Scribd
Upload
4 views

Asset-V1 E-SHE+EX201+Q1+Type@Asset+Block@Chapter 3-Session 4 Types of Functions and Inverse of a Function 1

This document covers the types of functions, including one-to-one, onto, and one-to-one correspondence functions, as well as how to find the inverse of a function. It provides definitions, examples, and exercises to illustrate these concepts. The session concludes with a summary of the key points discussed.

Uploaded by

misrachmoges
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
4 views

Asset-V1 E-SHE+EX201+Q1+Type@Asset+Block@Chapter 3-Session 4 Types of Functions and Inverse of a Function 1

This document covers the types of functions, including one-to-one, onto, and one-to-one correspondence functions, as well as how to find the inverse of a function. It provides definitions, examples, and exercises to illustrate these concepts. The session concludes with a summary of the key points discussed.

Uploaded by

misrachmoges
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

CHAPTER 3: Functions

SESSION 4: Types of functions and inverse of a function


Learning Objectives of the session
At the end of this session you will able to:
• Identify types of functions
• Find the inverse of an invertible function

Introductory Activities
Q1. How many types of functions do you know?
Q2. Are all functions invertible?

3.3.1 One to One functions


Definition 3.10: A function f : A  B is called one to one, often written
1– 1, if and only if:
x1, x2  A, f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2 (or x1, x2  A, f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2 ) .
In other words, no two elements of A are mapped to one element of B .
Example 3.13:
1. Consider two sets A  {1,2,3, ,6} & B  {7, a, b, c, d ,8, e} .
Let, f  {(1,7),(2, a),(3, b),(4, b),(5, c),(6,8)} and
g  {(1,7),(2, a),(3, b),(4, c),(5,8),(6, d )} .
Show that f is not a 1 – 1 function, but g is a 1 – 1 function from A into B .
Solution:
It is clear that both f and g are functions from A into B.
Observe that:
f (3)  f (4) , but 3  4 . Hence, f is not a 1 – 1 function.
x1, x2  A, g  x1   g  x2   x1  x2 . Therefore, g is a 1 – 1 function.
2. Let f :    and defined by f  x   ax  b a, b   a  0 . Show that
f is 1-1 function.
Solution:
x1 , x2  , let f  x1   f  x2  .
f  x1   f  x2   ax1  b  ax2  b
 ax1  ax2
 x1  x2 .
Hence, f is a 1-1 function.
3.3.2 Onto function
Definition 3.11: Let f be a function from a set A into a set B . Then f is
called onto function (or f maps onto B ) if every element of B is an image
of some element in A . That is, Range( f )  B.

Example 3.14:
1. Let A  {1,2,3} & B  {1,4,5} The functions f : A  B defined by f (1)  1
, f (2)  5 , f (3)  1 and g : A  B defined by g  {(1,4),(2,5),(3,1)} .
Show that g is onto but f is not onto.
Solution:
There does not exist x  A such that f  x   4 .
That is, Range  f   1,5  B.
Hence, f is not onto.
The function g : A  B given by f  {(1,4),(2,5),(3,1)} is onto because
each element of B is an image of at least one element of A.
2. Consider the relation f from Z into Z defined by f (n)  2n for all
n  Z . Show that f is not onto function Z into Z .

Solution:
First, we show that f is a function from Z into Z .
Clearly, domain of f is Z . If n  n , then 2n  2n , i.e., f (n)  f (n) .
Hence, f is well defined and is a function.
Let n, n  Z and suppose that f (n)  f (n) . Then, 2n  2n & thus n  n.
Hence f , is 1 – 1. Since for all n  Z , f (n) is an even integer; we see
that an odd integer has no pre image. Therefore f , is not onto.

3.3.3 One-to-one (1 – 1) Correspondence


Definition 3.12: A function f : A  B is said to be a 1 – 1 correspondence
if f is both 1 – 1 and onto.
Example 3.15:
1. Let A  {0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5} & B  {0, 5,10,15, 20, 25} . Suppose f : A  B given
by f ( x)  5 x for all x  A .
Solution:
One can easily see that every element of B has a pre image in A and
hence f is onto. Moreover, if f ( x)  f ( y) , then 5x  5 y , i.e. x  y . Hence, f
is 1 – 1. Therefore, f is a 1 – 1 correspondence between A & B .

