MCG 3110 -HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #1 - Introduction
Monday, January 23, 2023

YOU HAVE 65 MINUTES TO SOLVE

THIS QUIZ
CLOSE BOOK - NO PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS — NO PHONE!!!

Part 1 - Short answer questions (55 marks)

1. Name the different heat transfer modes.

For each mode, give the physical mechanism (please... 3 or 4 lines at max for each mode! Less
than that if you include a diagram.) and the governing law. Include all the units. (15 marks)

. Explain why the convection mode usually transfers more energy than the conduction mode.
Also explain which fluid (gas or liquid) transfer more heat by convection under the same flow
speed and why. (10 marks)

3. Starting from the first law of Thermodynamics, derive the expression of energy conservation
for a surface. (10 marks)

4. Conventional ovens feature heating elements on the top and bottom of the oven cavity. Convection
ovens have these elements in addition to a fan located at the back of the cavity, as shown below.

Switching from a conventional oven to a convection oven requires some slight adaptation. In your
opinion, what is the major difference people have to be aware of when switching from conventional
to convection oven? Support your answer with some physical explanation.

(10 marks)
5. Snow, while being a solid, is known to have a low thermal conductivity, almost as low as some
human-made thermal insulation materials. The figure below shows the value of thermal
conductivity of various types of snow. Explain why despite being a solid snow is a decent
thermal insulator.

Lot adetrasrxtasiits trt b ts vy a Lici I 0w, 90 o T, IO

aluuIlnllnulllulllnllunlunlnnlnnh

!lll'll'!’ll"[’
0.6

’I‘l'l’ll'!‘l(lllill!;l(ll['il(lllfllll‘flll!‘lllll'
Yasaatanaalinnitas

0.0 lllll'illl'lllll'll'
!lll'[lllllllll"li[

(10 marks)
Part 2 - Problem (45 marks)

First nations living under harsh cold environment have known for centuries how to survive despite
being exposed to these potentially deathly conditions. They have been able to build protective
shelters (sometimes referred to as igloos) using packed snow put together in the form of snow
“bricks”. An igloo is illustrated below.

Let’s assume an igloo that is a 2m by 2m square with a height of 2m. Therefore the igloo is a cube
instead of a dome in our problem to simplify the situation. Snow blocks making the walls and roof of
our igloo are 20 cm thick and the snow used is assumed to have a thermal conductivity of 0.2
W/m K. We will assume that the floor of the igloo is well insulated so that there is no heat escaping
the igloo to the ground, it only escapes from the 4 walls and the roof.

On a specific day, the weather is such that the temperature of the external walls (and ceiling) is -30
°C, while the temperature of the internal walls (and ceiling) is Tinside. The metabolism of the
people living in the igloo is such that it is an energy generation source of S00W. This energy is
transmitted by natural convection from the air to the walls and roof surfaces.

a) Determine the surface temperature of the internal walls (and ceiling). (35 marks)

b) If the convection coefficient between the air inside the igloo and the interior surface of the
walls fand ceiling) is h=5 W/m?K, determine the air temperature inside the igloo that day.
(10 marks)
 MCG 3110 —-HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #2 — Introduction to Conduction

Monday, January 30, 2023

YOU HAVE 55 MINUTES TO SOLVE THIS QUIZ

CLOSE BOOK - NO PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS - NO PHONE!!!

Part 1 - Short answer questions (40 marks)

1. Explain in details why a wooden floor will feel warmer than a concrete floor when you walk bare
foot on them, even if they are both at the same temperature. (10 marks)

2. Explain why metals conduct heat better than other types of solid materials. (10 marks)

3. a) The first law becomes the heat diffusion equation (HDE) expressed by (for cylindrical
coordinates) :

State all the assumptions required that allow us to use the 15t law in the form of HDE. (10 marks)

b) Explain the meaning of the terms of the HDE. (10 marks)

Part 2 - Problem (66 marks)

Nuclear fuel is very energy dense; therefore, a nuclear reactor needs very little fuel. Uranium pellets
weigh about 20 grams each, that is a little less that the weight of a AA battery. About ten pellets are
needed to power the average Canadian household per year. Generating the same amount of electricity
would require over 400L of oil or over 350m3 of natural gas. Nuclear reactors in Canada are fuelled by
uranium. The uranium is formed into ceramic pellets made from uranium dioxide powder and encasedin
zircaloy tubes called fuel pencils. These are welded together into bundles the shape of a fireplace log,
as shown below. A cold fluid circulates between the fuel pencils to extract the heat generated by the
nuclear reaction inside the pellets.
 FUEL PELLET

