University of Engineering & Technology,

Lahore, New Campus.

MECHANICS OF MACHINE
S
LABMANUAL
Haseeb Mohsin 2020-ME-362
Waqar Younas 2020-
ME-370
Shaniyal Saeed 2020-
ME-377
Nouman Ahmad 2020-
ME-381

Submitted
to: Engr. Tahir Asif
Department of Mechanical, Mechatronics and Manufacturing
Engineering, New Campus
Table of Contents
List of Experiments...............................................................................................................................5
LAB SESSION NO. 1..........................................................................................................................6
Learning Objective:...........................................................................................................................6
Apparatus:.........................................................................................................................................6
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:....................................................................................................6
Useful Data:.....................................................................................................................................6
Theory..............................................................................................................................................6
Procedure:........................................................................................................................................9
Observations:...................................................................................................................................9
Specimen Calculations:....................................................................................................................9
Comments:.......................................................................................................................................9
LAB SESSION NO. 2.......................................................................................................................10
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................10
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................10
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................10
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................10
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................10
Observations:..................................................................................................................................11
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................11
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................11
LAB SESSION NO 3........................................................................................................................12
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................12
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................12
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................12
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................12
Procedure.......................................................................................................................................12
Observations:.................................................................................................................................13
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................13
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................13
LAB SESSION NO 4........................................................................................................................14
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................14

1
 Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................14
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:..................................................................................................14
Useful Data:....................................................................................................................................14
Procedure:.......................................................................................................................................14
Observations:..................................................................................................................................15
Specimen Calculations:...................................................................................................................15
Comments:......................................................................................................................................15
LAB SESSION NO 5.........................................................................................................................16
Learning Objective:.........................................................................................................................16
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................16
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................16
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................16
Theory:...........................................................................................................................................16
Graphical Method:.........................................................................................................................20
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................21
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................22
LAB SESSION NO 6........................................................................................................................23
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................23
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................23
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................23
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................23
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................23
Observations:.................................................................................................................................24
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................24
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................24
LAB SESSION NO 7........................................................................................................................25
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................25
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................25
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................25
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................25
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................25
Observations:.................................................................................................................................26

2
 Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................26
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................26
LAB SESSION NO 8........................................................................................................................27
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................27
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................27
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:..................................................................................................27
Useful Data:....................................................................................................................................27
Procedure:.......................................................................................................................................27
Observations:..................................................................................................................................28
Specimen Calculations:...................................................................................................................28
Comments:......................................................................................................................................28
LAB SESSION NO 9.........................................................................................................................29
Learning Objective..........................................................................................................................29
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................29
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................29
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................29
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................29
Observations:.................................................................................................................................30
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................30
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................31
LAB SESSION NO 10......................................................................................................................32
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................32
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................32
Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................32
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................32
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................32
Observations:.................................................................................................................................33
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................33
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................34
LAB SESSION NO 11.......................................................................................................................35
Learning Objective:........................................................................................................................35
Apparatus:......................................................................................................................................35

3
 Main Parts of Balancing Machine:.................................................................................................35
Useful Data:...................................................................................................................................35
Theory:...........................................................................................................................................35
Graphical Method..........................................................................................................................39
Procedure:......................................................................................................................................40
Observations:.................................................................................................................................40
Specimen Calculations:..................................................................................................................40
Comments:.....................................................................................................................................41
LAB SESSION NO 12.......................................................................................................................42
Learning objective:.........................................................................................................................42
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................42
Demonstration.................................................................................................................................42
LAB SESSION NO 13.......................................................................................................................43
Learning objective:.........................................................................................................................43
Apparatus:.......................................................................................................................................43
Procedure:.......................................................................................................................................43

List of Experiments

Experiment No. Description

4
Experiment No. 1 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at equal radii.

Experiment No. 2 To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating
in the same plane at different radii.

Experiment No. 3 To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the same
plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 4 To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in
the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 5 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at equal radii.
Experiment No. 6 To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass
(balancing mass) rotating in the same plane at different radii.
Experiment No. 7 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at equal radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 8 To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different
plane at different radii when plane of disturbing mass is between the
planes of two balancing mass.
Experiment No. 9 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
equal radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 10 To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in same plane at
different radii when planes of balancing mass is on either side of the
planes of two disturbing mass.
Experiment No. 11 To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different
planes.

