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Intro Stats Formula Sheet

This document provides formulas and statistical concepts from 11 chapters: 1. It defines common statistical terms like sample size, population size, frequency, and defines formulas for class width, class midpoint, and lower boundary. 2. It presents formulas for sample mean, population mean, weighted average, range, sample standard deviation, population standard deviation, sample variance, population variance, and sample coefficient of variation. 3. It introduces probability concepts like the multiplication rule for independent events, addition rule for mutually exclusive events, and permutation and combination rules. 4. It defines formulas and concepts for common probability distributions like the binomial, geometric, and Poisson distributions including their means, standard deviations, and probability mass functions.

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1K views

Intro Stats Formula Sheet

This document provides formulas and statistical concepts from 11 chapters: 1. It defines common statistical terms like sample size, population size, frequency, and defines formulas for class width, class midpoint, and lower boundary. 2. It presents formulas for sample mean, population mean, weighted average, range, sample standard deviation, population standard deviation, sample variance, population variance, and sample coefficient of variation. 3. It introduces probability concepts like the multiplication rule for independent events, addition rule for mutually exclusive events, and permutation and combination rules. 4. It defines formulas and concepts for common probability distributions like the binomial, geometric, and Poisson distributions including their means, standard deviations, and probability mass functions.

Uploaded by

Udbhaw
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

1|Page

Frequently Used Formulas


n = sample size N = population size f = frequency

Chapter 2
Class width

high low (increase to next integer) number classes


upper limit lower limit 2

Class midpoint Lower boundary

lower boundary of previous class + class width

Chapter 3
Sample mean x Population mean Weighted average

x n x N
xw w
smallest data value
s x x n 1
2

Range = largest data value Sample standard deviation

Computation formula s

x 2 ( x) 2 / n n 1
x N
2

Population standard deviation Sample variance s


2 2

Population variance

Sample coefficient of variation CV Sample mean for grouped data

s 100 x

xf n
s x x n 1
2

Sample standard deviation for grouped data

x2 f

xf n 1

/n

Chapter 4
Probability of the complement of event A P Ac
1 P A
P A P B

Multiplication rule for independent events P A and B General multiplication rules P A and B P A and B

P A P B| A P B P A| B
P A P B

Addition rule for mutually exclusive events P A or B General addition rule P A or B Permutation rule Pn, r Combination rule Cn, r
n! n r ! n! r! n r !
P A P B

P A and B

Chapter 5
Mean of a discrete probability distribution
xP x

Standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution Given L = a + bx


L L

P x

a b b
W W

Given W = ax1 + bx2 (x1 and x2 independent)

a 1 b 2
2 a2 1 2 b2 2

For Binomial Distributions

r = number of successes; p = probability of success; q = 1 Binomial probability distribution P r Mean


Cn,r p q
r n r

np
npq

Standard deviation

Geometric Probability Distribution

n = number of trial on which first success occurs


Poisson Probability Distribution

P n

p 1 p

n 1

r = number of successes = mean number of successes over given interval P


e r!
r

Chapter 6
Raw score

z
x

Standard score z

3|Page

Chapter 7
Mean of x distribution
x
x

Standard deviation of x distribution Standard score for x

z
p

x / n
p
p

Mean of p distribution

Standard deviation of p distribution

pq ;q 1 p n

Chapter 8
Confidence Interval

For

where E

zc

when

is known

s when is unknown n with d.f. n 1 tc


p) > 5)

For p (np > 5 and n(1

p E
where E

p
zc

p E
p (1 p ) n

p
For
1 2

r n
(independent samples)
1 2

( x1

x2 ) E

( x1
when

x2 ) E
1 and 2 are

where E

zc s12 n1

2 1

2 2

n1

n2

known

tc

2 s2 when n2

1 or

2 is

unknown

with d.f.

smaller of n1 1 and n2

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaites approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.)

For difference of proportions p1

p2 ( p1 p2 ) E

( p1

p2 ) E

p1

p2

where E

zc

p1q1 n1

p2 q2 n2
r2 / n2 ; q1 1 p1 ; q2 1 p2

p1

r1 / n1 ; p2

Sample Size for Estimating

Means n

zc E

Proportions n
n

p 1 p 1 zc 4 E
2

zc E

with preliminary estimate for p without preliminary estimate for p

Chapter 9
Sample Test Statistics for Tests of Hypotheses

For For For p (np

known
unknown
5 and nq

z
t
5)

x / n x
s/ n
z
d

; d. f . n 1
p p , where q 1 p; p r/n

pq / n
d

For paired differences d t Difference of means ( 1 and

sd / n
2

; d. f . n 1
z x1 x2
2 1 2 2

known)

n1

n2
2 s1 n1 2 s2 n2

Difference of means ( 1 and

unknown) z

x1 x2

; d. f .

smaller of n1 1 and n2 1

(Note: Software uses Satterthwaite's approximation for degrees of freedom d.f.) Difference of proportions
z p1 pq n1 p2 pq n2 , where p r1 r2 and q n1 n2 1 p; p1 r1 / n1; p2 r2 / n2

5|Page

Chapter 10
Regression and Correlation

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient: r


n x

n
2

xy ( x)( y ) ( x) 2 n y2 ( y)2

Least-squares line y

a bx, where b

n n

xy ( x)( y ) x 2 ( x) 2

and a

y bx

Coefficient of determination Sample test statistic for r t

r2 r n 2
1 r2

with d . f .

n 2

Standard error of estimate Se Confidence interval for y

y2 a y b n 2

xy
2

y E

y
b Se

y E , where E
x2

tc Se

1 1 n

x x n

x 2 ( x)2

with d . f . n 2

Sample test statistic for slope b t Confidence interval for


b E

1 ( x)2 with d . f . n 2 n

b E, where E x2

tc Se 1 ( x) 2 n

with d . f . n 2

Chapter 11
2

O E E

where E

row total column total sample size


R 1 C 1

Tests of independence d . f . Tests of homogeneity Goodness of fit d . f .

d. f

( R 1)(C 1)
1

number of entries

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