UNIT V

Mobile Operating System

A mobile operating system is an operating system that helps to run other application software
on mobile devices. It is the same kind of software as the famous computer operating systems
like Linux and Windows, but now they are light and simple to some extent.

The operating systems found on smartphones include Symbian OS, iPhone OS, RIM's
BlackBerry, Windows Mobile, Palm WebOS, Android, and Maemo. Android, WebOS, and
Maemo are all derived from Linux. The iPhone OS originated from BSD and NeXTSTEP,
which are related to Unix.

It combines the beauty of computer and hand use devices. It typically contains a cellular built-
in modem and SIM tray for telephony and internet connections. If you buy a mobile, the
manufacturer company chooses the OS for that specific device.

A mobile operating system (OS) is software that allows smartphones, tablets and other devices
to run applications and programs.

A mobile OS provides an interface between the device's hardware components and its software
functions. It typically starts when a device powers on, presenting a screen with icons or tiles
that show information and provide application access. Mobile operating systems also manage
cellular and wireless network connectivity and phone access.

Types of Popular Mobile Operating System

1. Android OS

The Android OS is the most common operating system among the mobile operating system.
Furthermore, Google is the developer of Android. Moreover, it is an open source and free
operating system. This OS is based on the Linux kernel. The name for every new version of
update is based on ‘desserts’ for example Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Oreo, Kitkat, etc.

2. Bada

Samsung is the launcher of this operating system. It came into market in 2010. Moreover, it
includes features like 3-D graphics, application installation, multipoint touch etc.

3. Blackberry OS

The developer of this operating system is ReasearchIn Motion (RIM). It was specifically
designed for blackberry devices. Furthermore, it is useful for corporate users.

4. Apple iOS

After android, it is one of the most popular OS. It is designed to run on Apple devices such as
iPhones, iPad tablets, etc. Moreover, like the android devices have the playstore for apps
download. Likewise, apple iOS contains the app store. Also, it has very strong security features.

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5. Windows Mobile Operating System

The developer of this OS is Microsoft. It is basically designed for pocket PCs and smartphones.
Moreover, it has the features of computer based Windows OS and additional features for
mobile phones.

6. Symbian OS

Symbian Ltd. is the developer of this OS. Moreover, Nokia was the first to use this OS on its
mobile phones. Furthermore, it provides high level integration with communication. This OS
is based on java language.

7. Harmony OS

It is a latest OS moreover, Huawei is its developer. It is specifically designed for use in IoT
devices.

8. Palm OS

Its other name is Garnet OS. Furthermore, Palm Ltd. is its developer which developed this OS
for use in Personal Digital Assisstants (PADs).

9. WebOS

Palm Ltd is its developer. Moreover, it is based on Linux kernel and HP uses it in its mobile
devices and touchpads.

Functions of Mobile OS

Several functions of OS are:

1. Memory Management

It is the management of the main or primary memory. Furthermore, whatever program is

executed, it has to be present in the main memory. Therefore, there can be more than one
program present at a time. Hence, it is required to manage the memory.

The operating system:

Allocates and deallocates the memory.

Keeps a record of which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much.

Distributes the memory while multiprocessing.

2. Processor Management/Scheduling

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When more than one process runs on the system the OS decides how and when a process will
use the CPU. Hence, the name is also CPU Scheduling. The OS:

Allocates and deallocates processor to the processes.

Keeps record of CPU status.

3. Device Management

The processes may require devices for their use. This management is done by the OS. The OS:

Allocates and deallocates devices to different processes.

keep records of the devices.

Decides which process can use which device for how much time.

4. File Management

The files on a system are stored in different directories. The OS:

keeps records of the status and locations of files.

Allocates and deallocates resources.

5. Security

The OS keeps the system and programs safe and secure through authentication. A user id and
password decide the authenticity of the user.

6. Other Functions

Some other functions of the OS can be:

Error detection.

keeping a record of system performance.

Communication between different software etc.

Features of Mobile Operating System

1. Easy to use

The graphics should be attractive.

The buttons and features should be easy to use. mOreover, the functionalities should not be
very compilicated.

Features should be powerful and useful.

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2. Good app store

An app is one of the basic part of an OS.

Good and useful apps forms an important part of an OS.

The apps should be simple and interactive.

3. Good battery life

Power is one of the main requirement of a smartphone.

They require power for processors sensors etc. Therefore, the battery holds a very important
role.

Smartphones power usage keeps on increasing therefore, a good battery backup is very
essential.

4. Data usage and organization

An operating system should focus on controlling the data and network usage. It should keep
the limit and requirement in focus.