Experiment No. 12 To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular

rotation of the cam

Experiment No. 13 To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using
displacement diagram with the help of displacement curve for
uniform velocity.

5
 LAB SESSION NO. 1
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at equal
radii.

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:
Static and Dynamic balancing unit:
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Theory:
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses:
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines
such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can cause
catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing
simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is done by
placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a system to be
in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and
couples are need to be balanced. Static balancing:

6
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute
the center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.

Figure 1 (Static balancing)

As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got: m*r=M*s

Dynamic balancing:
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple to
be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:

Figure 2 (dynamic balancing)

7
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single rotating
mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses. Following
figure illustrates it:

Now, after static balancing, we got:

m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1

2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses.
Following figure illustrates it:

8
Now, from force balancing, we got:
m1*r1=(m*r) +(m2*r2)
And After couple balancing:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
Procedure:
• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
• Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
• This will be the disturbing mass.
• Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
• This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.

9
Observations:
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ

1 25 30 50 25 30 230
2 30 45 60 30 45 240
3 35 60 75 35 60 255
4 40 30 45 40 30 225

Specimen Calculations:
M1 = 21g
R1 = 60mm
R2 = 60mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2 = 21g
Comments:
Balancing of masses is routine for machines and vehicles and also necessary for operations, high
speed, long bearing life, operator comfort control free of malfunctioning, or a quality feel. The main
reason of unbalancing is the rotational motion of the part which is required in machinery.

10
 LAB SESSION NO. 2
To balance single disturbing mass by a single balancing mass rotating in the same plane at different
radii.

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:

• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
• Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
• This will be the disturbing mass.
• Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.

11
 • This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations:

Sr. No. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ

1 15 30 30 10 45 210
2 20 45 45 15 60 225
3 25 60 50 50 30 230
4 40 45 60 60 30 240
Specimen Calculations:
M1=21g
R1=60mm
R2=90mm
Now, using equation of static balancing,
M1 * R1=M2 * R2
M2= 14g

Comments:
Balancing of masses can help us in the minimization of vibration in many machines and also in
vehicles. They also minimize the audible and signal noises also helpful in less power loss and
overcome fatigue and creeping stresses. In a single plane, uneven masses can be balance by a single
mass.

12
 LAB SESSION NO 3
To balance two rotating masses with a single mass rotating in the same plane at equal radii.

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:

• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling screws
to level it horizontally on table
• Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value of
radius and angle in a disc.
• This will be the disturbing mass.

13
• Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
• This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations:
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 15 30 240 20 30 260 34.5 30 108

2 20 45 280 30 45 300 49.3 45 112
3 25 60 320 40 60 340 64 60 152
4 30 45 270 50 45 290 79 45 102
Specimen Calculations:
M1=28g
M2=32g
R1=60mm
R2=60mm

Θ1=200ᵒ

Θ2=220ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,

= -0.00181

= -0.00305 Now,
resultant force Fc is:

Fc = √(∑𝑉𝑉)2 +(∑𝐻𝐻)2 = 0.003546 N

Since m*r=Fc, So,

14
 m = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 ∗ 1000 = 59g
𝑟𝑟

Now, angle of balancing mass from horizontal is:

∑𝑉𝑉

𝜃𝜃 ᵒ
Comments:
Balancing of masses simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation.
If we want a system to be in complete balance form with no stresses and vibration and
disturbance both force and couple polygons should be close. Unbalancing may remain due
if centrifugal forces are not balanced on each side of balancing as well as disturbing
masses.
LAB SESSION NO 4
To balance two rotating masses with a single rotating mass rotating in the same plane at different
radii.