FUEL PENCIL

FUEL BUNDLE

NUCLEAR REACTOR

One can approximate a fuel pencil by the geometry below, of length L (not shown in the figure below)
which includes a small air gap between the fuel and cladding. This gap is so small that only conduction
occur, not convection. As stated above, the pencil is surrounded by a moving fluid, which we will
assume result in a convection coefficient between the fluid and the external surface of the cladding of
value h. We will assume the fluid is at a temperature Tf. The nuclear reaction in the fuel results in an
energy generated per unit volume that we will assume to be Qnr. The fuel, gap and cladding have
thermal conductivities of K., Kgap and kepag respectively. We will assume that we can neglect thermal
radiation
-
to simplify our analysis.
e

a) Determine the general solution of the temperature distribution in the nuclear fuel. (20 marks)
b) Determine the boundary conditions that you would use to get the specific solution of the
temperature distribution in the nuclear fuel. DO NOT solve to get that specific solution. (10
marks)
¢) Determine the general solution of the temperature distribution in the gap. (10 marks)
d) Determine the boundary conditions that you would use to get the specific solution of the
temperature distribution in the gap. DO NOT solve to get that specific solution. (5 marks)
e) Determine the general solution of the temperature distribution in the cladding. (5 marks)
f) Determine the boundary conditions that you would use to get the specific soltion of the
temperature distribution in the cladding. DO NOT solve to get that specific solution. (5 marks)
 |
|
|
MCG 3110 —-HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #3 — Chapter 3, part 1

Monday, February 6, 2023

YOU HAVE 55 MINUTES TO COMPLETE THE QUIZ

Part 1 - Short answer questions (40 marks)

1. Explain what we mean when we assume one-dimensional steady-state conduction. (4 marks)

2. Show that for a plain wall, the thermal resistance is L/KA. (10 marks)

3. A turbine blade is a complex system that operates in extremele harsh condition, namely high
temperature and corrosive environment. The entire system can be studied as a composite plane wall
as illustrated below. The hot gases coming from the combustion chamber at 1600 C flow at high
speed above the ceramic top coat, that acts as an inulating material to protect the turbine blade
superalloy material. Because of their large difference in thermal expansion coefficient (TEC), a
metallic material that has a TEC between the TECs of the superalloy and the ceramic top coat is
used between the two layers to prevent thermal delamination. A thermally grown oxide (TGO) is
usually present, but we will neglect it for simplicity here.

Assume that the top coat as a thickness Ltc, that the bond coat as a thickness Lbc=Ltc and that the
superalloy thickness is Lsa=2 Ltc. Assume that the top coat as a thermal conductivity Ktc, that the
bond coat has a thermal conductivy Kbc=2Ktc and that the superalloy has a thermal conductivity
Ksa=10Ktc. Assume the top coat surface in contact with the hot gas is at 1300 C and that the
superalloy surface in cinctact with the cooling air is at 950 C.

ANEngine Cooling Air

Sketch schematically on a T-x diagram the temperature profile inside the top coat-bond coat-superaloy
system. Explain how you get the results. (20 marks)

4. Explain what causes thermal contact resistance and how it affects heat transfer between two
surfaces. (6 marks)

Part 2 - Problems (60 marks)

An important part of a refrigerator, as studied in Thermodynamcs is the condenser, located at the back
of the fridge (as shown below).

The condenser is made of copper (Kcopper=400 W/m.K) tubing running at the back of the
refrigerator.. The outside diameter of the tubes is 12mm while the inside diameter is 10mm. The
refrigerant flowing in the tube is at 45 °C, and the convection coefficient between the refrigerant and
tube walls is h=65 W/m2.K. The ambient air temperature is 20 °C.