Secondly, the organization of data related to to-do lists, calendars, alarms, reminders etc is very
important. A good OS should keep this data in a very organized and safe manner. Moreover,
the data should be readily and easily available.

Android OS

Android is an open source and Linux-based Operating System for mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers. Android was developed by the Open Handset Alliance, led
by Google, and other companies.
Android offers a unified approach to application development for mobile devices which means
developers need only develop for Android, and their applications should be able to run on
different devices powered by Android.
The first beta version of the Android Software Development Kit (SDK) was released by Google
in 2007 where as the first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released in September 2008.
On June 27, 2012, at the Google I/O conference, Google announced the next Android version,
4.1 Jelly Bean. Jelly Bean is an incremental update, with the primary aim of improving the
user interface, both in terms of functionality and performance.
The source code for Android is available under free and open source software licenses. Google
publishes most of the code under the Apache License version 2.0 and the rest, Linux kernel
changes, under the GNU General Public License version 2.
Need of Android:

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Features of Android

Sr.No. Feature & Description

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Beautiful UI
Android OS basic screen provides a beautiful and intuitive user interface.

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Connectivity
GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, LTE, NFC and
WiMAX.

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Storage
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes.

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Media support
H.263, H.264, MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB, AAC, HE-AAC, AAC 5.1, MP3,
MIDI, OggVorbis, WAV, JPEG, PNG, GIF, and BMP.

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Messaging
SMS and MMS

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Web browser
Based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8
JavaScript engine supporting HTML5 and CSS3.

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Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in
handsets such as the HTC Hero.

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Multi-tasking
User can jump from one task to another and same time various application can run
simultaneously.

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Resizable widgets
Widgets are resizable, so users can expand them to show more content or shrink
them to save space.

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Multi-Language
Supports single direction and bi-directional text.

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GCM
Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) is a service that lets developers send short
message data to their users on Android devices, without needing a proprietary sync
solution.

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Wi-Fi Direct
A technology that lets apps discover and pair directly, over a high-bandwidth peer-
to-peer connection.

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Android Beam
A popular NFC-based technology that lets users instantly share, just by touching
two NFC-enabled phones together.

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Advantages of Android Operating System

 Android Google Developer: The greatest favourable position of Android is Google.

Google claims an android operating system. Google is a standout amongst the most
trusted and rumoured item on the web. The name Google gives trust to the clients to
purchase Android gadgets.
 Android Users: Android is the most utilized versatile operating system. More than a
billion individuals clients utilize it. Android is likewise the quickest developing
operating system in the world. Various clients increment the number of applications
and programming under the name of Android.
 Android Multitasking: The vast majority of us admire this component of Android.
Clients can do heaps of undertakings on the double. Clients can open a few applications
on the double and oversee them very. Android has incredible UI, which makes it simple
for clients to do multitasking.
 Google Play Store App: The best part of Android is the accessibility of many
applications. Google Play store is accounted for as the world's largest mobile store. It
has practically everything from motion pictures to amusements and significantly more.
These things can be effortlessly downloaded and gotten to through an Android phone.
 Android Notification and Easy Access: Without much of a stretch, one can access
their notice of any SMS, messages, or approaches their home screen or the notice board
of the android phone. The client can view all the notifications on the top bar. Its UI
makes it simple for the client to view more than 5 Android notices immediately.
 Android Widget: Android operating system has a lot of widgets. This gadget improves
the client encounter much and helps in doing multitasking. You can include any gadget
relying on the component you need on your home screen. You can see warnings,
messages, and a great deal more use without opening applications.

Disadvantages of Android Operating System

 Android Advertisement pop-ups: Applications are openly accessible in the Google

play store. Yet, these applications begin demonstrating tons of advertisements on the
notification bar and over the application. This promotion is extremely difficult and
makes a massive issue in dealing with your Android phone.
 Android require Gmail ID: You can't get to an Android gadget without your email ID
or password. Google ID is exceptionally valuable in opening Android phone bolts as
well.
 Android Battery Drain: Android handset is considered a standout amongst the most
battery devouring operating systems. In the android operating system, many processes
are running out of sight, which brings about the draining of the battery. It is difficult to
stop these applications as the lion's share of them is system applications.
 Android Malware/Virus/Security: Android gadget is not viewed as protected when
contrasted with different applications. Hackers continue attempting to take your data.
It is anything but difficult to target any Android phone, and each day millions of
attempts are done on Android phones.
Android Architecture

Android architecture contains different number of components to support any android device
needs. Android software contains an open-source Linux Kernel having collection of number
of C/C++ libraries which are exposed through an application framework services.