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm

15
 R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations:
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 16 30 100 18 45 210 13.1 60 175

2 20 45 120 22 60 230 29.3 45 190
3 24 60 140 26 30 250 46 30 172
4 28 30 150 30 45 270 20 60 172
Specimen Calculations:
M1=28g
M2=32g
R1=60mm
R2=45mm

Θ1=200ᵒ
Θ2=120ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,

16
 = -0.00292

= -0.00305 Now,
resultant force Fc is:
Fc = √(∑𝑉𝑉)2 +(∑𝐻𝐻)2 = 0.003546 kg. m

Since m*r=Fc, So,

m = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 ∗ 1000 = 40g

𝑟𝑟

Now, angle of balancing mass from horizontal is:

∑𝑉𝑉

𝜃𝜃 ᵒ
Comments:
Unbalancing of masses can cause vibration in system and honestly speaking however we
do over 100% to balance these masses but we can’t put vibration to completely zero level
but usually it is acceptable to decrease them to a value lower than that one prescribed for a
certain quality class of the machinery. If the mass derived from the analytical method is not
matched with experimental mass properly, this also may cause unbalancing.

LAB SESSION NO 5
To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating in the same
plane at equal radii.

17
Learning Objective:

• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:
Static and Dynamic balancing unit:
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Theory:
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses:
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines
such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can cause
catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing
simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is done by
placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a system to be
in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and
couples are need to be balanced. Static balancing:
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of

18
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the
center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.

Figure 3 (Static balancing)

As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got: m*r=M*s

Dynamic balancing:
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple to
be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:

Figure 4 (Dynamic balancing)

19
Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a
counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single rotating
mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses. Following
figure illustrates it:

Now, after static balancing, we got:

m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1

2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses.
Following figure illustrates it:

20
Now, from force balancing, we got:
m1*r1=(m*r) +(m2*r2) And
after couple balancing:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1

Balancing of several masses in the same plane:

When different masses are present at different angles from each other and from positive x-
axis at same or different radii in the same plane then in order to balance them, their resultant
centrifugal force is to be calculated and then a mass is calculated from this force and attached
at the required radius at an angle of 180 degree from the direction of disturbing force.
Hence, we are doing static balancing because masses are in the same plane.
It is illustrated in following figure:

To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:

21
1) Analytical Method:
It has following steps:
1. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
2. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find the
sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using following
formulae:

Fc= √∑� 2 +∑�2

3. Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:

4. Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant force� �

with horizontal which is:

∑𝑉𝑉
tan =
∑𝐻𝐻
5. The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction, and its angle from
horizontal is (θ+180)

6. Now find the magnitude of balancing mass by following relation:

Fc=m*r

(Where ‘r’ will be given or we can assume any value at which we want to put balancing mass)

Graphical Method:
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by each
mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the masses
and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.

22
 4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to force
Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such
that,

Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4 Following
figure illustrates this method:

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2. Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane (disc)
at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3. These will be the disturbing masses.
4. Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using pre-
determined value of radius (R).
5. Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from the
direction of resultant force.
6. This will be the balancing mass.
7. Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
8. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are balanced.

Observations:

23
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 10 30 40 15 30 100 20 30 160 31.2 30 116

2 16 45 60 22 45 120 28 45 180 45.2 45 133

3 20 60 80 25 60 140 30 60 200 50.7 60 150

4 25 30 100 30 30 160 35 30 220 60 30 168

5 28 60 120 35 60 180 40 60 240 70 60 171

Specimen Calculations:
M1=20g
M2=13g
M3=11g
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm

Θ1=60ᵒ

Θ2=120ᵒ
Θ3=180ᵒ
Now, using analytical method,

Now, resultant force Fc is:

Since m*r=Fc, So,

24
Now, angle of balancing mass from horizontal is:

Comments:
The unbalance forces in the rotating masses are constant in their magnitude but they can vary
in direction. These unbalance forces can be completely balance by placing some balance forces
or masses in the system. Unbalancing may occur if during the startup apparatus with masses
attached is not stabilized at a fixed position.

25
 LAB SESSION NO 6
To balance three masses (rotating masses) with a single mass (balancing mass) rotating in the same
plane at different radii.
Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:
Static and Dynamic balancing unit:
Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

26
 Procedure:
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.
2. Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane (disc)
at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
3. These will be the disturbing masses.
4. Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using pre-
determined value of radius ®.
5. Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from the
direction of resultant force.
6. This will be the balancing mass.
7. Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
8. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are balanced.
Observations:

Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass

No.

