MOUNTAINS

>formed by the uplift of the continental crust when two tectonic plates collide

>they usually have steep,sloping slides and sharp or rounded ridges and a high point.

VOLCANOES
>has a crater or vent in which lava,rock fragments hot vapor

>Philippines is home to several volcanoes diue to its location in the pacific ring of fire

>”volcanism” includes the movement of magma towards or onto the surface

PART OF VOLCANO AND MOUNTAIN

=summit

<< the highest point of the volcano/mountain

=slope

<< lower outer part of the volcano/mountain

=base

<< lower outer part of the volcano/mountain

TYPES OF VOLCANO BASED ON STRUCTURE

1.cinder cone volcano

<<simplest type of volcano

2.composite volcano

<<”stratovolcanoes” symmetrical cones

3.shield volcano

<<similar to “shields” and built entirely of fluid lava flow

TYPES OF VOLCANOES BASED ON ACTIVITY

1.active
>>erupted 10,000 years ago

>>reported active no. Of volcanoes:24

2.inactive

>>not erupted for the last 10,000 years ago

>>reported inactive no. Of volcanoes:300+

3.potentially active

>>no records of volcanic activity but are morphologically young-looking

MAGMA
>molten rocks found beneath the earth’s surface called “magma”

>found in the upper mantel

MECHANISMS FOR THE MAGMA FORMATION

1.decompression melting=decrease in pressure

2.flux melting=also known as hydration(water) melting

MAGMA COMPOSITION
• Silicon-abundant
• Oxygen-abundant

TYPES OF MAGMA
1.basaltic magma

<<low viscosity

<<high temeprature

2.andesitic magma

<<high viscosity

<<low temperature

3.rhyolitic magma
<<higher viscosity

<<lower temperature

VISCOSITY
>a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow

>high temeprature=low viscosity

>low temperature=high viscosity

TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

1.phreatic or hydrothermal

<<steam-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water

2.phreatomagmatic

<<voilent eruption due to the contact between water and magma

3.strombolian

<<weak to voilent eruptioon characterized by fountain lava

4.vulcanian

<<tall eruption with pyroclastic flow and ashfall

5.plinian

<<excessive explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastics

GEOTHERMAL
>heat energy form within the depths of the earth,especially the core

POWERPLANT
>an industrial facility that generates electricity from primary energy

TIWI GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT IS LOCATED IN ALBAY

THREE TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWERPLANT
1.dry steam

<<oldest type of geothermal powerplant

<<uses steam directly

2.flash steam

<<uses high-pressure hot water

3.binary steam

<<working fluid

WEATHER
>conditions of the atmosphere on an given day (short term)

CLIMATE
>average weather for a certain region or area (long term)

FACTORS THAT AFFECT CIMATES

1.latitude

<<angular distance of a place north or south of the equator

<<closer to the equator the warmer,farther to the equator the colder

2.altitude

<<height above sea level of a location

<<higher altitude ,lower air pressure

3.topography

<<close or far it is located from the bodies of water

WINDWARD=receives most of the precipitation

LEEWARD=receives less of the precipitation

4.ocean surface

<<opmostlayer of the ocean

5.atmospheric circulation

<<is the movement of air around the planet

GYRES
Southern hemisphere-counterclockwise
Northern Hemisphere-clockwise

METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA
>short-term weather events that occur in the earth’s atmosphere
>in greek “discussion of high things”
>phenomena-observable happening or event

• Southwest monsooon (habagat)

^heavy rainfall
^june to october

• Northeast monsoon (amihan)

^cooler,drier air
^december to february

• Intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)

^a belt of low pressure which circles the Earth generally near the equator

• Typhoons
^20-25 tropical cyclones enter the philippines every year
^strong winds and heavy rainfall

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HURRICANE,TYPHOONS AND

CYCLONE
“same type of storm,just different location”
1.hurricane=atlantic and northeast pacific
2.typhoon=northwest pacific
3.cyclone=south pacific and indian ocean
 • Flash floods
^intense rainfall causes flooding in low-lying areas

• Landslides
^heavy rainfall triggers soil instability

• Dry season
^march to may
^hot and dry conditions

• Wet season
^june to october
^frequent rainfall and flooding

• Western Philippines
^experiences more frequent and intense typhoons

• Eastern Philippines
^receives more rainfall due to its location

• Mindanao
^relatively dry climate

• Luzon
^varied climate

• Heathwaves
^Occurs during dry season,especially in urban areas

• Rising sea levels

^threathens coastal communities and infrastructure

GREENHOUSE EFFECT
>gases in atmosphere trap heat from the earth

GLOBAL WARMING
>gradual increase in the earth’s temperature

CLIMATE CHANGE
>changes in the usual climate of the planet

EL NINO
>abnormal warming of sea surface temperature

>2 to 7 years

LA NINA
>opposite climatic disturbance

>2 to 7 months,some cases can be 12 years

CONSTELLATION
>appears to change position in the sky from east to west

>sun rises in the east,sets in the west

>the revolution is the reason we can see different parts of the year

STAR
>massive ball of hot gas called plasma

STAR CLUSTER
>large group of stars held together by gravity

2 types of star cluster

1.globular cluster

<<tight group of stars

<<usually red (older and colder)

2.open cluster

<<loosely clustered groups

<<usually blue (younger and hotter)

ASTROLOGY
>study of the movement and relative positions of celestial bodies

ZODIAC SIGNS
>twelve constellstion along the ecliptic

BIRTH CHART
>snapshot of the celestial positions of the time of a person’s birth

HOROSCOPES
>predict in people’s personal lives.