In the perfect situation, the convection coefficient between the ambient air and the tube is h=5 W/mK.

a) Using the thermalresistamce concept, draw the thermal circuit and determine the heat rate per
unit length (as L is not given) between the refrigerant and the ambient air. (40 marks)
2

It is common to have dirt accumulation on the tube external surface and have poor air circulation
around the condenser. ‘

b) Assuming a layer of dirt of 5 mm thickness (with a k of 0.5 W/m.K) and a convection

coefficient between the ambient air and the dirty tube of h=1 W/m?K, determine the heat rate
between the refrigerant and the ambient air. (10 marks)

c¢) Comment on the necessity to keep the condenser clean and not to close to a wall. (10 marks)

_ln(q/q)
cond
© 2nlk
 MCG 3110 -HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #4 — Chapter 3, part 2

Monday, February 13, 2023

YOU HAVE 35 MINUTES TO SOLVE THE QUIZ

The 107-country Outer Space Treaty signed in 1967‘pr0h1bits nuclear, biological, or chemical weapons
from being placed or used from Earth’s orbit. To avoid breaching this treaty while making use of outer
space “armed base”, the U.S. Air Force envisioned the most simple weapon ever: tungsten rods falling
from their orbital positions that could hit a city with the impact power of an intercontinental ballistic
missile, known as Project Thor or in popular culture “Rods from God”,or kinetic weapons.

Project Thor planned to use 6m long 0.3m diameter tungsten rods travelling in orbit aournd the earth as
projectiles propelled only by gravity through re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere. Dropped from orbit,
these heavy (over 100 000 kg each) poles would reach a speed of up to ten times the speed of sound
prior to hitting their targets on the ground. The rod itself would penetrate tens of meters into the ground,
with its kinetic energy being converted into severe local deformation and sending strong pressure waves
around the impact poirt (like water ripples when you drop a rock on the water surface of a lake) that
would be on par with the magnitude of intercontinental balisitc missiles — but with no fallout.
\e
The figure below illustrates schematically the local damage caused by the impact of the rod (in black)
on the ground (in grey) and the initiation of the ripples that would have a similar effect s an
earthquake.

A major challenge in designing these rods is the fact that upon re-entry into the earth’s atmosphere,
they will be exposed to extreme heating conditions, as it will be surrounded by a fireball, like any re-
entry object such as the Orion spacecraft shown below that recently had its first successfu flight.
 Let’s study the thermal behaviour of such a tungsten rod (k=175 W/m.K) assuming it is 6m long with a
0.3m diameter, as shown below.

Upon re-entry into the atmosphere, it will become immersed in a hot air flow as shown below:

A A
,b\;4

As learned in fluid mechanics, the rushing hot air will flow around the rod, while a stagnation zone will
form at the tip of the rod facing the flow. This tip will experience a heat flux of 700 000 W/m2, shown in
the sketch above, as the result of the contact with the hot decelerating gas. The hot gas flowing around
the rod is approximately at 1200 °C, and the convection coefficient between the flowing air and the rod
~ surface 1§ approximately 47 W/m.K.

This situation is similar to having a circular fin of infinite length (because 6m longis VERY long for a
fin!), at steady-state, as shown below, for which you know what g, at the base is, while not knowing
TbZ
 / Air

T ,/’/ T..=1200°C
Q /)’ A h=47 w/m.K
q” =700 000 W/m’ ==/ 6 5
g Lk, L—e, D=0.3m

a) Assuming we can neglect radiation, determine the temperature of the fin at the base, Ty. (80
marks)

The answer you found in a) can therefore be assumed as the temperature experienced by the rod at the
stagnation surface during its travel towards the earth’s surface. If your answer is correct, it should then
explain (referring to the chart below) why only tungsten could work.

Melting Point in °C and °F

@l Melting Point °C ¥ Fahrenheit

Mercury 4,
Potassitim
Solder 50 - 50
Tin
Bismuth
Lead
Magnesium Alloy
Plutonium e —
Aluminurmn Alloy |——
Beryllium Copper
Silver, Sterling
Admiralty Brass
Silver, Pure
METAL

Brass, Red
Gold, 24K Pure
Iron, Gray Cast
Iron, Ductile
Manganese
Monel
Inconel
Silicon
Steel (Carbon Steel)
Iron, Wrought
Stainless Steel
Titanium
Platinum
Chromium
Rhodium
Iridium
Molybdenum
Osmium
Tungsten
2000 6000
o

TEMPERATURE

b) Sketch the temperature distribution you expect to observe inside the rod as a function of
temperature. NO CALCULATION is required, just a sketch of T vs x (length). Please indicate
temperatures that are known on your sketch. (20 marks)
 Temperature distribution and AeREheat loss for fins of uniform cross section
TABLE 3.4 R

