Class : VI

Physical science
Ch:3 Separation of substances
Note: 1
1. What is a mixture? What are the properties of a mixture?
• The substance made by mixing different substance together is called a
mixture the properties of mixtures are
o The constituents of a mixture may be in any ratio.
o The individual properties of the constituents are retained.
o The constituents of the mixture can be separated.
2. Why do we prefer to drink RO (Reverse Osmosis ) water than tap water ?
• Tap water has salts mixed in it, hence it is not suitable for drinking. So,
it is filtered by the process of reverse osmosis to get pure water
3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture ?

4. What is sublimation ?

• The method where a solid changes directly to a gas without changing

into liquid state
5. How will you obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water?
• In order to obtain clear water from a sample of muddy water, we will
use the method of sedimentation and decantation. The process of
loading can also be used if the mud dissolved in it is very fine.
6. How can you separate salt and sand from a mixture ?
• Put the mixture in water and let the salt completely dissolve in it. After
this, allow the solution to stand still. After a while, the sand will settle
down in the beaker. Pour the salty water into another beaker. Now heat
this water till all water evaporates Leaving behind the salt.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:3 Separation of substances
Note: 1

7. What is the role of Alum in separating suspended solid particle present in liquids ?
• Alum is the substance used for loading the clay particles suspended in
muddy water.
8. List down the difference between sedimentation and decantation ?
Sedimentation Decantation

When the heavier The process in which

component in a mixture water/any
settles down after water is other liquid above the sediment
added to it, the process is is removed (poured
called sedimentation. out),without
disturbing the sediment is
called decantation
it is also used to separated two
immiscible liquids (oil and water):

9. What is centrifugation ? how it is helpful?

• Rotating a mixture at high speed for separating the suspended solid
particles from liquid.it is used to separate butter from milk
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:3 Separation of substances
Note: 1

10. Explain the method of distillation of water through a flowchart.

Water containing impurities
kept in a round bottom flask
The mouth of the flask is
sealed but fitted with a
thermometer and a condenser
as shown in the image. The a
condenser is fitted to the flask
to cool the water vapour.

Then the flask is heated

and vapours come out.
Vapours pass through
the condenser. Cold
water is circulated
around the condenser.

Water that circulates around

the condenser cools down the
vapours; then vapours
condense to liquid state. Drops
of distilled water which are
formed are collected in
another flask. Distilled water is
obtained.

11. Write two uses of distillation?

• Distilled water is used in laboratories for performing various chemical
reaction.
• It also used in pharmaceutical companies for manufacturing medicines
12. What is fractional distillation ?
• The method of separating liquid mixture in to fractions due to a difference
in boiling points of their components
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Sorting Materials Into Groups
Note: 1
1. Explain the arrangement of molecules in solid.
• They have definite shape and volume
• The molecules are tightly packed
• This is because of the strong force of attraction between the molecules that
binds them together. So the molecules are fixed in their position
2. Define lustre. Give examples of elements which have lustre?
• The shining property of material is called lustre. iron, copper, gold and silver
are few examples of elements which have lustre.
3. Compare solid, liquid, gas based on their shape and volume.

Solids Liquids Gases

It does not change its It changes its It also
shape and volume. shape according changes its
to the container it shape and
is kept in. volume.

