Male Reproductive System
(Spermatogenesis)
AIR- 1 (AIIMS) Dr. Sachin Kapur
AIR - 1 (AIPMT) M.Phil, Phd.
AIR - 1 (DPMT)
25+ years Teaching Experience
15,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
GAMETOGENESIS
Primary sex organs – Testis in males and ovaries in females – produce
gametes, i.e, sperms and ovum, respectively, by the process called
gametogenesis.
SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermatogonia (sing. spermatogonium) present on the inside wall of
seminiferous tubules multiply by mitotic division and increase in
numbers.
Each spermatogonium is diploid and contains 46 chromosomes.
Seminiferous Tubules
➔ Inside seminiferous tubules, two types of cells are present.
Germinal Cells Spermatogonia
Somatic Cells Sertoli Cells
SPERMATOGENESIS
➔ It is process of formation of male gametes i.e. sperms.
➔ It begins during puberty and continues till death.
➔ With advancing age, the number of sperms produced, as well as, quality of sperms reduces.
➔ In humans, this process takes nearly 74 days.
Spermatogenesis
Spermatocytogenesis
Spermiogenesis(Spermateliosis)
Spermatogenesis
➔ It is formation of secondary
spermatocytes from
spermatogonia.
➔ Spermatidogenesis is formation of
spermatids from secondary
spermatocytes.
Spermiogenesis (Spermateliosis)
➔ It is differentiation of
spermatids into sperms.
SPERMATOGENESIS
Some of the spermatogonia called primary spermatocytes periodically
undergo meiosis.
SPERMATOGENESIS
A primary spermatocyte completes first meiotic division(reduction
division)leading to the formation of two equal,haploid cells called
secondary spermatocytes, which have only 23 chromosomes each.
Secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to produce
four equal, haploid spermatids.
SPERMATOGENESIS
Spermatids are transformed into spermatozoa (sperms) by the process
called spermiogenesis.
SPERMATOGENESIS
After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in Sertoli cells,
and are finally released from the seminiferous tubules by the process
called spermiation.
Hormonal Regulation
Spermatogenesis starts at age of puberty due to significant increase in
the secretion of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).
This, if you recall, is a hypothalamic hormone.
Hormonal Regulation of
Spermatogenesis
➔ Spermatogenesis starts at the age of
puberty due to significant increase in the
secretion of gonadotropin releasing
hormone (GnRH).
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
➔ Increased levels of GnRH acts at the
anterior pituitary gland and stimulates
secretion of two gonadotropins –
◆ Luteinising hormone (LH)
◆ Follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH).
Hormonal Regulation
LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and
secretion of androgens. Androgens, in turn, stimulate the
process of spermatogenesis.
FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of
some factors which help in the process of spermiogenesis.
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
It is a microscopic structure composed of a
Head
Neck
Middle piece
Tail
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
A plasma membrane envelops the whole body of sperm.
Sperm head contains an elongated haploid nucleus, the anterior portion
of which is covered by a cap-like structure, acrosome.
Sperm Structure
➔ Mature sperm lacks an endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes, inclusions, and many other organelles.
➔ Loss of these organelles reduces the cell’s size and mass.
➔ A sperm is essentially a mobile carrier for chromosomes, and extra weight
would slow it down.
➔ Because a sperm lacks glycogen or other energy reserves, it must absorb
nutrients (primarily fructose) from the surrounding fluid.
STRUCTURE OF SPERM
Acrosome is filled with enzymes that help fertilisation of the ovu
Middle piece possesses numerous mitochondria, which produce energy
for the movement of tail that facilitate sperm motility essential for
fertilisation.
SPERM COUNT
Human male ejaculates about 200 to 300 million sperms during a coitus
of which, for normal fertility,
At least 60 per cent sperms must have
normal shape and size
At least 40 per cent of them must show
vigorous motility.
Sperms released from seminiferous tubules, are transported by the
accessory ducts.
Secretions of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate are
essential for maturation and motility of sperms.
SEMEN
Seminal plasma along with sperms constitute semen.
Functions of male sex accessory ducts and glands are maintained by the
testicular hormones (androgens).
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