Temperature Fin Heat

Tip Condition. Transfer Rate g
(x=1L) i Distribution 8/0,

Convection heat cosh m(L — x) + (h/mk) sinh m(L — X) sinh mL + (h/mk) cosh mL
. M :
transfer: 3
cosh mL + (h/mk) sinh mL . cosh mL + (h/mk) sm1(13n}7[:] :
ho(L) = —kdf) lde:L 9

Adiabatic: coshm(L — x) M tanh mL

o~
dfldx},—, = 0 coshmL (3.81)
(3.80)
Prescribed temperature:
(8,/8,) sinti inx + sinh m(L — X) M (cosh mL — 6,/8,)
L) =10,
sinh mL sinh mL
(3.82) (3.83)
:
D Infinite fin (L— =) (3.85)
(3.84)
f(L)=0

g=T-T. m® = hPIKA,
6,- 00)=T,—T. M=ViPkak,
 MCG 3110 -HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #6 — Chapier 7
Monday, March 27, 2023
YOU HAVE 40 MINUTES TO SOLVE THE QUIZ

Part 1 - Short answer questions (15 marks)

1. Give the mathematical expression of the Nusselt number, and explain physically what it means.
(10 marks)

2. Explain what the Prandtl number means. (5 marks)

Part 2 - Problem (85 marks)

A thermocouple is a temperature-measuring device made by two wires of different metals joined atone
end, called junction end or measuring end. The junction end is immersed in the environment whose
temperature T, has to be measured, while the tail end is held at a different temperature T, e.g. at
ambient temperature, as illustrated below.
JUNCTION
WIRE 1 ) END
> T>Ty
WIRE 2

Because of the temperature difference between

Dissimilar Metal 1
junction end and tail ends, a voltage difference is
measured between the two wires at the tail end. This - f\*"F
voltage difference can be converted to find T, Thus a ”“@l&’l&
thermocouple gives the temperature of the junction A
end.
i . oo D
One can assume that the junction end of a - Dissimilar Metal 2
thermocouple is a perfect cylinder.
A thermocouple (thus a small metallic cylinder that we will approximate as being made out of
chromium, with a 250 micron diameter and 1 mm lenght) is used to measure the temperature of an
arrflow that has a velocity of 16 m/s and that is at 53°C. If at one instant the thermocouple surface
temperature is 27°C, determine the average convection coefficient between the air and the
thermocouple at that instant.

TapLk A4 Thermophysical Properties

of Gases at Atmospheric Pressare®
m
T A e, pro 107 k- 100 - 10
(B (heim} (kl'kz-Ki ™ 5/m’] (M5 (Wirn- k) LR

Air. M = 28.97 kg'kmol

int bt = b@ ed
gy, PRI
o
|'
S@J

s ]
ft.g.""!v“fi
b

(OIS
fag bag

G PR
06320

TABLE A.1 Thermophysieal Properties of Selected Metallic Solids®

Properties at 300 K
Melting .
Point P c, £ - 10
Compusition 1K) ikg'm’ (Jkg-K) Wm-Kr imYs)

Borca

Cadsreum

Chrovreum

Codal
 “ . y
TABLE 7.7 (Continued )
Correlation Geometry Conditions®

Nu, = 0.0296 Rel” pr'? (7.36) Flat plate Turbulent. local, Ty, Re, = 10%,
0.6 = Pr==60

Cyp = 0074 Re;'® — 1742 Rey! (7.40) Flat plate Mixed. average. Ty, Re,. = 5 > 10°,
Re; = 108

Nu; = (0.037 Re® — 87HPr'? (7.38) Flat plate Mixed, average, T;. Re,. = 5 % 107,
Re; = 10°.0.6 = Pr= 60
Nup, = C Rejy Pr'? (1.52) Cylinder Average, T, 0.4 = Rep = 4 % 10°,
(Table 7.2) Pr=07

Nuy, = C Rey, Pr(PriPr)'™ (7.33) Cylinder Average. T... | = Rep, = 10°,

(Table 7.4) 0.7 = Pr= 300

Nup =03 +10.62 Rel? Pr'? Cylinder Average, T, Rep Pr=0.2

X [1+ 4/Pry" 17
X [1 + (Rep/282,000)75+3 (7.54)
Nup =2+ (0.4 Relf’ Sphere Average, T, 3.5 = Rep = 7.6 X 10°,
+0.06 Rep ) Pr** 0.71 = Pr=380. 1.0 = (u/ps) = 3.2
X {udp )y (1.56)

