NAVIGATION SYLLABUS

DGCA EXAMS

A. Basics of Navigation

1. The Solar System and Movements of the Sun

- The solar system

- Seasonal and apparent movements of the sun

2. The Earth

- Great circle, small circle, rhumb line

- Convergency, conversion angle

- Latitude, difference of latitude

- Longitude, difference of longitude

- Use of latitude and longitude coordinates to locate specific positions

3.Time and Time Conversions

- Apparent time

- UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)

- LMT (Local Mean Time)

- Standard times

- International date line

4. Directions

- Terrestrial magnetism: declination, deviation, and compass variations

- Magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic north

5. Distance

- Units of distance and height in navigation: nautical miles, statute miles, kilometers, meters,
yards, feet

- Conversion between units

- Relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude

B. Magnetism and Compasses

1. General Principles

- Terrestrial magnetism

- Resolution of the Earth’s total magnetic force into vertical and horizontal components

- Effects of latitude changes on magnetic components

- Directive force, magnetic dip, variation

2. Aircraft Magnetism

- Hard iron and vertical soft iron

- Resulting magnetic fields

- Variation in directive force

- Changes in deviation with latitude and aircraft heading

- Turning and acceleration errors

- Keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass

- Knowledge of standby, landing, main compasses, and remote reading compasses

 - Detailed use and serviceability tests of these compasses

- Advantages and disadvantages of remote indicating compasses

- Adjustment and compensation of direct reading magnetic compass

C. Charts

1. General Properties of Projections

- Mercator

- Lambert conformal conic

- Polar stereographic

- Transverse Mercator

- Oblique Mercator

2. Representation of Navigational Elements

- Meridians, parallels, great circles, and rhumb lines on various projections

- Use of current aeronautical charts

- Plotting positions, measuring tracks and distances

- Methods of indicating scale and relief

- Conventional signs

D. Dead Reckoning Navigation (DR)

1. Basics of Dead Reckoning

 - Track, heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid), wind velocity, airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS, Mach
number), ground speed, ETA, drift, wind correction angle, DR-position, fix

2. Use of Navigational Computer

- Calculating speed, time, distance, fuel consumption, conversions, heading, airspeed, wind
velocity

3. Triangle of Velocities

- Determination of heading, ground speed, wind velocity, track and drift angle, track error, time
and distance problems

4. Determination of DR Position

- Need for DR, confirmation of flight progress, lost procedures, heading and TAS vector since last
confirmed position, application of wind velocity vector, assessment of accuracy of DR position

5. Measurement of DR Elements

- Calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors, determination of temperature,

appropriate speed, Mach number

6. Resolution of Current DR Problems

- Using Mercator, Lambert, and Polar Stereographic charts

- Measurement of maximum range, radius of action, point-of-safe-return, and point-of-equal-time

- Addressing miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical corrections

E. In-flight Navigation

1. Visual Observations

- Use and application to in-flight navigation

2. Navigation in Climb and Descent

- Average airspeed, average wind velocity, ground speed/distance covered during climb or
descent

3. Navigation in Cruising Flight

- Revising navigation data using fixes: ground speed revision, off-track corrections, wind speed
and di

rection calculation, ETA revisions, flight log maintenance (including navigation records)

Mass and Balance – Aeroplanes

1. Introduction to Mass and Balance

- Centre of gravity (CG): Definition, importance for aircraft stability

- Mass and balance considerations

- Consulting the aircraft flight manual for CG limits for take-off, landing, cruise configurations

- Maximum floor load, maximum ramp and taxi mass

- Factors determining maximum permissible mass: structural and performance limitations,

runway conditions, weather conditions, rate-of-climb and altitude requirements, engine-out
performance requirements

- Factors determining CG limits: aircraft stability, flight control and surface effectiveness, CG
changes during flight due to fuel consumption, undercarriage adjustments, passenger or cargo
relocation, fuel transfer, lift center changes