4. Think and name any three places where the lustrous property of materials is
used to enhance the beauty.
• Jewellery, decorative items, and cars
5. What are hard materials? Give examples?
• Materials which cannot be easily compressed, cut, bent or scratched are hard
materials. Examples are steel, wood and stone.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Sorting Materials Into Groups
Note: 2
1. Define texture. Give example of two substance which have different texture ?
• The feel, appearance, or consistency of a surface or a substance is called texture.
• Paper has a different texture from bricks.
2. Define the following terms :
a. Solute
b. Solvent
c. Solution
d. Solubility
e. Density
▪ Solute
• The substance which dissolves in solvent is called solute.
• Which is present in a smaller quantity in a solution.
• Example : salt, sugar, glucose
▪ Solvent
• The substance which dissolves a solute is called solvent.
• In a solution solvent is present in larger quantity
• Solvent determines the physical state of a solution.
▪ Solution
• It is the homogenous mixture of two or more substances
▪ Solubility
• The property of a solute to dissolve in a solvent is called
solubility
▪ Density
• Mass of a substance per unit volume.
3. Give an example of gaseous solute dissolved in water and how it is helpful.
• Aquatic animals breath with the help of oxygen dissolved in the water.
4. Differentiate between miscible and immiscible liquids?
• Liquids which mix with each other are called miscible liquids
• Liquids which do not mix with each other is called immiscible liquids.
Class: VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Light, shadows and Reflections
Note: 1

1. What is light?
Light is a collection of tiny particles known as photons
It is a form of energy

2. In a completely dark room, if you hold up a mirror in front of you, will you see a
reflection of yourself in the mirror?
No, in a completely dark room no image will be formed because there is no light in the room
so no reflection of light takes place and no image will be formed.

3. Whether the Moon is luminous or non-luminous body?

Moon is a non-luminous body.

4. Explain that light has the property of rectilinear propagation.

Take three pieces of cardboard (A,B and C). Place them one on the top of one another and
make a hole in the middle of each cardboard by using a thick nail. Erect these cards up on the
table at a short distance away from each other. Take a candle which is of the same height as
the holes in the cards. Light the candle and place it in front of the cards. We see that the light
of candle is visible only when the holes on cards lie in a straight line (Fig a). If we disturb
them the light of candle disappears (Fig b.). This experiment shows that light propagates in a
straight line.
Class: VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Light, shadows and Reflections
Note: 1

5. What do you mean by a ray of light and a beam of light?

A very narrow single line of light is called a ray of light.
Collection of light rays aligned in a direction is called a beam of light.

6. Define point source and extended source?

Point source is a tiny source of light like a pin head which emits light rays in all directions.
Any sources of light which is emitting light rays in all directions but bigger in size than the
point source is called extended sources of light.

7. Which property of light is explained in the formation of shadow?

Rectilinear propagation of light.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Light shadows and Reflections
Note: 2
1. What do we call the shadow of the earth on the moon?

Lunar eclipse

2. What do we call the shadow of the moon on the earth?

Solar eclipse

3. What is the shadow of heavenly objects known as?

Eclipse

4. Why do eclipses not happen on each new moon or full moon day?

During eclipse the sun, Moon and Earth must be in a straight line, which does not happen in
each new moon or full moon day.

5. How does a solar eclipse differ from a lunar eclipse?

6. What kind of image is formed by a pinhole camera?

A pinhole camera forms a real and inverted image.

7. What is the principle of light based on which a pinhole camera works?

The principle of rectilinear propagation of light is used in the working of a pinhole camera.

8. Name two devices that work on rectilinear propagation of light.

Pinhole camera and periscope are two devices that work on rectilinear propagation of light

9. How does the change in the distance of the object from a pinhole camera affect the size of
the image?

The size of the image formed by a pinhole camera depends on the distance of the object
from the pinhole camera. If the object is closer we get bigger image but if the object is far,
we get a smaller image.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Light shadows and Reflections
Note: 2
10. What is reflection of light ?
When a ray of light approaches a surface and light rays bounces back it is called the
reflection of light. The incident ray which lands upon the surface is said to be reflected off
the surface. The ray that bounces back is called reflected ray.

11. Explain Umbra and Penumbra?

The darkest portion of the shadow where light is completely blocked is called umbra.

The region of the shadow where some light is present and not completely dark is called
penumbra.
12. The size of umbra and penumbra depends on?

the distance between the source, the object and the screen and also on the size of the
source of light

13. Explain the difference between Umbra and Penumbra ?

Umbra Penumbra

• Umbra is darker • Penumbra is fainter.

