy;, gravitational potential.
Escape velocity, Motionmotion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period, and energy of satellite.

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS UNIT 7: Properties of Solids and Liquids

Elastic behaviour, Stressstress-strain relationship, Hooke's Law., Young's modulus, bulk modulus,
and modulus of rigidity.
Pressure due to a fluid column;, Pascal's law and its applications. Effect, effect of gravity on fluid
pressure.
Viscosity. Stokes' law., viscosity, Stoke’s law, terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow.
Critical, critical velocity., Bernoulli's principle and its applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface,
application of surface tension: - drops, bubbles, and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;, specific heat capacity, calorimetry;, change of state,
latent heat. Heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

THERMODYNAMICS UNIT 8: Thermodynamics

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and the
concept of temperature, zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat, work and internal energy. The first law
of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.
The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES UNIT 9: Kinetic Theory of Gases
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetickinetic theory of gases:
- assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic, kinetic interpretation of temperature:, RMS speed
of gas molecules: Degrees, degrees of freedom. Law, law of equipartition of energy and
applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean, mean free path., Avogadro's number.

OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES UNIT 10: Oscillations and Waves

Oscillations and periodic motion: – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time.
Periodic, periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation;, phase:,
oscillations of a spring: -restoring force and force constant:, energy in S.H.M. - Kinetic: kinetic
and potential energies; Simple, simple pendulum: - derivation of expression for its time period: .
Wave motion. Longitudinal, longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of the travelling wave.
Displacement, displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle, principle of superposition of
waves, reflection of waves. Standing, standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental
mode, and harmonics. Beats. , beats.

ELECTROSTATICS UNIT 11: Electrostatics

Electric charges: Conservationconservation of charge., Coulomb's law forces between two- point
charges, forces between multiple charges:, superposition principle and continuous charge
distribution.
Electric field: Electricelectric field due to a point charge, Electricelectric field lines. Electric, electric
dipole, Electricelectric field due to a dipole. Torque, torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
Electric flux., Gauss's law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly
charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin
spherical shell.
Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges ;,
potential difference, Equipotential equipotential surfaces, Electricalelectrical potential energy of a
system of two- point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators. Dielectrics, dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and
capacitancescapacitance, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, and capacitance of a
parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy, energy
stored in a capacitor.

CURRENT ELECTRICITY UNIT 12: Current Electricity

Electric current. Drift: drift velocity, mobility, and their relation with electric current., Ohm's law.
Electrical, electrical resistance., VI-lV characteristics of Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors.
Electrical, electrical energy and power. Electrical, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series, series
and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature, temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance, potential difference, and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and
parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and their applications., Wheatstone bridge., Metre Bridge.
MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM UNIT 13: Magnetic Effects of Current and
Magnetism
Biot - Savart law and its application to the current carrying circular loop., Ampere's law and its
applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid.
Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.
Force, force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The, the force between
two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque, torque experienced by a
current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and
conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar, bar magnet as an
equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Magnetic, magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar
magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque, torque on a magnetic dipole in a
uniform magnetic field. Para, para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, the effect
of temperature on magnetic properties.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS UNIT 14: Electromagnetic

Induction and Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law. Induced, induced emf and current:, Lenz’s Lawlaw,
Eddyeddy currents. Self, self and mutual inductance.
Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage:, reactance and
impedance:, LCR series circuit, resonance:, power in AC circuits, wattless current., AC
generator and transformer.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES UNIT 15: Electromagnetic Waves

Displacement current. Electromagnetic, electromagnetic waves and their characteristics,
Transversetransverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagneticelectromagnetic spectrum
(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet., X-rays., Gamma rays), Applications of
e.m.applications of electromagnetic waves.

OPTICS UNIT 16: Optics

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light at plane and spherical
surfaces, thin lens formula, and lens maker formula. Total, total internal reflection and its
applications. Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination, magnification, power of a lens, combination
of thin lenses in contact. Refraction, refraction of light through a prism. Microscope and Astronomical
Telescope, microscope and astronomical telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying
powers.

WAVE OPTICS
Wavefront and Huygens' principle. LawsWave optics: wavefront and Huygens ‘Principle, laws of
reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference,: Young's double-slit experiment,
and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction
due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Polarization,: plane-polarized light:, Brewster's
law, uses of plane- polarized light and Polaroid.

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION UNIT 17: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation
 Dual nature of radiation., Photoelectric effect., Hertz and Lenard's observations;, Einstein's
photoelectric equation:, particle nature of light. Matter waves-: wave nature of particle, de-
Broglie relation.