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 10 30 40 14 45 100 15 60 160 45 30 125

2 14 45 60 20 30 120 20 60 180 24 45 135
3 18 45 80 26 60 140 25 30 200 39 60 139

4 22 60 100 32 30 160 30 45 220 77 30 161

Specimen Calculations:
For 1st observation:

M1=28g R1=60mm Θ1=200ᵒ

M2=32g R2=45mm Θ2=120ᵒ
M3=34g R3=30mm Θ3=60ᵒ

Now, using analytical method,

= 0.001182

27
 = -0.00179 Now,
resultant force Fc is:

Fc = √(∑𝑉𝑉)2 +(∑𝐻𝐻)2 = 0.002144 kg. m

Since m*r=Fc, So,

m = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 ∗1000 = 36g

𝑟𝑟

Comments:
The unbalance forces in the reciprocating masses varies in magnitude but not affected in direction
as the remain constant. We only balance some fraction of the unbalance forces in reciprocating
masses as these forces are partially balanced. If balancing is not done properly, it may cause
unnecessary stresses in the machine and be the cause of wear.

LAB SESSION NO 7
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at equal radii when plane
of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing mass

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

28
Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the other disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.

Observations:

Sr. No. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass 1 Balancing Mass 2

M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ

1 40 60 60 25.9 60 240 14.1 60 240

2 50 45 80 31.7 45 260 18.3 45 260
3 60 30 120 37.2 30 300 22.8 30 300
4 70 45 140 42.6 45 320 27.4 45 320
Specimen Calculations:
Disturbing mass = M = 30g
Radius = R= 60mm Θ =100ᵒ

29
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and L3=300mm
And,

Θ 1= 280ᵒ, Θ 2=280ᵒ
Then, by using formula;

M1+M2 = M = 30

M1R1L1=M2R2L2

M1(60) (100) =M2(60) (200)

M1= 2 M2
Now,
M1+2M1=30

And

M1=20 and M2=10

Comments:
To balance the forces of rotating masses in different plane, the resultant forces & resultant
couples must be equal to zero. If masses are not attached properly in the apparatus, it may
produce the nonessential vibrations and effect the balancing. If balancing is not done properly,
it may cause unnecessary stresses in the machine and be the cause of wear.

LAB SESSION NO 8
To balance one rotating mass by two masses rotating in the different plane at different radii when
plane of disturbing mass is between the planes of two balancing mass.

Learning Objective:

• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

30
Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:
1. Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table
2. Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value
of radius and angle in a disc.
3. This will be the disturbing mass.
4. Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
5. This will be the balancing mass.
6. Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
7. The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations:
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass Balancing Mass 1 Balancing Mass 2

31
 M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ

1 30 60 50 21.4 30 230 8.6 45 230

2 40 30 90 13.4 45 270 26.6 60 270
3 50 45 120 29.5 60 300 20.5 30 300
4 55 30 150 18.4 30 330 36.6 45 330
Specimen Calculations:

Disturbing mass = M = 30g

Radius = R= 90mm
R1=30 mm and R2=60 mm

Θ =100ᵒ
Here,
L1=100mm, L2= 200mm and L3=300mm
And,

Θ 1= 280ᵒ, Θ 2=280ᵒ
Then, by using formula;

M1R1+M2R2=MR

M1R1L1=M2R2L2

M1(30) (100) =M2(60) (200)

M1= 4 M2
Now,
MR=MR1+MR2
so (26)(90) =M1(30) +M2(60)
(26)(90) =M2(4)(30) +M2(60) and 2340=180 (M2)
M2=52

Comments:
1. There must be no movement in the machine before starting it.

32
2. The rocking should be as minimum as possible after the balancing.
3. The machine must be checked before adding any mass to observe possible error.
LAB SESSION NO 9
To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in different planes at same radii when plane of
balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing masses.

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 100 mm

Procedure:
• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling screws
to level it horizontally on table
• Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value of
radius and angle in a disc.
• This will be the disturbing mass.

33
• Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
• This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.