• Umbra is obtained from both point • Penumbra is obtained only from

and extended source of light extended source of light
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:1 Fibre to fabric
Note: 1
o Fibre
Fibre is defined as a material, available in the form of tiny, thread-like strands, which can be
converted in to yarn.
o Types of Fibres
Fibres can be classified based on their sources.
1. Natural fibres
2. Synthetic fibres
1. Natural Fibres
Fibres that are obtained from natural sources like plants and animals are called natural
fibres. eg: cotton , jute, hemp, wool and silk. Natural fibres can be again classified in to
plant fibre and animal fibre

1. Plant Fibre
The Fibre that are obtained from plants are called plant fibres. eg:cotton, jute, coir, flax and
hemp. Plant fibres can again classified in to three based on the parts of the plant from where
they are obtained

2. Animal fibres
The fibre that are obtained from animals are called animal fibres. eg: silk, wool
Common sources of animal fibre include:
o Animal hair - the fibre obtained from the hair of mammals.eg: the hair of goats, sheep and
horses
o Silk fibre – the fibre obtained from the silkworm cocoons and the cocoons of certain other
insects
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:1 Fibre to fabric
Note: 1
Man-made fibres

The fibres are prepared artificially are called man-made fibres. Most of them are prepared from
chemical substance, so they are also called synthetic fibres.

Eg: nylon, acrylic, polyester and dacron.

Classification of manmade fibres

Man made fibres can be classified in to two synthetic fibre and semi synthetic fibre
1.Synthetic fibre
The fibres which are synthesized in industry from simple chemicals obtained
from petroleum are called synthetic fibres
2.Semi-synthetic fibre
Fibres which are made from naturally available materials by chemical and
mechanical methods Eg: Rayon
Rayon is made from wood-pulp which is chemically treated to form rayon fibre. Since
it is manufactured from naturally occurring material it is considered as a
semisyntheic fibre.
Technical Terms
Easy remembering tip:
Fibres are combined to form yarns
Yarns are woven to form fabric
Process of making fibre is called as spinning.
Process of making fabric is called as weaving
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:1 Fibre to fabric
Note: 1
Plant fibres
Cotton
Cotton is the most widely used natural fibre. It is obtained from the seeds of cotton plant.
the cotton plant growns well in black soil. In india it grows well in the west and south.it also
grows in the alluvial soil of north india

Climatic condition
it requires warm climate with moderate rainfall. In india cotton grown bwtween the months
of June to September and harvested in October. It is cultivated as a cash crop

Process of making cotton fibres

It involves mainly four steps

1.cultivation of cotton crops:

2.Harvesting

3.Ginning

4.Carding

1.Cultivation of cotton crops

Cotton grows around the seeds of a cotton plant. Its fruit is called cotton boll, After ripening,
the cotton bolls bursts and many seeds covered with cotton fibres become visible.

Cotton bolls : the fruit of cotton plant

2.Harvesting

The harvesting of cotton starts by handpicking the cotton fibres. during handpicking,
unwanted trash like leaves and other remains are left behind. Nowadays, mechanical
harvesters are used for plucking.

3.Ginning

called cotton The process of separating cotton fibres from the seeds is called ginning. Earlier,
it was done by hand using a comb-like device. Nowadays it is done by a machine gin

4.Carding

The cleaning and separation of lumps from the fibre stuck in lint is done through carding and
spreading.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:1 Fibre to fabric
Note: 1
Advantages of cotton fibres

o It is porous in nature. Therefore it absorbs sweat well. Hence, cotton fabric are good
for summer season.
o It is lightweight, comfortable to wear and easy to handle.
o Colour retention and printing on cotton fibres is better as compared to other fibres
o Cotton fibres have good strength.

Disadvantages of cotton fibres

o Cotton fibres shrinks on washing

o They become dull after repeated use.