2. Let A be a finite set. If f : A  A is onto, then it is one to one.


Solution:
Let A  {a1 , a 2 ,, a n } . Then, Range  f   { f (a1 ), f (a2 ),..., f (an )} .
Since f is onto, Range( f )  A .
Thus, A  { f (a1 ), f (a2 ),, f (an )} which implies that f (a1 ), f (a2 ),..., f (an ) are all
distinct.
Hence, ai  a j , implies f (ai )  f (a j ) for all 1  i, j  n .
Therefore, f is 1 – 1.

Practice exercise/activity 3.8:


Mode of delivery: Self-Study (3 min)
Q1. Consider the function 𝑓 = {(𝑥, 𝑥 2 ): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆} from 𝑆 = {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2,3}
into ℤ. Is f one-to-one? Is f onto?
3.3.4 Inverse of a function
1
The inverse of a function f is denoted by f and is defined by:
f 1  ( y, x) : ( x, y )  f  .
For instance,
1
1. Let f  {(2,4),(3,6),(1,7)} , then f  {( 4,2), (6,3), (7,1)} .
f 1 is also a function.
2. Let g  (2,4),(3,6),(5,4) , then g 1  {(4,2),(6,3),(4,5)} .
g 1 is not a function.
Remarks:
i. Not all functions have an inverse;
ii. Only one to one functions have inverses.
Steps to find the inverse of a one-to-one function:
1. Interchange x and y in the equation y  f ( x)
2. Solve for y , which is the inverse function.
Let f : A  B be a one-to-one function. Then,
f 1 : B  A is also a function.
Hence, Dom  f 1   Range  f  and Range  f 1   Dom  f 
Example 3.16:
1
1. Given y  f ( x)  x . Find f and its domain.
3

Solution:
We begin by interchanging x and y , and we solve for y .
y  x3 Interchange x and y
x  y3 Take the cube root of both sides
3
xy This is the inverse of the function
1
Thus, f ( x )  3 x .
1
The domain of f is the set of all real numbers.
x
2. Let y  f ( x)  . Find f 1 ( x) .
x2
Solution:
Again we begin by interchanging x and y , and then we solve for y .
x
y Interchange x and y
x2
y
x Solving for y
y2
2x
x ( y  2)  y  xy  2 x  y  2 x  y (1  x ) y
1 x
1 2x
Thus, f ( x)  .
1 x
Remarks:
1.  fof 1   x   x   f 1of   x  .
In other words, the composition of a one-to-one function and its inverse is
an identity.
1
2. Please be aware that f ( x ) is not the reciprocal of f .
That is,
1
f 1 ( x)  .
f ( x)
If you want to write the reciprocal of the function f ( x) by using a negative
exponent, you must write
  f ( x ) .
1 1

f ( x)

Practice exercise/Activity 3.9:


3
Q1. Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 + 1. Find 𝑓 −1(𝑥 ).

Q2. Let 𝐴 = {𝑥 ∈ ℜ: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1} & 𝐵 = {𝑦 ∈ ℜ: 5 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 8}.


Show that𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 defined by 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 + 5 is a 1–1 correspondence
function from 𝐴 into 𝐵 .
Session Summary
In this session, the core points we have discussed are:
 types functions;
 How to find the inverse of a one-to-one function.
These points are summarized as follows:
1. A function f : A  B is called one to one if and only if:
x1, x2  A, f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2 (or x1, x2  A, f  x1   f  x2   x1  x2 ) .
2. Let f be a function from a set A into a set B . Then f is called onto
function if every element of B is an image of some element in A . That
is, Range( f )  B.
3. A function f : A  B is said to be a 1 – 1 correspondence if f is both
1 – 1 and onto.
1
4. The inverse of a function f is denoted by f and is defined by:
f 1  ( y, x) : ( x, y )  f  .

Resources for further reading


1. Alemayehu Haile and Yismaw Alemu, Mathematics an Introductory
Course, Department of Mathematics, Addis Ababa University
2. Semu Mitiku Kassa, Berhanu Guta Wordofa and Tilahun Abebaw
Kebede, Engineering Mathematics I, Galaxy University Books Series,
2017.

You might also like