Observations:

Sr. No. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing mass 2 Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 40 60 90 30 60 160 58 60 299
2 25 45 80 35 45 150 48 45 295
3 33 30 120 30 30 170 32 30 320
4 27 60 60 40 60 190 36 60 345

Specimen Calculations:
For 1st observation (where “A” is balancing mass)

Fig 9.1 Angular Position of Masses Fig 9.2 Position of Planes

34
 Fig 9.3 Force Polygon

Scale (1mm = 1×10-3 kg. m)

Plane m (kg) r(m) m. r l (m) m. r. l

A Ma (r. p) 0.06 0.06×Ma 0 0
B 0.04 0.06 0.0024 0.1 0.00024
C 0.03 0.06 0.0018 0.2 0.00036

3.4576 ×10-3 =0.06×Ma

Ma = 57.62667 g

Comments:
Balance all primary and secondary forces of the masses. If balancing is not done properly, it may
cause unnecessary stresses in the machine and be the cause of wear. Balancing reduces energy
waste due to vibrations so it increases the efficiency overall.

35
 LAB SESSION NO 10
To balance two rotating masses by one mass rotating in different plane at different radii when plane
of balancing mass is on either side of the planes of two disturbing mass

Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings

36
 • Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Procedure:
• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling screws
to level it horizontally on table
• Take a mass in the form of nut and bolt, measure it and place it in a plane at a specific value of
radius and angle in a disc.
• This will be the disturbing mass.
• Take same value of mass (nut and bolt) and place it at the same radius at an angle of 180
degree from disturbing mass in the same disc.
• This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward, which means disturbing mass is balanced statically.
Observations:
Sr. No. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Balancing Mass

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 55 30 60 45 60 150 70 45 299
2 42 45 70 37 30 160 59 60 280
3 35 30 40 27 60 90 45 45 195
4 23 60 80 37 45 200 48 30 320
Specimen Calculations:
For 1st observation (where “A” is balancing mass)

37
Fig 10.1 Angular Position of Masses Fig 10.2 Position of Planes

Fig 10.3 Force Polygon

Scale (1mm = 1×10-3 kg. m)

Plane m (kg) r(m) m. r l (m) m. r. l

A Ma (r. p) 0.045 0.045×Ma 0 0
B 0.055 0.03 0.00165 0.1 0.000165
C 0.045 0.06 0.0027 0.2 0.00054

3.1643 ×10-3 = 0.045×Ma Ma

38
 = 70.31 g

Comments:
1. If masses are not attached properly in the apparatus, it may produce the non-essential vibrations
and effect the balancing.
2. If balancing is not done properly, it may cause unnecessary stresses in the machine and be the
cause of wear.
3. Balancing reduces energy waste due to vibrations so it increases the efficiency overall.

39
 LAB SESSION NO 11
To balance different masses rotating at different radii in the different planes
Learning Objective:
• To identify the disturbing mass present in a plane at a specific radius and angle.
• To calculate the balancing mass with the help of static balancing equation and put it in the
plane at required radius and angle.

Apparatus:
• Balancing Machine (Balancing of rotating masses)
• Mass Balance
• Nuts, bolts & washers as masses

Main Parts of Balancing Machine:

• Mounting platform
• Suspension and bearings
• Shaft and rotating discs
• Motor, belt and pulley
• Motor speed control unit

Useful Data:

Static and Dynamic balancing unit:

Disc radii:
R1=30mm
R2=45mm
R3=60mm
Distance between discs: 4in

Theory:
Balancing of rotating and reciprocating masses:
The balancing of rotating bodies is important to avoid vibration. In heavy industrial machines
such as gas turbines, electric generators and heavy engines of ships, vibration can cause
catastrophic failure, as well as noise and discomfort. In the case of a narrow wheel, balancing
simply involves moving the center of gravity to the center of rotation, which is done by
placing balancing masses in a specific plane at a specific radius and angle. For a system to be

40
in complete balance both force and couple polygons should be closed i.e., both forces and
couples are need to be balanced.

Static balancing:
Static balance occurs when the center of gravity of an object is on the axis of rotation. The
centrifugal force due disturbing mass is neutralized by equal and opposite centrifugal force of
balancing mass. The object can therefore remain stationary, with the axis horizontal, without
the application of any braking force. It has no tendency to rotate due to the force of gravity.
This is seen in bike wheels where the reflective plate is placed opposite the valve to distribute the
center of mass to the center of the wheel. E.g., Car Wheels.

