Name and Signature: CYS:

Date Submitted:
Instructor/Professor:

ACTIVITY NO.1
Common Laboratory Techniques

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this experiment, the students are expected to:
1. discuss filtration, decantation and evaporation;
2. determine the relation between mass and volume;
3. calculate the density of a given liquid/solid.

PROCEDURES:
A. Decantation and Filtration
1. Place 3 mL each of calcium chloride solution into two separate test tubes. Into
each test tube add 3 mL of sodium carbonate. Shake both test tubes and set
aside.
2. Filter the contents of the first test tube and set aside the filtrate.
3. When all of the solid has settled down in the second test tube, slowly pour off
the liquid. Compare the appearance of the liquid with the filtrate obtained in step
2.

B. Evaporation
1. Evaporate to dryness the filtrate obtained in step C.
2. Examine the residue

C. Determining of Density
I.A Liquids (water)
1. Weigh a clean, dry 25 mL graduated cylinder. Record the mass.
2. Pour exactly 5 mL of water to the weighted cylinder. Record the volume.
3. Weigh the graduated cylinder containing water. Be sure to wipe off any spilled
liquid from the side of the cylinder before weighing.
4. Get the mass of the water by subtracting the mass of cylinder plus water to the
mass of empty cylinder.
5. Compute the density of water by dividing the mass with its corresponding
1. volume.
6. Repeat the process using 10 mL and 15 mL water.
7. Measure the temperature of water.

TUP-CHEM-MSR-2024
 8. Compare the average density with the theoretical value found in the table
density of water at different temperature. Compute the % error.
Reference: https://youtu.be/hmfFuNAeD-w

L.B Unknown Liquid

Repeat the previous steps using the unknown liquid sample provided. Reference:
https://youtu.be/hmfFuNAeD-w

II.A Solids (Regular Object such as wood)

1. Using a meter stick, measure the length, width and thickness of the wood.
2. 2. Calculate the volume of the wood using the formula V=LxWxH
3. Weigh a rectangular block of wood. Record it mass.
4. Compute the density of the wood.
Reference: https://youtu.be/hmfFuNAeD-w

II.B Solids (Irregular Objects)

1. Weigh the solid sample, record its mass.
2. Place 50 mL of water in 100 mL graduated cylinder. Record the exact volume of
the water.
3. Drop slowly the sample into the water. Be sure that no air bubbles are trapped in
the water. Record the new volume of the system.
4. Make second and third trial using 60 mL and 70 mL water respectively.
5. Compute the density.
Compare the average density with the theoretical value. Compute the % error.
https://youtu.be/hmfFuNAeD-w

TUP-CHEM-MSR-2024
 ACTIVITY NO.1
Common Laboratory Techniques

INTRODUCTION:

In their inaugural chemistry lesson, students will embark on a hands-on experiment

to explore the fundamental concepts of separation techniques and density. Equipped with
a variety of laboratory tools, including test tubes, triple beam balance, alcohol burner,
funnel, filter paper, graduated cylinder, crucible tongs, and evaporating dish, they will
delve into the distinctions between decantation, filtration, and evaporation. Decantation
involves gently pouring off the liquid layer from a mixture, separating it from solid or
immiscible liquid components. On the other hand, Filtration utilizes a filter medium to
isolate solids from liquids or gasses. Finally, evaporation harnesses the power of heat to
transform liquids into vapor. As the experiment progresses, students will have the
opportunity to observe the differences between these methods and calculate the density
of a given substance, establishing a connection between its mass and volume. Also,
students will calculate the percent error of the following given. By engaging in this practical
activity, students will gain a solid foundation in essential chemistry concepts and develop
critical laboratory skills.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this experiment, the students are expected to:
1. discuss filtration, decantation and evaporation;
2. determine the relation between mass and volume;
3. calculate the density of a given liquid/solid.