ATOMS AND NUCLEUSUNIT 18: Atoms and Nuclei

Alpha-particle scattering experiment;, Rutherford's model of atom;, Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Massmass-energy relation,
mass defect;, binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission,
and fusion.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES UNIT 19: Electronic Devices

Semiconductors;, semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias;, diode as
a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED., the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode;, Zener diode
as a voltage regulator.
Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS UNIT 20: Experimental Skills

Familiarity with the basic approach and observations of the experiments and activities:
[1.] Vernier calliperscalipers -its use to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a
vessel.
[2.] Screw gauge-its use to determine the thickness/ diameter of thin sheet/wire.
[3.] Simple Pendulumpendulum-dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of
amplitude &and time.
[4.] Metre Scalescale - the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
[5.] Young's modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
[6.] Surf aceSurface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents,
[7.] Co-efficient of Viscosityviscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a
given spherical body.
[8.] Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube,
[9.] Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
[10.] The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
[11.] The resistance of a given wire using Ohm's law.
[12.] Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
[13.] The focal length of:-
(i) Convex mirror
(ii) Concave mirror, and
(iiiii) Convex lens, using the parallax method.
[14.] The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
[15.] The refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.
[16.] Characteristic curves of a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
[17.] Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
[18.] Identification of Diode.diode, LED, Resistor. Aresistor, a capacitor from a mixed collection of such
items.
 CHEMISTRY

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory:, Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound:, Laws of
chemical combination;, Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition,
empirical and molecular formula:formulae, Chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum, spectrum of the hydrogen atom., Bohr
model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of
the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual, dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship.,
Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Elementary, elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the
quantum mechanical model of the atom, and its important features. Concept, concept of atomic orbitals as one-
electron wave functions: Variation of  and , variation of and 2 with r for 1s and 2s orbitals;, various quantum
numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance;, shapes of s, p,
and d - orbitals, electron spin, and spin quantum number: Rules, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau
principle., Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule, electronic configuration of elements, and extra stability
of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.

UNIT 3: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE STRUCTURE

Kossel-Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds.
Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice
enthalpy.
Covalent Bonding:- Concept of electronegativity., Fajan’s rule, dipole moment, Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR ) theory and shapes of simple molecules.
Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of
hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance. , resonance.
Molecular Orbital Theory: - Its important features., LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding,
antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic
molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy.
Elementary idea of metallic bonding. Hydrogen, hydrogen bonding and its applications.

THERMODYNAMICS UNIT 4: CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS

Fundamentals of thermodynamics: System and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions,
Entropyentropy, types of processes.
The first law of thermodynamics - Concept of work, heat, internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar
heat capacity;, Hess’s law of constant heat summation;, Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation,
atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution.

system as criteria for spontaneity. G ΔG°(Standard Gibbs energy change) and equilibrium constant.
The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes;, SΔS of the universe and GΔG of the

SOLUTIONS UNIT 5: SOLUTIONS

Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage
(by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's Law - Ideal and non-idealnonideal
solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and nonidealnon- ideal solutions;, Colligative
properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression of freezing point, the elevation
of boiling point and osmotic pressure; Determination, determination of molecular mass using colligative
properties; Abnormal, abnormal value of molar mass, Van’tvan’t Hoff factor and its significance.

EQUILIBRIUM UNIT 6: EQUILIBRIUM

Meaning of equilibrium is the concept of dynamic equilibrium.
Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas, gas- gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's
law. General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes.

(Kp and Kc) and their significance, the significance of Δ G and Δ G ° in chemical equilibrium, factors
Chemical Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium, equilibrium constants

affecting equilibrium concentration, pressure, temperature, the effect of catalyst;, Le Chatelier’s principle.
Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases
(Arrhenius., Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage
ionization) and ionization constants, ionization of water., pH scale, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts and
pH of their solutions, the solubility of sparingly soluble salts, and solubility products, and buffer solutions.

UNIT 7: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation
number, and balancing of redox reactions.
Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar conductivities and their
variation with concentration:, Kohlrausch’s law and its applications.
Electrochemical cells - Electrolytic and Galvanic cells, different types of electrodes, electrode potentials
including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:,
Nernst equation and its applications; Relationship, relationship between cell potential and Gibbs' energy
change: Dry, dry cell and lead accumulator; Fuel, fuel cells.

UNIT 8: CHEMICAL KINETICS

Rate of a chemical reaction, factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and
catalyst;, elementary and complex reactions, order and molecularity of reactions, rate law, rate constant and its
sunits, differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives, the
effect of temperature on the rate of reactions, Arrhenius theory, activation energy and its calculation, collision
theory of bimolecularbi-molecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles
and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
Quantitative analysis - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur, and phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formula and molecular formula: Numerical problems in organic quantitative analysis.