Nap =2+ 0.6 Rel? pr's (157 Falling drop Average, T =

Nup = C,C; Re: ... PrP5(PriPr)"? (7.58),(7.59) Tube bank? Average, T. 10 = Rep, = 2 X 107,
(Tables 7.5, 7.6) 0.7 = Pr =500

Single round nozzle (1.71) Iznrfi'inging jet Average, T;, 2000 = Re = 4 % 10°,
2=HDY=12.25=(/D)=T5
Single slot nozzle (1.75) Impinging jet Average. T, 3000 = Re = 9 % 10%
2=HW) = 1004 = /W) =20

Array of round nozzles Impinging jet Average. T,. 2000 = Re = 107

2=(HDY=12.0004 = A =004
 MCG 3110 —-HEAT TRANSFER

Quiz #7 — Chapter 8
Monday, April 3, 2023

QUIZ CAN BE DONE IN GROUPS OF 2 or 3

ONE QUIZBOOK PER GROUP

As seen and studied in both Thermodynamics courses, water-tube boilers are a common part of
thermal power plants. These consist in tubes arranged inside a furnace in various configurations.
Often the water tubes connect large drums, the lower ones containing liquid water and the upper
ones steam as a result of water being brought to superheated steam through the rising tubes that
are heated by an intense source such as natural gas flame. Water tube boilers can be designed to
exploit any heat source and are generally preferred in high-pressure applications since the
high-pressure water/steam is contained within small diameter pipes which can withstand the
pressure with a thinner wall. These boilers are commonly constructed in place, roughly square in
shape, and can be multiple stories tall. One example of the drum/tubes arrangement is shown
below.

The tubes diameter and length will have a major influence on the steam exit temperature. Let’s
study, in a simplified way, such as system. We will simplify the complex tube configuration by
assuming the system is simply a bank of tubes arrangement as shown in the next figure.
HOT GASES STEAM
THG' VHG Tsteam out, Vsteam

steamin’ Vsteam

The hot combustion gases (with composition and temperature that can be calculated from your
Thermodynamics knowledge) come into the bank of tubes at a temperature Tug and a velocity
Vi, The bank of tubes is a 7 (rows) by 9 (columns) arrangement. The boiler tubes have an
external diameter D and are positioned at St and Sp from each other. The tubes length is L.
Saturated steam coming from the lower drum flows into the tubes at an inlet temperature and
velocity of Tsteamin and Vsieam respectively. That steam will get heated into superheated state by
the hot gases and exit at a temperature Tsteamout. The tube thickness is t, as shown below.
The details of dimensions and hot gas and steam properties are summarized here.

HOT COMBUSTION GASES

Cp =1050J/Kg.K
k=0.041 W/m.K
Pr=0.7
Density= 0.336 Kg/m?
Viscosity =399 107 Pa.s
Tue = 800C
Vue =2 m/s

STEAM
Cp = 1980 J/KgK
k= 0.033 W/m.K
Pr=0.998
Density= 0.480 Kg/m?
Viscosity = 152 107 Pa.s
Tsteamin = 100C
Visteam = 20 m/s

DIMENSIONS
S1=0.3m
S1=0.3m
D=0.045
t=0.005m
K tbes = 40 W/m.K
L=10m

The temperature of the hot combustion gases Tug cannot be considered constant, as these
combustion products will cool down while exchanging heat with the water tubes. However, as an
initial approximation (to be validated later) we will assume that this temperature Trg is constant.

1) What is the exit temperature of the steam using the current design?

2) We assumed that the hot combustion products remain at their initial temperature Thg.
Evaluate if this assumption is justified by calculating the combustion gases temperature at
the end of the first row of the bank of tubes.

3) Based on your answer of the previous question, what do you expect the combustion gases
temperature to be at the exit of the bank of tubes? (I am looking for a decent engineering
approximation here, not a long detailed calculation).