Set-up. Label the set-up (Name the apparatus used)

• Funnel • Test tubes • Evaporating dish

• Evaporating dish • Test tube rack • Crucible tongs
• Test tubes • Evaporating dish • Alcohol burner
• Filter paper • Stirring rod
• Test tube holder

Filtration Decantation Evaporation

TUP-CHEM-MSR-202
DATA AND RESULTS:
A. Decantation and Filtration
Observation:
In the decantation process, after allowing the mixture to settle, we noticed that there
were solid particles that had formed at the bottom of the test tube. When carefully
pouring, the liquid that was transferred was slightly clear while the solid particles remained
in the test tube. On the other hand, when we use the filtration process, the liquid that goes
through the filter paper leaves off white particles that serve as the residue, resulting in a
more clear liquid than the decantation process.

B. Evaporation
Observation:
After filtering the mixture and allowing it to evaporate, white crystals formed at the
bottom of the evaporating dish. In contrast, the mixture that we used for the decantation
also formed crystals at the evaporating dish, but there was a significant increase in the
volume of the crystal and a longer duration compared with the filtration process.

C. Determining of Density
I.A Water
5 mL of Water
Mass of
Mass of Volume Density of
Empty Mass of
Trial No. Cyl + of Water Water Temperature
Cylinder Water (g)
Water (g) (mL) (g/mL)
(g)
1 45 g 49.6 g 4.6 g 5 mL 0.92 g/mL 25 °C
2 45 g 49.5 g 4.5 g 5 mL 0.9 g/mL 25 °C
3 45.2 g 49.5 g 4.3 g 5 mL 0.86 g/mL 25 °C
Average: 0.89 g/mL

Theoretical density of water at measured temperature: 0.997 g/mL

% error: 10.73%

TUP-CHEM-MSR-202
 10 mL of Water
Mass of
Mass of Volume Density of
Empty Mass of
Trial No. Cyl + of Water Water Temperature
Cylinder Water (g)
Water (g) (mL) (g/mL)
(g)
1 45 g 54.5 g 9.5 g 10 mL 0.95 g/mL 25 °C
2 45 g 54.5 g 9.5 g 10 mL 0.95 g/mL 25 °C
3 45.2 g 54.5 g 9.3 g 10 mL 0.93 g/mL 25 °C
Average: 0.94 g/mL

Theoretical density of water at measured temperature: 0.997 g/mL

% error: 5.72%

15 mL of Water
Mass of
Mass of Volume Density of
Empty Mass of
Trial No. Cyl + of Water Water Temperature
Cylinder Water (g)
Water (g) (mL) (g/mL)
(g)
1 45 g 59.5 g 14.5 g 15 mL 0.97 g/mL 25 °C
2 45 g 59.5 g 14.5 g 15 mL 0.97 g/mL 25 °C
3 45.2 g 59.5 g 14.3 g 15 mL 0.95 g/mL 25 °C
Average: 0.96 g/mL

Theoretical density of water at measured temperature: 0.997 g/mL

% error: 3.71%

TUP-CHEM-MSR-202
I.B Unknown sample
Mass of Mass of
Mass of Density
Empty Cyl + Volume of
Trial No. Sample of Sample Temperature
Cylinder Sample Sample(mL)
(g) (g/mL)
(g) (g)
1 45 g 50.9 g 5.9 g 5 mL 1.18 g/mL 25 °C
2 45 g 50.9 g 5.9 g 5 mL 1.18 g/mL 25 °C
3 45.2 g 50.9 g 5.7 g 5 mL 1.14 g/mL 25 °C
Theoretical density of sample: 1.26 g/mL
% error: 7.14%
II. Wood (Regular Solid)
Length Width Height Volume Mass of wood Density of Wood
(cm) (cm) (cm) Cubic cm (g) g/cm3
14 cm 7.3 cm 5.3 cm 541.66 cm^3 194.8 g 0.36 g/cm^3

III. Irregular Solid

50 mL
Volume Volume of Density of
Volume of Mass of
Trial No. of Water water + sample
solid (mL) solid (g)
(mL) solid (mL) (g/mL)
1 50 mL 51 mL 1 mL 12.5 g 12.5 g/mL
2 50 mL 51 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL
3 50 mL 51 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL

Average density: 12.43 g/ml

Theoretical density of sample: 11.40 g/mL
% error: 9.04%

60 mL
Volume Volume of Density of
Volume of Mass of
Trial No. of Water water + sample
solid (mL) solid (g)
(mL) solid (mL) (g/mL)
1 60 mL 61 mL 1 mL 12.5 g 12.5 g/mL
2 60 mL 61 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL
3 60 mL 61 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL

TUP-CHEM-MSR-202
 Average density: 12.43 g/ml
Theoretical density of sample: 11.40 g/mL
% error: 9.04%

70 mL
Volume Volume of Density of
Volume of Mass of
Trial No. of Water water + sample
solid (mL) solid (g)
(mL) solid (mL) (g/mL)
1 70 mL 71 mL 1 mL 12.5 g 12.5 g/mL
2 70 mL 71 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL
3 70 mL 71 mL 1 mL 12.4 g 12.4 g/mL

Average density: 12.43 g/ml

Theoretical density of sample: 11.40 g/mL
% error: 9.04%

Calculation:
Show the calculation for density and % error

5 mL of Water 10 mL of Water
Density: Density:
!.# % +.& %
Trial 1: = 0.92 g/mL Trial 1: = 0.95 g/mL
& '( 6* '(
!.& % +.& %
Trial 2: = 0.9 g/mL Trial 2: = 0.95 g/mL
& '( 6* '(
!.) % +.) %
Trial 3: = 0.86 g/mL Trial 3: = 0.93 g/mL
& '( 6* '(

Ave. Density: Ave. Density:

*.+, - *.+ - *..# %/'( *.+& - *.+& - *.+) %/'(
)
= 0.89 g/mL = 0.94
)
g/mL
% error:
Theoretical density of water at % error:
measured temperature: 0.997 Theoretical density of water at
g/mL measured temperature: 0.997
g/mL
|*..+ 1 *.++2 %/'(|
*.++2 %/'(
× 100
|*.+! 1 *.++2 %/'(|
= 10.73% *.++2 %/'(
× 100
= 5.72%

TUP-CHEM-MSR-202
 15 mL of Water I. Unknown Liquid
Density: Density:
6!.& % &.+ %
Trial 1: = 0.97 g/mL Trial 1: = 1.18 g/mL
6& '( & '(
6!.& % &.+ %
Trial 2: = 0.97 g/mL Trial 2: = 1.18 g/mL
6& '( & '(
6!.) % &.2 %
Trial 3: = 0.95 g/mL Trial 3: = 1.14 g/mL
6& '( & '(

Ave. Density: Ave. Density:

*.+2 - *.+2 - *.+& %/'( 6.6. - 6.6.- 6.6! %/'(
)
= 0.96 = 1.17
)
g/mL g/mL

% error: % error:
Theoretical density of water at Theoretical density of water at
measured temperature: 0.997 measured temperature:
g/mL 1.26 g/mL
|*.+# 1 *.++2 %/'(| |6.62 1 6.,# %/'( |
*.++2 %/'(
× 100 × 100 =
6.,# %/'(
= 3.71% 7.14%

II. Wood (Regular Solid)

Density:
6+!.. %
= 0.36 g/cm^3
&!6.## 7'^)
 III. Irregular Solid III. Irregular Solid
(60 mL) (50 mL)
Density: Density:
6,.& % 6,.& %
Trial 1: = 12.5 g/mL Trial 1: = 12.5 g/mL
6 '( 6 '(
&.+ % &.+ %
Trial 2: = 12.4 g/mL Trial 2: = 12.4 g/mL
6,.! '( 6,.! '(
6,.! % 6,.! %
Trial 3: = 12.4 g/mL Trial 3: = 12.4 g/mL
6 '( 6 '(

Ave. Density: Ave. Density:

6,.& - 6,.!- 6,.! %/'( 6,.& - 6,.!- 6,.! %/'(
= 12.43 )
= 12.43
)
g/mL g/mL

% error: % error:
Theoretical density of sample: Theoretical density of sample:
11.40 g/mL 11.40 g/mL

|6,.!) 1 66.!* %/'( | |6,.!) 1 66.!* %/'( |

× 100 = 66.!* %/'(
× 100 =
66.!* %/'(
9.04% 9.04%
III. Irregular Solid
(70 mL)
Density:
6,.& %
Trial 1: = 12.5 g/mL
6 '(
&.+ %
Trial 2: = 12.4 g/mL
6,.! '(
6,.! %
Trial 3: = 12.4 g/mL
6 '(