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): Classification of organic
compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur;
Homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of
carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles.
Electronic Effect:-
Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance, and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions:- Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement.

HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of
alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect): Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity: Mechanism of electrophilic
substitution: halogenation, nitration.
Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene.
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution
reactions.
Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform freons, and DDT.

ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN

General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses.

ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND ETHERS

Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer -
Tiemann reaction.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group; Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of
aldehydes and ketones; Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN. NH 3,
and its derivatives), Grignard reagent; oxidation: reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen); the acidity of -
hydrogen. aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between
aldehydes and Ketones.
Carboxylic Acids:
Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
AMINES
General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and
tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and
constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary, secondary,
tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA. Biological functions of nucleic acids. Hormones
(General introduction)

PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY

Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, Sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds;
Detection of the following functional groups; hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and
ketones) carboxyl, and amino groups in organic compounds.
The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:-
Inorganic compounds; Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.
The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises :-
Acids, bases, and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:
Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature
 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in
properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation
states, and chemical reactivity.

P- BLOCK ELEMENTS (Group -13 to Group 18 Elements)INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

UNIT 9: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p. d and f block elements, periodic trends in
properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation
states and chemical reactivity.
UNIT 10: p- BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group -13 to Group 18 Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of
elements across the periods and down the groups;, unique behaviour of the first element in each group.

D & F-UNIT 11: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

Transition Elements
- General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of
the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, colour,
catalytic behaviour, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation;
Preparation, preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7, and KMnO4.
Inner Transition Elements
Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoidLanthanoid contraction.
Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS UNIT 12: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

Introduction to coordination compounds. Werner's theory;, ligands, coordination number, denticity., chelation;,
IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism;, Bonding-: Valence bond approach
and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, colour and magnetic properties; Importance of co-ordination, importance
of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems). and in
biological systems).

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction and chromatography principles
and their applications.
Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens.
Quantitative analysis (basic principles only) - Estimation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, halogens, sulphur and
phosphorus.
Calculations of empirical formulae and molecular formulae, numerical problems in organic quantitative
analysis,
UNIT 14: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Tetravalency of carbon, shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p): classification of organic
compounds based on functional groups and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur,
homologous series: Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC)
Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic, free radicals, carbocations and carbanions, stability of
carbocations and free radicals, electrophiles and nucleophiles.
Electronic displacement in a covalent bond
- Inductive effect, electromeric effect, resonance and hyperconjugation.
Common types of organic reactions- Substitution, addition, elimination and rearrangement.
UNITS15:HYDROCARBONS
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties and reactions.
Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane), mechanism of halogenation of
alkanes.
Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism, mechanism of electrophilic addition, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water,
hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect), Ozonolysis and polymerization.
Alkynes - Acidic character, addition of hydrogen, halogens, water and hydrogen halides, polymerization.
Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity, mechanism of electrophilic
substitution, halogenation, nitration.
Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in mono- substituted
benzene.
UNIT 16: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HALOGENS
General methods of preparation, properties and reactions, nature of C-X
bond, mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Uses, environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons and DDT.
UNIT 17: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING OXYGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
ALCOHOLS,PHENOLSANDETHERS
Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, mechanism of dehydration.
Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions, halogenation, nitration and sulphonation, Reimer -
Tiemann reaction.
Ethers: Structure.
Aldehyde and Ketones: Nature of carbonyl group, nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of
aldehydes and ketones, important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH 3 and
its derivatives), Grignard reagent, oxidation, reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen), the acidity of -
 hydrogen. Aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Haloform reaction, chemical tests to distinguish between
aldehydes and ketones.
Carboxylic Acids: Acidic strength and factors affecting it.
UNIT 18: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions and uses.
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, basic character and identification of primary, secondary and
tertiary amines and their basic character.
Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
UNIT 19: BIOMOLECULES
General introduction and importance of biomolecules.
CARBOHYDRATES – Classification, aldoses and ketoses, monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and
constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose and maltose).
PROTEINS - Elementary idea of -amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins: primary, secondary,
tertiary and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.
VITAMINS – Classification and functions.
NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA, biological functions of nucleic acids.
Hormones (General introduction)
UNIT 20: PRINCIPLES RELATED TO PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY
Detection of extra elements (Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens) in organic compounds, detection of the following
functional groups, hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketones) carboxyl and amino
groups in organic compounds.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

Inorganic compounds, Mohr’s salt, potash alum.
Organic compounds: Acetanilide, p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – acids, bases and the use of indicators, oxalic-acid vs
KMnO4, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO4
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:
Cations – Pb2+, Cu2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+, NH4+

Anions- CO32−, S2-, SO42−, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, Br-, I- ( Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO4
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.