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Among all the components Linux Kernel provides main functionality of operating system
functions to smartphones and Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) provide platform for running
an android application.
The main components of android architecture are following:-
 Applications
 Application Framework
 Android Runtime
 Platform Libraries
 Linux Kernel
Pictorial representation of android architecture with several main components and their sub
components –

Applications –
Applications is the top layer of android architecture. The pre-installed applications like home,
contacts, camera, gallery etc and third party applications downloaded from the play store like
chat applications, games etc. will be installed on this layer only.
It runs within the Android run time with the help of the classes and services provided by the
application framework.

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Application framework –
Application Framework provides several important classes which are used to create an
Android application. It provides a generic abstraction for hardware access and also helps in
managing the user interface with application resources. Generally, it provides the services
with the help of which we can create a particular class and make that class helpful for the
Applications creation.

It includes different types of services activity manager, notification manager, view system,
package manager etc. which are helpful for the development of our application according to
the prerequisite.
The Android framework includes the following key services −
Activity Manager − Controls all aspects of the application lifecycle and activity stack.
Content Providers − Allows applications to publish and share data with other applications.
Resource Manager − Provides access to non-code embedded resources such as strings, color
settings and user interface layouts.
Notifications Manager − Allows applications to display alerts and notifications to the user.
View System − An extensible set of views used to create application user interfaces.
Application runtime –
Android Runtime environment is one of the most important part of Android. It contains
components like core libraries and the Dalvik virtual machine(DVM). Mainly, it provides the
base for the application framework and powers our application with the help of the core
libraries.
Like Java Virtual Machine (JVM), Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based virtual
machine and specially designed and optimized for android to ensure that a device can run
multiple instances efficiently. It depends on the layer Linux kernel for threading and low-
level memory management. The core libraries enable us to implement android applications
using the standard JAVA or Kotlin programming languages.
Platform libraries –
The Platform Libraries includes various C/C++ core libraries and Java based libraries such
as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager, OpenGL etc. to provide a support for android
development.
A summary of some key core Android libraries available to the Android developer is as
follows −
android.app − Provides access to the application model and is the cornerstone of all Android
applications.
android.content − Facilitates content access, publishing and messaging between applications
and application components.
android.database − Used to access data published by content providers and includes SQLite
database management classes.

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android.opengl − A Java interface to the OpenGL ES 3D graphics rendering API.
android.os − Provides applications with access to standard operating system services
including messages, system services and inter-process communication.
android.text − Used to render and manipulate text on a device display.
android.view − The fundamental building blocks of application user interfaces.
android.widget − A rich collection of pre-built user interface components such as buttons,
labels, list views, layout managers, radio buttons etc.
android.webkit − A set of classes intended to allow web-browsing capabilities to be built into
applications.
Linux Kernel –
Linux Kernel is heart of the android architecture. It manages all the available drivers such as
display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth drivers, audio drivers, memory drivers, etc. which
are required during the runtime.
The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device hardware and the
other components of android architecture. It is responsible for management of memory,
power, devices etc.
The features of Linux kernel are:
 Security: The Linux kernel handles the security between the application and the
system.
 Memory Management: It efficiently handles the memory management thereby
providing the freedom to develop our apps.
 Process Management: It manages the process well, allocates resources to processes
whenever they need them.
 Network Stack: It effectively handles the network communication.
 Driver Model: It ensures that the application works properly on the device and
hardware manufacturers responsible for building their drivers into the Linux build.

About Android SDK

Android SDK stands for Android Software Development Kit which is developed by Google
for Android Platform. With the help of Android SDK, we can create android Apps easily.

Android SDK is a collection of libraries and Software Development tools that are essential for
Developing Android Applications. Whenever Google releases a new version or update of
Android Software, a corresponding SDK also releases with it. In the updated or new version of
SDK, some more features are included which are not present in the previous version. Android
SDK consists of some tools which are very essential for the development of Android
Application. These tools provide a smooth flow of the development process from developing
and debugging. Android SDK is compatible with all operating systems such as Windows,
Linux, macOS, etc.

Components of Android SDK

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Android SDK Components play a major role in the Development of Android applications.
Below are the important components:

Android SDK Tools

Android SDK tool is an important component of Android SDK. It consists of a complete set of
development and debugging tools. Below are the SDK developer tools:

1. Android SDK Build tool.

2. Android Emulator.
3. Android SDK Platform-tools.
4. Android SDK Tools.

1. Android SDK Build-Tools

Android SDK build tools are used for building actual binaries of Android App. The main
functions of Android SDK Build tools are built, debug, run and test Android applications. The
latest version of the Android SDK Build tool is 30.0.3. While downloading or updating
Android in our System, one must ensure that its latest version is download in SDK
Components.