Figure 5 (static balancing)

As we can see from the figure that a balancing mass(m) is attached in same plane at a radius of
(r) in front of disturbing mass (M). So, from condition of static balancing we got: m*r=M*s

Dynamic balancing:
A rotating system of mass is in dynamic balance when the rotation does not produce any
resultant centrifugal force or couple i.e., dynamic balancing requires both force and couple to
be balanced. The system rotates without requiring the application of any external force or
couple, other than that required to support its weight. If a system is initially unbalanced, to
avoid the stress upon the bearings caused by the centrifugal couple, counterbalancing weights
must be added. This is seen when a bicycle wheel gets buckled. The wheel will not rotate
itself when stationary due to gravity as it is still statically balanced, but will not rotate
smoothly as the center of mass is to the side of the center bearing.
Following figure shows how couple is balanced:

41
 Figure 6 (dynamic balancing)

Rotating shaft unbalanced by two identical attached weights, which causes a

counterclockwise centrifugal couple (C*d) that must be resisted by a clockwise couple (F*ℓ =
C*d) exerted by the bearings.
Two different cases of dynamic balancing are there under category of (balancing of single rotating
mass by 2 masses in different planes)
1) When plane of disturbing mass is in between plane of balancing masses Following
figure illustrates it:

Now, after static balancing, we got:

42
 m*r=(m1*r1) +(m2*r2)
After couple/torque balancing about points P and Q, we got:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1
2) When the plane of disturbing mass lies on one side of planes of balancing masses Following
figure illustrates it:

Now, from force balancing, we got:

m1*r1=(m*r) +(m2*r2) And
after couple balancing:
m1*r1*l=m*r*L2
m2*r2*l=m*r*L1

Balancing of several masses in the same plane:

When different masses are present at different angles from each other and from positive x-
axis at same or different radii in the same plane then in order to balance them, their resultant
centrifugal force is to be calculated and then a mass is calculated from this force and attached
at the required radius at an angle of 180 degree from the direction of disturbing force.
Hence, we are doing static balancing because masses are in the same plane.
It is illustrated in following figure:

43
To find magnitude and position of balancing masses, we have analytical & graphical method,
which are described below:

1) Analytical Method:
It has following steps:
a. Find out centrifugal force produced by each disturbing mass i.e., product of mass & its
radius of rotation
b. Resolve the centrifugal force into its horizontal and vertical components and then find the
sum of horizontal components (∑H) and vertical components (∑V) using following
formulae:

c.

a. Fc= √∑� 2 +∑� 2

d. Find magnitude of resultant centrifugal force using following formula:

� force �with horizontal which is:

tan= ∑
∑𝑉𝑉
e. Let ‘θ’ be the angle made by resultant

𝐻𝐻
f.

g. The balancing force is equal in magnitude to Fc but opposite in direction, and its
angle from horizontal is (θ+180)

h. Now find the magnitude of balancing mass by following relation:

i. Fc=m*r
(Where ‘r’ will be given or we can assume any value at which we want to put balancing
mass)

44
Graphical Method:
Various steps involved in this method are given below:
1. Draw the space diagram with the positions of the several masses, as shown.
2. Find out the centrifugal forces or product of the mass and radius of rotation exerted by each
mass.
3. Now draw the vector diagram with the obtained centrifugal forces or product of the masses
and radii of rotation. To draw vector diagram, take a suitable scale.
4. Let ab, bc, cd, de represents the forces Fc1, Fc2, Fc3 and Fc4 on the vector diagram.
Draw ‘ab’ parallel to force Fc1 of the space diagram, at ‘b’ draw a line parallel to force
Fc2. Similarly draw lines cd, de parallel to Fc3 and Fc4 respectively.
5. As per polygon law of forces, the closing side ‘ae’ represents the resultant force in
magnitude and direction as shown in vector diagram.
6. The balancing force is then, equal and opposite to the resultant force.
7. Determine the magnitude of the balancing mass (m) at a given radius of rotation (r), such
that,

Fc =m*(ω^2) * r
Where m*r=resultant of m1*r1, m2*r2, m3*r3 and m4*r4 Following
figure illustrates this method:

Balancing of different masses present in different planes:

When the disturbing masses are present in different planes then both the centrifugal force & couple
need to be balanced for balancing those masses.
Steps of the balancing are as follows:
1 A reference plane is chosen from which lengths to other planes are taken.to the left of reference
plane, the distances are negative while on right side, they are positive.
2 A table is made in which the centrifugal forces and couples due to all masses are written.
3 Force and couple polygon is developed using suitable scale.
4 Magnitude of resultant of polygons will give balancing mass and balancing mass will be
antiparallel to the resultant.
These all steps are shown in following figures:

Procedure:
• Ensure that the balancing machine is levelled on the table and if not then use levelling
screws to level it horizontally on table.

