INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 128-2

Second edition
2022-10

Technical product documentation

(TPD) — General principles of
representation —
Part 2:
Basic conventions for lines
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Documentation technique
représentation —
de produits (TPD) — Principes généraux de

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Partie 2: Conventions de base pour les traits

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Reference number
ISO 128-2:2022(E)

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ISO 128-2:2022(E)

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 ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 ​Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 ​Normative references...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 ​Terms and definitions..................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4 ​Types of lines............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.1 ​General............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 ​Basic types.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 3
4.3 ​Line subtypes............................................................................................................................................................................................ 4
4.4 ​Variations of the basic types of lines................................................................................................................................... 4
4.5 ​Combinations of lines with the same length................................................................................................................. 4
4.5.1 ​Arrangement of two or more lines parallel to each other.............................................................. 4
4.5.2 ​Arrangement of two different types of lines.............................................................................................. 5
4.5.3 ​Arrangement of two continuous lines parallel to each other with regularly
recurring connecting elements between them........................................................................................ 5
4.5.4 ​Arrangement of regularly recurring geometric pictorial elements in
association with continuous lines........................................................................................................................ 5
5 ​Line dimensions..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
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5.1 ​Line width.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 ​Deviation in line width..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 ​Configuration of lines........................................................................................................................................................................ 6
6 ​Draughting of lines
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6.1 ​Spacing............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
6.2 ​Junctions........................................................................................................................................................................................................
ISO 128-2:2022 7
6.2.1 ​Types.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
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6.2.2 ​Representation ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
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6.3 ​Location of a second line.............................................................................................................................................................. 10
6.4 ​Hierarchy of overlapping lines............................................................................................................................................... 10
7 ​Colours.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
8 ​Designation.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
9 ​Basic conventions and applications for leader lines and reference lines............................................. 11
9.1 ​Presentation of leader lines...................................................................................................................................................... 11
9.2 ​Representation of reference lines........................................................................................................................................ 14
9.3 ​Indication of instructions........................................................................................................................................................... 15
Annex A (informative) Preparation of lines by CAD systems.................................................................................................. 17
Annex B (normative) Lines in construction technical drawings......................................................................................... 30
Annex C (informative) Examples of application in construction technical drawings.................................. 33
Annex D (normative) Types of lines and their application in mechanical engineering
technical drawings.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Annex E (informative) Examples of application in mechanical engineering technical
drawings..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 43
Annex F (normative) Types of lines and their application on shipbuilding technical
drawings..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55
Annex G (informative) Application examples of the different types of lines on shipbuilding
technical drawings.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Bibliography..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................68

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ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
(standards.iteh.ai)
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 10, Technical product documentation,
in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
SS F01, Technical drawings, in accordance withISO the128-2:2022
Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO
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and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
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This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 128-2:2020), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The changes are as follows:
— the term “line element” changed to “graphical basic element” throughout;
— in Annex C, Table C.1, the right-hand cell in the header has been changed from “Example” to “Figure
no.” to be consistent with Table E.1;
— in Annex D, Table D.1, item 04.2.1, duplicate text removed;
— in Annex G, Table G.1, the third header cell from the left has been changed from “Example” to
“Application” to be consistent with Table C.1 and Table E.1;
— in Annex E, Table E.1 and in Annex G, Table G.1, the right-hand cell in the header has been changed
from “Figure” to “Example” to be consistent with the rest of the document;
— minor editorial changes.
A list of all parts in the ISO 128 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

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 ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Introduction
This document contains generally applicable rules for the presentation of lines in all kinds of technical
product documentation.
All figures in this document have been drawn in first-angle projection. It should be understood that
third-angle projection or other methods could have been used equally well without prejudice to the
principles established.
The application of lines within drawings of special technical fields varies considerably. Therefore, rules
of application specific to technical fields are given in Annexes B to G.
Annex A provides information for the calculation of the most important basic types of non-continuous
lines according to types of lines and their graphical basic elements.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Technical product documentation (TPD) — General