2. Android Emulator

An Android Emulator is a device that simulates an Android device on your system. Suppose
we want to run our android application that we code. One option is that we will run this on our
Android Mobile by Enabling USB Debugging on our mobile. Another option is using Android
Emulator. In Android Emulator the virtual android device is shown on our system on which
we run the Android application that we code.

Thus, it simply means that without needing any physical device Android SDK component
“Android Emulator” provides a virtual device on the System where we run our Application.
The emulator’s come with the configuration for Various android phones, tablets, Wear OS, and
Android TV devices.

In Android Virtual Emulator all functions that are feasible on real Android mobile is works on
virtual Device like:

 phone calls, text messages.

 stimulate different network speeds.
 specify the location of a device
 access on google play store and lot’s more.

But there is one disadvantage of this emulator is that. It is very slow when System’s PC has
less RAM. It works fine when a maximum GB of RAM is present on our device.

3. Android SDK Platform-tools

Android SDK Platform-tools is helpful when we are working on Project and they will show
the error messages at the same time. It is specifically used for testing. It includes:

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Android Debug Bridge (ADB), is a command-line tool that helps to communicate with the
device. It allows us to perform an action such as Installing App and Debugging App etc.

Fastboot allows you to flash a device with a new system image.

Systrace tools help to collect and inspect timing information. It is very crucial for App
Debugging.

4. Android SDK Tools

Android SDK tool is a component of SDK tool. It consists of a set of tools which and other
Utilities which are crucial for the development of Android Application. It contains the complete
set of Debugging and Development tools for android.

5. SDK Platforms

For Each Android Software, one SDK platform is available as shown below:

These are numbered according to the android version. The new version of the SDK platform
has more features and more compatible but the old version is less compatible with fewer
features. Like in Android 11.0(R) have more compatible and have more feature but the below
versions like Android 10.0(Q), Android4.4(KitKat) have less feature and is less compatible.

6. SDK Update Sites

In SDK Update Sites, some sites are embedded in it which will check for Android SDK Updates
Tools. In this, one must ensure we don’t unclick the button below because these are checked
by default which will check for updates if we will unclick it then it doesn’t check updates for
those.

Available Packages

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Package Description File Location

SDK Tools Contains tools for debugging and <sdk>/tools/

testing, plus other utilities that are
required to develop an app.

SDK Platform- Contains platform-dependent tools <sdk>/platform-tools/

tools for developing and debugging your
application. These tools support the
latest features of the Android
platform and are typically updated
only when a new platform becomes
available.

Documentation An offline copy of the latest <sdk>/docs/

documentation for the Android
platform APIs.

SDK Platform There's one SDK Platform available <sdk>/platforms/<android-

for each version of Android. It version>/
includes an android.jar file with a
fully compliant Android library.

System Images Each platform version offers one or <sdk>/platforms/<android-

more different system images (such version>/
as for ARM and x86).

Sources for A copy of the Android platform <sdk>/sources/

Android SDK source code that's useful for stepping
through the code while debugging
your app.

Samples for A collection of sample apps that <sdk>/platforms/<android-

SDK demonstrate a variety of the platform version>/samples/
APIs.

Google APIs An SDK add-on that provides both a <sdk>/add-ons/

platform you can use to develop an
app using special Google APIs and a

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 system image for the emulator so you
can test your app using the Google
APIs.

Android A static library you can include in <sdk>/extras/android/support/

Support your app sources in order to use
powerful APIs that aren't available in
the standard platform.

Google Play Provides the static libraries and <sdk>/extras/google/

Billing samples that allow you to integrate
billing services in your app with
Google Play.

Google Play Provides the static libraries and <sdk>/extras/google/

Licensing samples that allow you to perform
license verification for your app
when distributing with Google Play.