Uses of cotton

o Used to make clothes and different materials for house hold ranging from towels to
bedsheets. Raw cotton is used for filling pillows, mattresses and quilts.
o The wicks of oil lamps are made of cotton.
o Sterilized cotton is used in hospitals during operation, in treating wounds and for
other purpose
o It is used for making cotton paper and in book binding
o Cotton beeds are also used to make oil

Bt cotton

Cotton plants are affected by bollworm (larva of moth) Boll worms eat the leaf and
damage the cotton bolls. Due to this plants gets destroyed spraying a lot of
insecticides also affects the plants adversely. To deals with such problems, a
genetically modified, pest resistant cotton was developed. This was named Bt cotton
( modified from the strain of bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis)
PLANT FIBRES
Jute
Jute fibre is obtained from the stem of jute plants. Almost 85% of the worlds jute production
is done in Gangetic delta. Sundarbans delta of west Bengal and the states of Bihar and Assam are
suitable for its growth. Bangladesh is also cultivates plenty of jute. It is one of the cheapest natural
fibre.
Climatic condition
Jute grows well in areas with plenty of rainfall. It require alluvial soil which contains silt.
Process of Making Jute Fibres
Jute plants are harvested when they are at their floweringstage and achieve a height of about 6
to 10 feet. They are cut from the root and made in to bundles
Retting
Jute bundles are soaked in water for about 20 days. Clear flowing water is ideal. Soaking results in
loosening of individual fibres from the stems. “ this process of rotting the stem and separation of
individual fibres from the bark of the plant is called retting.”
Incomplete submersion and retting in stagnant water produce inferior
quality fibres. over retting also cause weak fibre. The crop should harvested when 50% plants have
pods, this produces a better quality of fibres.
Drying
These huge fibres are then spread out for drying under the sun. after 2-3 days of drying, the
fibres are tied in to bundles and sent to mill
Advantages of jute fibres
o It is highly biodegradable
o It is durable
o It is very strong
Uses of jute fibres
o Gunny bags
o Door mats
o Ropes
o Sofa cover
o Curtains
o Wall hangings
Flax
It is also known as linseed. It is obtained from stem of flax plant. The fabric made from flax fibre
is called linen. It is used for making clothes, ropes and high quality paper.
Hemp
Hemp fibres are obtained from the stem of the hemp plant. Hemp plants grow best in loamy soil.
Hemp fibres are used in the production of ropes, carpets, nets, clothes, and paper. These fibres are also used
to make a special kind of plastic.
Coir
Coir is obtained from the husk of coconut. Coir fibre are removed by soaking the husk in Salt
water for few months. The husk is then beaten with wooden mallets to obtain fibre from it.
Silk Cotton
It is obtained from the fruit of the silk cotton tree. Also known as Kapok, when the fruits ripen,
they burst to release fibre, which are like cotton. It is very silky and smooth, therefore, cannot be waved
to make dress materials.
Ramie
It is obtained from the stem of ramie plants. ramie is also known as China grass.
Uses : dress materials, threads, and parachute material. Waste fibres of ramie are also used to making
high quality paper like banknotes. They are also used for making fishing lines and fishing net
ANIMAL FIBRES
Wool and silk are examples of animal fibres.
Wool
Wool is the fibre derived from the hair of sheep and some other animals like angora rabbit, yak,
Llama, camels and musk oxen. Removing of hair and fleece from the animals for wool is called
Shearing.
The breed of rabbit which produces wool is angora
Wool formation
The steps involved in wool production are as follows.
1.shearing
The process of removal of the woollen coat or fleece from the animal is called shearing. This
is done without harming the animal by using shearing tools such as scissors, hand blades and electric
shears. Shearing is usually done during the hot season. This allows them to grow back hair by the time
winter arrives.
2. Scouring
Wool taken directly from the sheep is called raw or grease wool. The raw sheared wool is
washed with detergent and alkali in tanks to remove grease, dust and dirt. This is called scouring.
Nowadays it is done by machine

3. Sorting and grading

After scouring the damaged or inferior wool is removed. This process is called sorting. The
process of sorting the wool according to the length, colour and texture of fibres is called grading.