principles of representation —
Part 2:
Basic conventions for lines

1 ​Scope
This document establishes the types of lines used in technical drawings (e.g. diagrams, plans or
maps), their designations and their configurations, as well as general rules for the draughting of lines.
In addition, this document specifies general rules for the representation of leader and reference lines
and their components as well as for the arrangement of instructions on or at leader lines in technical
documents. Annexes have been provided for specific information on mechanical, construction and
shipbuilding technical drawings.
For the purposes of this document the term “technical drawing” is interpreted in the broadest
possible sense, encompassing the total package of documentation specifying the product (workpiece,
subassembly, assembly).
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2 ​Normative references
(standards.iteh.ai)
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition ofISO 128-2:2022document (including any amendments) applies.
the referenced
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ISO 128-3, Technical product documentation (TPD) — General principles of representation — Part 3: Views,
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sections and cuts
ISO 128-15, Technical product documentation (TPD) — General principles of presentation — Part 15:
Presentation of shipbuilding drawings
ISO 129-1, Technical product documentation (TPD) — Presentation of dimensions and tolerances — Part 1:
General principles
ISO 129-5, Technical product documentation — Indication of dimensions and tolerances — Part 5:
Dimensioning of structural metal work
ISO 1101, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Tolerances of form,
orientation, location and run-out
ISO 2203, Technical drawings — Conventional representation of gears
ISO 2538-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Wedges — Part 2: Dimensioning and tolerancing
ISO 2553, Welding and allied processes — Symbolic representation on drawings — Welded joints
ISO 3040, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensioning and tolerancing — Cones
ISO 3766, Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
ISO 4463-1, Measurement methods for building — Setting-out and measurement — Part 1: Planning and
organization, measuring procedures, acceptance criteria
ISO 4463-3, Measurement methods for building — Setting-out and measurement — Part 3: Check-lists for
the procurement of surveys and measurement services

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ISO 5261, Technical drawings — Simplified representation of bars and profile sections
ISO 5455, Technical drawings — Scales
ISO 5456-4, Technical drawings — Projection methods — Part 4: Central projection
ISO 5459, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Geometrical tolerancing — Datums and datum
systems
ISO 6410-1, Technical drawings — Screw threads and threaded parts — Part 1: General conventions
ISO 6428, Technical drawings — Requirements for microcopying
ISO 7437, Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General rules for execution of production
drawings for prefabricated structural components
ISO 7519, Technical drawings — Construction drawings — General principles of presentation for general
arrangement and assembly drawings
ISO 8560, Technical drawings — Construction drawings — Representation of modular sizes, lines and grids
ISO 10110-1, Optics and photonics — Preparation of drawings for optical elements and systems — Part 1:
General
ISO 10135, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Drawing indications for moulded parts in technical
product documentation (TPD)
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ISO 10209, Technical product documentation — Vocabulary — Terms relating to technical drawings,
product definition and related documentation
(standards.iteh.ai)
ISO 11091, Construction drawings — Landscape drawing practice
ISO 12671, Thermal spraying — Thermally sprayed
ISOcoatings — Symbolic representation on drawings
128-2:2022
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ISO 15785, Technical drawings — Symbolic presentation and indication of adhesive, fold and pressed joints
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ISO 15787, Technical product documentation — Heat-treated ferrous parts — Presentation and indications
ISO 16792, Technical product documentation — Digital product definition data practices

3 ​Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10209 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://​w ww​.iso​.org/​obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://​w ww​.electropedia​.org/​
3.1
graphical basic element
continuous graphical object with rounded or squared end shape which is represented in any way (e.g.
straight, curved), which has a length and a width
Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.1.

3.2
dot
graphical basic element (3.1) having a length equal to the width, d
Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.2.

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3.3
line
set of one or more graphical basic elements (3.1) having a length of more than the width
Note 1 to entry: See Figure A.3.

3.4
technical drawing
drawing showing a technical installation, process or product with a view to clarifying its structure and
enabling its construction
[SOURCE: ISO 5127:2017, 3.4.7.54, modified — Note 1 to entry removed.]

4 ​Types of lines

4.1 ​General
The line type designation consists of a combination of a basic line type and a subtype, depending on the
line width, see 4.2.
For the purposes of this document a line type application number is used to number the application
examples for the line types.

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For applying line types to construction technical drawings, Annex B shall be applied. For applying line
types to mechanical engineering technical drawings, Annex D shall be applied. For applying line types
to ship building technical drawings, Annex F shall be applied.

4.2 ​Basic types

The basic line types are given in Table 1.

Table 1 — Basic line types

No. Representation Description
01 Continuous line
02 Dashed line
03 Dashed spaced line
04 Long-dashed dotted line
05 Long-dashed double-dotted line
06 Long-dashed triplicate-dotted line
07 Dotted line
08 Long-dashed short-dashed line

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ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Table 1 (continued)
No. Representation Description
Long-dashed double-short-dashed
09
line
10 Dashed dotted line
11 Double-dashed dotted line
12 Dashed double-dotted line
13 Double-dashed double-dotted line
14 Dashed triplicate-dotted line
Double-dashed triplicate-dotted
15
line

4.3 ​Line subtypes

The line subtypes are given in Table 2.

Table 2 — Line subtypes

Subtype
Representation Description
no. a
.1 Narrow
.2
.3
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Extra-wide
a Line identification structure(standards.iteh.ai)
4.4 ​Variations of the basic types of linesISO 128-2:2022
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in Table 1 and the line widths of Table 2 can have variations as shown in Table 3.
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Table 3 — Line variations
Representation Description
Uniform wavy continuous line

Uniform spiral continuous line

Uniform zigzag continuous line

Freehand or freeform curve contin-
uous line
NOTE This table contains only variations of the basic type of line no. 01. Variations of the basic types of no. 02 to no. 15 are
possible and are presented in the same way.