4) Explain how you would proceed if you wanted to be more precise in your calculations
and include the fact that the hot combustion gases are NOT remaining at a constant
temperature.
TABLE 8.4 Summary of convection correlations for flow in a cireular tube®b*
Correlation Conditions

f=64/Rey, (8.19) Laminar, fully developed

Nup =436 (8.53) Laminar, fully developed, uniform g;

Nuy, = 3.66 7 (8.55) Laminar, fully developed, uniform T,

Wi = 3.66 0.0668 Gz, (857) Laminar, thermal entry (or combined entry with
T
U= 30t bodo Pr=5), uniform T,,Gzp = (DIx) Rep Pr
3.66 + 0.0499 Gz, o tanh(Gz5'
1, (8.58) Laminar, combined entry. . Pr = 0.1, ® uniform 7, -
p, Eah2264 G2 + 17 G571 4sfanh (i 3 Czp = (DIX) Rep Pr
° 1anh(2.432 Pr'® Gz;'*)

(8.20) Turbulent, fully devel

L 20 log[%)- P ] P
vV T ReyVf
f=1(0.790 In Re,, — 1.64)72 (8.21¥ Turbulent, fully developed, smoath walls,
PR S 3000 < Rep =5 % 10°

Nup = 0.023 Ref Pre (8.60) Turbulent, fully developed, 0.6 = Pr = 160,
Re, = 10,000, (L/D) =10, n =04 for T, > T,
andn=03for,<T,
D.14 ’
Nup = 0.027Rei® Pr‘”(fl) (8.61¥ Turbulent, fully developed, 0.7 = Pr = 16,700,
2 Rep = 10,000, L/D = 10
(fi8)(Rep, — 1000) Pr
Up = i) = y)s — (.62 Turbulent, fully developed, 0.5 = Pr = 2000,
1+ 127 R Pr™ — 1) 3000 = Re,, = 5 X 10%, (LID) = 10

Nuy, = 4.82 + 0.0185(Re,, Pr)** (8.64) Liquid metals, turbulent, fully developed, uniform
4,36 X 1P Rep 9.05 x 105,3x 1073 =
Pr=5x10" 10" = Rep Pr=10*

Nuy, = 5.0 + 0.025(Re, Pr)** (8.65) Liquid metals, turbulent, fully developed,
uniform T, Re;, Pr =100

“The mass transfer correlations may be obtained by replacing Nup and Pr by Shy and Sc, respectively.
®properties in Equations 8.53, 8.5, 8.60, 8.61, 8.62, 8.64. and 8.6 arc based on T; properties in Equations 8.19, 8.20, and 8.21 are based on
Ty = (T, + T, ¥2; properties in Equations 8.57 and 8.58arebased on T, = (T, + T,)2
to smooth tubes.
“Equation $.20 pertains to smooth or rough tubes. Equation 8.21 pertains -
4As a first approximation, Equations 8.60, 8.61, or 8.62 may be used to evaluate the average Nusselt number Nup over the entire tube leagth,
if (L/DY = 10. The properties should then be evaluated at the average of the mean temperature, = (T + T N2
“For tubes of noncircular cross section, Rey, = Dy,/v, Dy = 4A/P. and w,, = mipA,. Results for fully developed laminar flow are provided in
Table 8.1. For turbulent flow, Equation 8.60 may be used as a first approximation.

AT, — AT;
\AT"“ " In(AT,/AT)

AT ( PL 7)
e XD e
N N e
_In(ry/ry)
Ricons == 1k
 Row 1 Row 2 Row 3
{ar) (h)

Ficire 7.12 Tube arrangements in a bank. (a) Aligned. (b) Staggered.

LR 1/4 :
[Nu,, = C, Rl s Pr"-"*(}{-’f) ] (1.58)
N, =20
0.7 < Pr=500
10 < Repoy =2 X 10°

where N, is the number of tube rows, all properties except Pr, are evaluated at the arith-
metic mean of the fluid inlet (7; = T..) and outlet (7,) temperatures, and the constants C; and
m are listed in Table 7.5.
TABLE 7.5 Constants of Equation 7.58 for the tube bank
in cross flow [16]
Conguration Rep max C, m