45
 • Take 3 masses in the form of nuts and bolts, measure them and place them in a plane (disc)
at specific value of radius and different angles from horizontal.
• These will be the disturbing masses.
• Take a mass (M) (nut and bolt) as determined from graphical or analytical method using pre-
determined value of radius (R).
• Place M in the same disc as of disturbing masses at radius R and at the angle of 180 from the
direction of resultant force.
• This will be the balancing mass.
• Start the motor by pressing (On) switch and increase its speed with the help of speed control
knob.
• The mounting platform containing discs must be stationary and must not reciprocate forward
and backward or oscillate about pivot points, which means disturbing masses are balanced.

Observations:
Sr. Disturbing Mass 1 Disturbing Mass 2 Disturbing Mass 3 Balancing Mass
No.

M1(g) R1(mm) Θ1ᵒ M2(g) R2(mm) Θ2ᵒ M3(g) R3(mm) Θ3ᵒ M(g) R(mm) Θᵒ

1 10 30 0 15 30 60 10 30 207 30 30 226

2 10 90 0 12 30 60 21 60 190 60 60 330

Specimen Calculations:
For 1st observation:
M1=10g
M2=15g
R1=30mm
R2=30mm
R3=30mm
R4=30mm

Θ1=0 degree
Θ2=60 degree
L1=4in

46
 L2=8in
L3=12in

Plane Mass (g) Radius Distance Couple

A (Ref) Ma 30 30Ma 0
B 10 30 300 30480
C 15 30 450 91446
D M2 30 30Md 9144 md

Here, (F) is centrifugal force and (Dist.) is distance of masses from reference plane. Now,
using suitable scale the couple polygon is

9144md=7.2cm=109728
Md=12g Θd=226
degree and the force polygon are:

30Ma=2cm=300
Ma=10g ΘA=180+27=207 degree So, balancing masses and angles
are:

M3=10g

Θ3=207 degree
M4=12g

Θ4=226 degree

Comments:

1. If balancing is not done properly, it may cause unnecessary stresses in the machine and be
the cause of wear.

47
2. Balancing reduces energy waste due to vibrations so it If masses are not attached properly
in the apparatus, it may increase

48
 LAB SESSION NO 12
Learning objective:
To determine a graph of follower displacement against angular rotation of the cam
Apparatus:
• Cams.
• Cam analyze machine.
• Roller follower.
Demonstration
Displacement when the follower Moves with Simple Harmonic Motion
1. The displacement, when the follower moves with simple harmonic motion are shown in Fig.
10 (a). The displacement diagram is drawn as follows:
2. Draw a semi-circle on the follower stroke as diameter.
3. Divide the semi-circle into any number of even equal parts (say six).
4. Divide the angular displacements of the cam during out stroke and return stroke into the
same number of equal parts.
5. The displacement diagram is obtained by projecting the points as shown in Fig. 10 (a) Since
the follower moves with a simple harmonic motion.

49
 LAB SESSION NO 13
Learning objective:
To draw the cam profile machine and draw the cam profile using displacement diagram with
the help of displacement curve for uniform velocity.
Apparatus:
• Cams.
• Cam analyze machine.
• Roller follower.
Procedure:
The procedure is given below,
• Place the Cam to the motor and fly wheel apparatus.
• Mount the follower onto the cam.
• Set the graph apparatus.
• Now, start the motor, during its motion the shaft will rotate causing the cam to rotate.
• Follower follows the cam and graph is being plotted between displacement and periods for
forward stroke, dwells and reverse strokes.

Observations and calculations:

• No offset
• Base diameter=5.1 cm
• Roller diameter= 15 mm
• Stroke length= 50 mm
• Forward stroke= 120.2o
• Dwell 1=35.2o
• Dwell 2=96.2o
• Reverse stroke= 1080
Cam profile is drawn and attached to the report.

50
51
52