4.5 ​Combinations of lines with the same length

4.5.1 ​Arrangement of two or more lines parallel to each other

For examples see Figure 1.

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 ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Figure 1 — Example of lines parallel to each other

4.5.2 ​Arrangement of two different types of lines

a) With different line widths superimposed. See Figure 2 a) and b) for examples.

a) A continuous line and a dotted line b) A continuous line and a dashed spaced line

Figure 2 — Example of superimposed lines

b) Arranged next to each other. See Figure 3 for an example.

Figure 3 — Two continuous narrow lines either side of a wide dashed line
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4.5.3 ​Arrangement of two continuous lines parallel to each other with regularly recurring
connecting elements between them

See Figure 4 a) and b) for examples. ISO 128-2:2022

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a) Filled circular elements b) Filled trapezoidal elements

Figure 4 — Example of lines parallel to each other with regularly recurring connecting
elements

4.5.4 ​Arrangement of regularly recurring geometric pictorial elements in association with

continuous lines

a) Without interruption of a continuous line. See Figure 5 for examples.

Figure 5 — Without interruption of a continuous line

b) With interruption of a continuous line. See Figure 6 for examples.

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ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Figure 6 — With interruption of a continuous line

5 ​Line dimensions

5.1 ​Line width

The width, d, of all types of lines shall be one of the following depending on the type and size of the
technical drawing. This series is based on a common ratio 1: √2 (≈1:1,4).
0,13 mm; 0,18 mm; 0,25 mm; 0,35 mm; 0,5 mm; 0,7 mm; 1 mm; 1,4 mm; 2 mm.
The widths of extra-wide, wide and narrow lines are in the ratio 4:2:1.
The line width of any one line shall be constant throughout the whole line.
See Annexes B, D and F for information on line widths pertaining to construction, mechanical and
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shipbuilding technical drawings.

5.2 ​Deviation in line width (standards.iteh.ai)

Line widths can deviate from those specified in 5.1 providing that it is possible to differentiate
unambiguously between two adjacent lines with different widths. If technical drawing equipment
ISO 128-2:2022
which produces constant line width is used, the deviation in line width between two such lines shall not
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be greater than ± 0,1d.
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5.3 ​Configuration of lines
For the preparation of technical drawings, the lengths of graphical basic elements should conform to
those of Table 4.

Table 4 — Lengths of graphical basic elements

Drawing element Line type no. Length
04 to 07 and
Dot ≤d
10 to 15
02 and
Gap 3d
04 to 15
Short dash 08 and 09 6d
02, 03 and
Dash 12d
10 to 15
04 to 06,
Long dash ≈24d
08 and 09
Space 03 18d
NOTE The lengths shown in this table are valid for graphical basic elements with semi-
circular and squared ends. In the case of graphical basic elements with semi-circular
ends, the length of the graphical basic element corresponds to the distance covered by a
technical pen (with a tubular tip and using India ink) from the origin up to the end of the
graphical basic element. The total length of such a graphical basic element is the sum of
the length shown in this table, plus d.

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Formulae for the calculation of some of the basic types of lines and graphical basic elements are given in
Annex A. The formulae are intended to facilitate the preparation of technical drawings using computer-
aided design (CAD) systems.

6 ​Draughting of lines

6.1 ​Spacing
The minimum space between parallel lines should not be less than 0,7 mm.
In certain cases when computer-aided technical drawing techniques are used, the spacing of lines on
the technical drawing does not represent the actual spacing, for example for the representation of
screw threads. This has to be considered when data sets are established, for example for the operation
of machine tools.

6.2 ​Junctions

6.2.1 ​Types

The basic types of lines, no. 02 to no. 06 and no. 08 to no. 15, should meet at a dash to avoid ambiguity;
see Figures 7 to 12.

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Figure 7 — Long-dashed short-dashed lines intersecting as a cross

Figure 8 — Dashed lines intersecting as a cross

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ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Figure 9 — Dashed lines intersecting as a partial cross

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Figure 10 — Four dashed lines meeting at an intersection

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Figure 11 — Dash dotted lines intersecting as a cross and dashed lines meeting at corners

Figure 12 — Dashed lines meeting at corners and at intersection

Lines of basic type no. 07 should meet at a dot to avoid ambiguity, see Figure 13.

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 ISO 128-2:2022(E)

Figure 13 — Dotted lines intersecting at a dot

6.2.2 ​Representation

Techniques for applying the recommendations of 6.2.1 are to start the lines at the junction (see
Figure 14) or by using a complete, or partial, cross or Y (see Figures 15 and 16).
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Figure 14 — Partial cross intersection

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