2. Loading

- Terminology: empty mass, dry operating mass, zero fuel mass, standard mass (crew,
passengers, baggage), fuel, oil water, carry-on luggage, useful load

- Effects of overloading: increased take-off and safety speeds, longer take-off and landing
distances, reduced climb rate, impact on range and endurance, decreased engine-out
performance, possible structural damage
3. Centre of Gravity (CG)

- Basics of CG calculations, load and balance documentation

- Datum: definition, location, use in CG calculation

- Moment arm: definition, algebraic signs, use

- Moment: definition, calculation (moment = mass x moment arm)

- Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (% MAC)

- CG calculation

- Effects of load-shift on CG

- Potential damage due to inertia of moving load

- Effects of aircraft acceleration on load

Performance

1. Performance of Single-Engine Aeroplanes

- Definitions of terms and speeds used

- Take-off and landing performance: effects of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway
slope, and conditions

- Use of aircraft flight manual data

- Climb and cruise performance: use of flight data, effects of density altitude and mass,
endurance, power settings

- Still air range with various power settings

2. Performance of Multi-Engine Aeroplanes

- Definitions of terms and speeds used, new terms for multi-engine performance

- Importance of performance calculations

- Determining performance under normal conditions, considering effects of pressure altitude,

temperature, wind, mass, runway slope, and conditions
 - Elements of performance: take-off and landing distances, obstacle clearance, rate of climb and
descent, effects of power settings, speeds, and configuration

- Cruise altitudes and ceiling, en-route requirements, payload/range trade-offs, speed/economy

trade-offs

- Use of performance graphs and data from flight manuals

Flight Planning and Monitoring – Aeroplanes

1. Flight Plans for Cross Country Flights

- Navigation Plan: route selection, speeds, heights, alternate airfields, terrain clearance, cruising
levels, checkpoints, measuring tracks and distances, wind forecasts, heading, ground speed, and
time calculations, pre-flight navigation log completion

- Fuel Plan: planned fuel usage, flight manual figures, fuel for holding and diversion, reserves,
total fuel requirements, pre-flight fuel log completion

- Flight monitoring and in-flight re-planning: in-flight fuel computations, recording fuel quantities,
actual consumption rate, fuel state comparison, re-planning, selecting new destinations, fuel
reserves, radio communication and navigation aids

2. ICAO ATC Flight Plan

- Types of flight plans, ICAO flight plan format, completion and filing procedures, agency
responsibilities, adherence to flight plans

3. Practical Flight Planning

- Chart preparation: plotting tracks, measuring directions and distances

- Navigation plans: completion using tracks, distances, wind velocities, true airspeeds

- Fuel plans: preparation showing planned values for fuel usage, fuel remaining, endurance

- Radio planning: communications frequencies, call signs, in-flight services

4. Practical Completion of a Flight Plan

 - Data extraction: navigation, meteorological, performance data

- Completion of navigation flight plan, fuel plan, top-of-climb times, cruise sector times, total
time and fuel, missed approach fuel, reserve fuel

- Completion of air traffic flight plan

Radio Navigation

1. Radio Aids

- Ground D/F: principles, presentation, interpretation, coverage, range, errors, accuracy, factors
affecting range and accuracy

- ADF: principles, presentation, interpretation, coverage, range, errors, accuracy, factors affecting
range and accuracy

- VOR and Doppler VOR: principles, presentation, interpretation, coverage, range, errors,
accuracy, factors affecting range and accuracy

- DME: principles, presentation, interpretation, coverage, range, errors, accuracy, factors

affecting range and accuracy

- ILS: principles, presentation, interpretation, coverage, range, errors, accuracy, factors affecting
range and accuracy

2. Basic Radar Principles

- SSR: principles, presentation, interpretation, modes and codes, including Mode S

3. Self-contained and External-Referenced Navigation Systems

- Satellite assisted navigation (GPS/GLONASS): principle of operation, advantages, disadvantages