Ave. Density:
6,.& - 6,.!- 6,.! %/'(
)
= 12.43
g/mL

% error:
Theoretical density of sample:
11.40 g/mL
|6,.!) 1 66.!* %/'( |
66.!* %/'(
× 100 =
9.04%
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Prepare a graph with the mass as abscissa and the volume as the ordinate. Plot the
tabulated data of "density of water". Examine the curves and make a generalization
regarding the relationship between mass and volume.

The data and graph presented indicate a definite linear trend in the mass-volume
relationship. There is a direct relationship between the two, as seen by the mass increasing
proportionately as the water volume increases from 5 mL to 15 mL. This shows that in the
case of water, mass and volume are directly proportional, meaning that when the volume
increases, the mass increases at a consistent rate. This constant relationship means that
water always has the same density, regardless of how much you have, and also has the
same temperature.

2. Describe a method to determine the volume of a very small needle.

We can use the principle of displacement to measure the volume of the needle. We start
by weighing the needle using the scale to find the mass. Next, fill the graduated cylinder
with water and record this initial volume. Then, carefully submerge the needle into the
cylinder. After submerging the needle, measure the new water level in the graduated
cylinder. Lastly, subtract the initial water level from the new water level. The difference
between the initial and the new water level is the volume of the needle.

3. Which method is more effective in separating solid from liquid, filtration

or decantation? Why?
Filtration is easier since the mixture does not need to be left undisturbed
to allow the sediments to settle; instead, the mixture is put into the filter
paper, separating the solids from the liquids.
4. What is evaporation? Give example of how evaporation can be used in
separating mixture?
Evaporation is the process of a liquid substance turning into gas and a process
that can be used in separating mixtures. The example we can provide is the
experiment we did in the calcium chloride solution. This experiment involves
heating up the mixture in the evaporating dish, to see what will happen, and as we
observe, the liquid substance slowly evaporates and turns into gas, leaving only a
powdered substance in the evaporating dish, which is almost pure calcium chloride.
With this evidence, we can say that evaporation can be used in successfully
separating mixtures, especially when a chemical is mixed with H2O.

5. The 50.0 g graduated cylinder contains 100 mL of a liquid. The mass of the
graduated cylinder and the liquid is 150 g. What is the density of the liquid? What
substance in the cylinder is most likely to be?

Given:
• Mass of the empty Graduated Cylinder = 50.0 g
• Volume = 100 mL of a liquid
• Mass of graduated cylinder + liquid = 150 g

Formula:
Density = Mass / Volume

Mass of liquid = 150 g - 50 g = 100 g

Density of liquid = 100 g / 100 ml = 1.0 g/ml

The density of the liquid is 1.0 g/mL, which suggests that the substance in the
graduated cylinder is most likely water, as the density of pure water is approximately 1
g/mL.

CONCLUSIONS:
1. Using the correct lab equipment is crucial to ensuring the experiment goes well. It
also helps to get accurate results and avoid any potential accidents.

2. In the experiment, filtration is more effective and faster at separating particles from
liquids than decantation. This is because, in the decantation process, one must pour
very carefully to avoid disturbing the settled solids.

3. The density of water measured from different volumes always matched the
theoretical value, showing that the measurements were accurate. This showed the
importance of careful measurement.
Name and Signature: CYS:
Date Submitted:
Instructor/Professor:
 ACTIVITY NO.1
Common Laboratory
Techniques

Subject: Chemistry for Engineers

Instructor/Professor: Professor Laxa

Course & Section: BSEE 1A-M

GROUP 4 – 1E

Group Members:

Lamson, Charles Dominique A.

Lopez, Kian Rosch B.

Morales, Jossefia P.

Oracion, Louise Iryne R.

Padilla, Ciello Izame A.