Aligned 10-10? 0.80 0.40

Staggered 10-10? 0.90 0.40
Aligned 10°-10° Approximate as a single
Staggered 10°-10° (isolated) cylinder
Aligned 102 X 10° 0.27 0.63
(S7/8; > 0.7)"
Staggered 10°-2 X 10° 0.35(S./8,)'" 0.60
(8,15, < 2)
Staggered 10°-2 X 10° 0.40 0.60
(85415, > 2)
Aligned 2 X 10°-2 X 108 0.021 0.84
Staggered 2 X 10°-2 X 10¢ 0.022 - 0.84
 The Reynolds number Rep,
., for the foregoing correlation is based on the maximum
uid velocity occurring within the tube bank, Rep. = pVpo D/p. For the aligned arrange-
ment, V,,,, occurs at the transverse plane A, of Figure 7.12a, and from the mass conserva-
tion requirement for an incompressible fluid

Vipaxmax =
Sr Vv 7.60
ST"D ( 6)

For the staggered configuration, the maximum velocity may occur at either the transverse
plane A, or the diagonal plane A, of Figure 7.12b. It will occur at A, if the rows are spaced
such that

Z(SD - D) < (ST = D)

The factor of 2 results from the bifurcation experienced by the fluid moving from the A, to
the A, planes. Hence V,,,, occurs at A, if

Sp= [SE + (&)Tz <*D

2 2

in which case it is given by

Sy vV (7.61)
Vo = 25, - D)
If V,,, occurs at A, for the staggered configuration, it may again be computed from
Equation 7.60.
TasLe 7.7 (Continued)
Correlation Geometry Conditions®

Nu, = 0.0296 Re¥ prie (7.36) Flat plate Turbulent, local, T, Re, = 10%,
06=Pr=60

Cpe = 0.074 Rep' — 1742 Rey! (7.40) Flat plate Mixed, average, T, Re,, = 5 X 107,
RfL = ][]8

Nu, = (0.037 Rei — g7D)PA? (7.38) Flat plate Mixed, average, T}, Re,, = 5 X 107,
Rep = 10%,0.6 = Pr=60
Nip = C Rely Pr'® (7.52) Cylinder Averuge,T;, 0.4 < Rep S 4 X 10%,
(Table 7.2) Pr=Q7'

Nup, = C Rel§ Pr(PriPr)'"* (7.53) Cylinder Average, T, 1 < Rep = 10°,

(Table 7.4) 0.7 = Pr =500

Niy, = 0.3 + [0.62 Relj Pr'® Cylinder Average, Ty, Re, Pr= 02
* [1 + (Q4PH¥14
¥ [1 + (Rey282,0005%4 (7.54)

Nup = 2 + (0.4 Reff? Sphere Average, T, 3.5 = Rep = 7.6 X 10°,

+ 0.06 RepHPr™ 0.71 = Pr= 380, 1.0 < (ufps) = 32
X (i)™ (7.56)

Nip =2+ 0.6 Re}® Pr'® (7.57) Falling drop Average, T.

Nup = €64 Rep). PPS(PriPr2 (7.58), (7.59) Tube bank? Average, T, 10 = Rep, < 2 X 105,
(Tables 7.5, 7.6) 0.7 = Pr=500

Single round nozzle (7.71) Impinging jet Average, T, 2000 = Re = 4 X 108,

_ 2= (HID)=12,25=(WD)y=17.5

Single slot nozzle (7.75) Impinging jet Average, Ty, 3000 = Re = 9 X 104,
: 2= (HIW)= 10,4 = (x/W)y=20

Array of round nozzles (7.73) Impinging jet Average, T7, 2000 = Re = 10°,
2= (HIDY = 12, 0.004 = 4, = 0.04
Array of slot nozzles {(7.77) Impinging jet Avenage, T;, 1500 S Re =4 X 10%,
25 (HW)=80,0008=A4 =254,

&y = &, = 206 Re3™ (7.81) Packed bed Average, T, 90 = Rep, = 4000,
of spheres® Pr(or S¢) = 0.7
“Carrelations in this table pertain fo isothermal surfaces: for special cases involving an unheated starting length or a uniform surface heat flux,
see Section 7.2.4 or 7.2.5.
MWhen the heat and mass teansfer analogy is applicable, the corresponding mass transfer correlations may be obtained by replacing Nu and Pr
by Sh and Se, respectively.
“The temperature listed under “Conditions™ is the remmperature at which properties should be evaluated.
TaBLE 7.2 Constants of Equation 7.52 for
the circular cylinder in cross flow [11, 12]
Re,, C m

0.4-4 0.989 | 0.330

4-40 0911 0.385
40-4000 0.683 0.466
4000-40,000 0.193 0.618
40,000-400,000 0.027 0.805