6.1 Flight Instruments

A. Air Data Instruments

1. Pitot and Static System

- Pitot tube: construction and principles of operation

- Static source

- Malfunctions and heating

- Alternate static source

2. Altimeter

- Construction and principles of operation

- Display and setting

- Errors and correction tables

- Tolerances

3. Airspeed Indicator

- Construction and principles of operation

- Speed indications (IAS)

- Meaning of colored sectors

- Maximum speed indicator, VMO, MMO pointer

- Errors

4. Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)

- Aneroid and Instantaneous VSI (IVSI)

- Construction and principles of operation

- Display
B. Gyroscopic Instruments

1. Gyro Fundamentals

- Theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)

- Types and principles of operation:

- Vertical gyro

- Directional gyro

- Rate gyro

- Rate integrating gyro

- Single degree-of-freedom gyro

- Ring laser gyro

- Apparent drift and random drift

- Mountings and drive types

- Monitoring

2. Directional Gyro

- Construction and principles of operation

3. Slaved Gyro Compass

- Construction and principles of operation

- Components

- Mounting and modes of operation

- Turn and acceleration errors

- Application and uses of output data

4. Attitude Indicator (Vertical Gyro)

- Construction and principles of operation

- Display types
 - Turn and acceleration errors

- Application and uses of output data

5. Turn and Bank Indicator (Rate Gyro)

- Construction and principles of operation

- Display types

- Application and uses of output data

- Turn coordinator

C. Magnetic Compass

- Construction and principles of operation

- Errors (deviation, effect of inclination)

D. Radio Altimeter

- Components

- Frequency band

- Principle of operation

- Displays

- Errors

6.2 Power Plant and System Monitoring Instruments

1. Pressure Gauge

- Sensors

- Pressure indicators

- Meaning of colored sectors

2. Temperature Gauge

- Ram rise, recovery factor

3. RPM Indicator

- Interfacing of signal pick-up to RPM gauge

- RPM indicators for piston and turbine engines

- Meaning of colored sectors

4. Consumption Gauge

- High-pressure line fuel flowmeter (function, indications, failure warnings)

5. Fuel Gauge

- Measurement of volume/mass, units

- Measuring sensors

- Content, quantity indicators

- Reasons for incorrect indications

6. Torque Meter

- Indicators and units

- Meaning of colored sectors

7. Basics of Electronic Displays

- EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System)

- EICAS (Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System)

- ECAM (Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor)

- FMS (Flight Management System)

8. Basic Radio Propagation Theory

- Basic principles of electromagnetic waves

- Wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency

- Frequency bands, side band, single side band

- Pulse characteristics

- Carrier, modulation, demodulation

- Types of modulation (amplitude, frequency, pulse, multiplex)

- Oscillation circuit

9. Antennas

- Characteristics and polarization

- Types of antennas

10. Wave Propagation

- Ground wave

- Space wave

- Propagation with the frequency bands

- Frequency prognosis

- Fading

- Factors affecting propagation (reflection, absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline,

mountain, static)
This document has been prepared in accordance with the Civil
Aviation Requirement (CAR) Section 7, Series ‘B’, Part IV, as well
as Section J of Schedule II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937. These
sections stipulate, among other requirements, that applicants
must pass a written examination based on the syllabus
prescribed by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA)
for the issuance of a Commercial Pilot’s License (CPL). Section
‘O’ of Schedule II of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, outlines similar
requirements for the issuance of an Instrument Rating (IR) for
airplanes. This part of the CAR details the main topics of the
syllabus for the written examinations required for both the CPL
and IR, in accordance with the provisions of Schedule II. The
syllabus topics are in conformity with the knowledge
requirements prescribed in ICAO Annex 1. This CAR is issued
under the provisions of Schedule II and Rule 133A of the Aircraft
Rules, 1937.

Please note that special care has been

taken to eliminate errors in this document.
However, this is not an official document,
and the author will not be responsible for
any loss, marks, time, or misuse of the
same.
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