IOS Operating System

IOS is a Mobile Operating System that was developed by Apple Inc. for iPhones, iPads, and
other Apple mobile devices. iOS is the second most popular and most used Mobile Operating
System after Android.
The structure of the iOS operating System is Layered based. Its communication doesn’t occur
directly. The layer’s between the Application Layer and the Hardware layer will help for
Communication. The lower level gives basic services on which all applications rely and the
higher-level layers provide graphics and interface-related services. Most of the system
interfaces come with a special package called a framework.
A framework is a directory that holds dynamic shared libraries like .a files, header files,
images, and helper apps that support the library. Each layer has a set of frameworks that are
helpful for developers.
Architecture of IOS Operating System

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CORE OS Layer:
All the IOS technologies are built under the lowest level layer i.e. Core OS layer. These
technologies include:

1. Core Bluetooth Framework

2. External Accessories Framework
3. Accelerate Framework
4. Security Services Framework
5. Local Authorization Framework etc.
It supports 64 bit which enables the application to run faster.
CORE SERVICES Layer:
Some important frameworks are present in the CORE SERVICES Layer which helps the
iOS operating system to cure itself and provide better functionality. It is the 2nd lowest
layer in the Architecture as shown above. Below are some important frameworks present in
this layer:
1. Address Book Framework-
The Address Book Framework provides access to the contact details of the user.
2. Cloud Kit Framework-
This framework provides a medium for moving data between your app and iCloud.
3. Core Data Framework-
This is the technology that is used for managing the data model of a Model View
Controller app.
4. Core Foundation Framework-
This framework provides data management and service features for iOS applications.
5. Core Location Framework-
This framework helps to provide the location and heading information to the
application.
6. Core Motion Framework-
All the motion-based data on the device is accessed with the help of the Core Motion
Framework.

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7. Foundation Framework-
Objective C covering too many of the features found in the Core Foundation
framework.
8. HealthKit Framework-
This framework handles the health-related information of the user.
9. HomeKit Framework-
This framework is used for talking with and controlling connected devices with the
user’s home.
10. Social Framework-
It is simply an interface that will access users’ social media accounts.
11. StoreKit Framework-
This framework supports for buying of contents and services from inside iOS apps.

MEDIA Layer:
With the help of the media layer, we will enable all graphics video, and audio technology of
the system. This is the second layer in the architecture. The different frameworks of
MEDIA layers are:
1. ULKit Graphics-
This framework provides support for designing images and animating the view content.
2. Core Graphics Framework-
This framework support 2D vector and image-based rendering and it is a native drawing
engine for iOS.
3. Core Animation-
This framework helps in optimizing the animation experience of the apps in iOS.
4. Media Player Framework-
This framework provides support for playing the playlist and enables the user to use
their iTunes library.
5. AV Kit-
This framework provides various easy-to-use interfaces for video presentation,
recording, and playback of audio and video.
6. Open AL-
This framework is an Industry Standard Technology for providing Audio.
7. Core Images-
This framework provides advanced support for motionless images.
8. GL Kit-
This framework manages advanced 2D and 3D rendering by hardware-accelerated
interfaces.

COCOA TOUCH:
COCOA Touch is also known as the application layer which acts as an interface for the
user to work with the iOS Operating system. It supports touch and motion events and many
more features. The COCOA TOUCH layer provides the following frameworks :
1. EvenKit Framework-
This framework shows a standard system interface using view controllers for viewing
and changing events.
2. GameKit Framework-
This framework provides support for users to share their game-related data online using
a Game Center.

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3. MapKit Framework-
This framework gives a scrollable map that one can include in your user interface of the
app.
4. PushKit Framework-
This framework provides registration support.

Features of iOS operating System:

Let us discuss some features of the iOS operating system-
1. Highly Securer than other operating systems.
2. iOS provides multitasking features like while working in one application we can switch
to another application easily.
3. iOS’s user interface includes multiple gestures like swipe, tap, pinch, Reverse pinch.
4. iBooks, iStore, iTunes, Game Center, and Email are user-friendly.
5. It provides Safari as a default Web Browser.
6. It has a powerful API and a Camera.
7. It has deep hardware and software integration

Applications of IOS Operating System:

Here are some applications of the iOS operating system-
1. iOS Operating System is the Commercial Operating system of Apple Inc. and is popular
for its security.
2. iOS operating system comes with pre-installed apps which were developed by Apple
like Mail, Map, TV, Music, Wallet, Health, and Many More.
3. Swift Programming language is used for Developing Apps that would run on IOS
Operating System.
4. In iOS Operating System we can perform Multitask like Chatting along with Surfing on
the Internet.

Advantages of IOS Operating System:

The iOS operating system has some advantages over other operating systems available in
the market especially the Android operating system. Here are some of them-
1. More secure than other operating systems.
2. Excellent UI and fluid responsive
3. Suits best for Business and Professionals
4. Generate Less Heat as compared to Android.

Disadvantages of IOS Operating System:

Let us have a look at some disadvantages of the iOS operating system-
1. More Costly.
2. Less User Friendly as Compared to Android Operating System.
3. Not Flexible as it supports only IOS devices.
4. Battery Performance is poor.

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