4. Carding

Before wool can be used for making fabric it is disentangled and cleaned. The intermixed
fibres are separated to form continuous fibres. This process is called carding, the wood fibres are
passed through a series of metal teeth to straighten the fibres.
5.Making yarn

Carded wool is twisted into a rope called silver. The silver is stretched and twisted into a thin
yarn. Spinning for woollen yarns is typically done on a mule spinning machine.

6.Washing and finishing

Woollen yarn is woven or knitted into fabric which is then used to make finished products
such as clothes, table cloths and bags

Silk
Silk is obtained from the cocoon of the silkworm. Silkworms are fed on the leaves of the
mulberry trees. Cocoons are dissolved in boiling water in order to extract individual long fibres. Rearing
of silk worms to produce silk is called sericulture.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Motion and measurement of distances
Note: 1

1. What are the three types of translatory motion? give example of each.
Three types of translatory motion are rectilinear motion, curvilinear motion, and
random motion .
Examples:
Rectilinear motion : Motion of bus on straight road
Curvilinear motion: Motion of a car on curved road
Random motion: Motion of mosquitoes
2. Name the types of motion of earth on its axis and its motion around sun?
Motion of earth around its axis is an example of rotational motion where as motion of
earth around sun is an example of revolutionary motion or circular motion.
3. Write the difference between the motion of a stone falling from the top of a building and
motion of a stone tied to a string?
Motion of a falling stone is the rectilinear motion whereas motion of a stone tied to a
string is the circular motion
4. The motion of various parts of the bicycle can be classified as
a) Rectilinear motion :
The handle and the entire body of the bicycle will show rectilinear motion.
b) Circular motion:
The pedals of a bicycle will always move circularly around its chain fixing system.
c) Both rectilinear and circular motion :
The wheels of bicycle will show both rectilinear and circular motion because it will
move forward with circular motion of the wheel.
5. Which modes of transport were used in ancient times?
Muscle power of animals was used to pull cart in ancient times. The mode of transport
in water was boat.
6. What is meant by measurement?
The comparison of an unknown quantity with a fixed quantity of same kind is called
measurement.
7. Give one importance of measurement in transportation ?
Measurement of distance help us to choose suitable modes of transport to travel from
one place to another.
8. The length of a room is 100 meters identify the numerical value and the unit of
measurement in this example?
The numerical value is 100 and the unit of measurement is meters (m)
9. Define estimation and accuracy.
Estimation :
It is a method of approximate guess of dimensions of an object without using
a measuring device.
Accuracy :
It is the exactness of measurements done with proper measuring devices.
10. Why it is essential to have accuracy in measurements ?
We need to make accurate measurement for consistent and error-free results.
Class : VI
Physical science
Ch:2 Motion and measurement of distances
Note: 1
11. What are the rules of writing SI units of measurements?
• Symbol for units are written in small letters.
• Symbol are not followed by full stop.
• Symbols are not used in plurals.

12. Differentiate between translatory and rotatory motion ?

If all the parts of a body move through same distance in same time such motion is called
a translatory motion. It is of 3 types rectilinear, curvilinear and random motion
Rotatory motion:
An object moves around an axis and its different parts cover different distance
in same time is called rotatory motion. It is of 2 types rotational motion and
circular motion
13. Explain the different types of rotatory motion.
1) Rotational motion :
Motion of an object around a fixed point that is inside the object, it is called rotational
motion e.g. Spinning top, motion of earth around its axis
2) Circular motion :
Motion of an object around a fixed point that is outside the object is called circular motion
eg: motion of a stone tied to a string, motion of earth around the sun