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 = 2(3) + 1( 2) = 4 Well-conditioned J
(d)

4 3 1
2 3 7 3 7 2
jAj = 7 2 3 =4 3 1
18 13 5 13 5 18
5 18 13

= 4(28) 3(76) 1( 116) = 0 Singular J

PROBLEM SET 2.1 1

Problem 2
(a)
2 32 3 2 3
1 0 0 1 2 4 1 2 4
A = LU = 4 1 1 0 5 4 0 3 21 5 = 4 1 5 25 5 J
1 5=3 1 0 0 0 1 7 39
jAj = jLj jUj = (1 1 1)(1 3 0) = 0 J
(b)
2 32 3 2 3
2 0 0 2 1 1 4 2 2
5=4 2 2 4 5 J
A = LU = 4 1 1 0 54 0 1 3 2 4 11
1 3 1 0 0 1

jAj = jLj jUj = (2 1 1)(2 1 1) = 4 J

Problem 3
First solve Ly = b:
2 32 3 2 3
1 0 0 y1 1
4 3=2 1 0 5 4 y2 5 = 4 1 5

1=2 11=13 1 y3 2
y1 = 1
3 5
(1) + y2 = 1 y2 =
2 2
1 11 5 47
(1) + + y3 = 2 y3 =
2 13 2 13
Then solve Ux = y:
2 32 3 2 3
2 3 1 x1 1

4 0 13=2 7=2 5 4 x2 5 = 4 5=2 5

0 0 32=13 x3 47=13

32 47 47
x3 = x3 = J
13 13 32
13 7 47 5 13
x2 = x2 = J
2 2 32 2 32
13 47 59
 2x1 3 = 1 x1 = J
32 32 32

2 PROBLEM SET 2.1

Problem 4

The augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
2 3 1 3
[Ajb] = 4 3 2 5 9 5
2 4 1 5
Elimination phase:
3
row 2 row 2 row 1
2
row. 3 row 3 row 1

2 3
2 3 1 3
4 3 (3=2) (2) 2 (3=2)( 3) 5 (3=2)( 1) 9 (3=2)(3) 5
2 2 4 ( 3) 1 ( 1) 5 3
2 3
2 3 1 3
= 4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 7 0 8

14
row 3 row 3 row 2
13
2 3
2 3 1 3
4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 7 (14=13) (13=2) 0 (14=13) ( 7=2) 8 (14=13) ( 27=2)
2 3
2 3 1 3
= 4 0 13=2 7=2 27=2 5
0 0 49=13 85=13
Solution by back substitution:
49 85 85
x3 = x3 = = 1:7347 J
13 13 49
13 7 85 27 8
x2 = x2 = = 1: 1429 J
2 2 49 2 7
8 85 32
2x1 3 = 3 x1 = = 0:6531 J
49 49
7
PROBLEM 4 3
Problem 5

The augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 1 2 0 0 077
[AjB] = 6
1 2 4 0 1 0 1 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
Before elimination, we exchange rows 2 and 3 in order to reduce the amount
of algebra: 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 1 2 0 1 0 1 7
6 7
4 0 1 2 0 0 0 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
Elimination phase:
1
row 2 row 2 +
row 1
2 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 1 2 0 0 0 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
1
row 3 row 3 row 2
2 2 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 0 9=4 1=2 1=4 1=2 5
0 0 1 2 0 0
4
row 4 row 4 row 3
2 9 3
2 0 1 0 1 0
6 0 2 1=2 1 1=2 1 7
6 7
4 0 0 9=4 1=2 1=4 1=2 5
0 0 0 16=9 1=9 2=9
First solution vector by back substitution:
16 1 1
x4 = x4 =
9 9 16

x3 = x3 =
4 2 16 4 8
1 1 1 1 1
2x2 + = x2 =
2 8 16 2 4

1 7
2x1 = 1 x1 =
8 16
4 PROBLEM SET 2.1
Second solution vector:
16 2 1
x4 = x4 =
9 9 8
9 1 1 1 1
x3 = x3 =
4 2 8 2 4
1 1 1 1
2x2 + = 1 x2 =
2 4 8 2
1 1

2x1 = 0 x1 =
4 8

Therefore, 2 3
7=16 1=8
6 1=4 1=2 7
X =6 7 J
4 1=8 1=4 5
1=16 1=8

Problem 6

After reordering rows, the augmented coe¢cient matrix is

2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 17
6 7
6 0 1 0 2 1 17
6 7
4 0 0 2 1 2 15
0 0 0 1 1 2
Elimination phase:
row 3 row 3 row 2
2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 2 7
6 7
4 0 0 2 1 2 1 5
0 0 0 1 1 2
row 4 row 4 2 row 3
2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 27
6 7
4 0 0 0 1 2 3 5
0 0 0 1 1 2
row 5 row 5 row 4
PROBLEM 6 5
 2 3
1 2 0 2 0 4
6 0 1 1 1 1 1 7
6 7
6 0 0 1 1 0 2 7
6 7
4 0 0 0 1 2 3 5
0 0 0 0 1 1
Back substitution:

x5 = 1 x5 = 1 J
x4 + 2( 1) = 3 x4 = 1 J
x3 + 1 = 2 x3 = 1 J
x2 1 + 1 ( 1) = 1 x2 = 2 J
x1 + 2( 2) 2(1) = 4 x1 = 2 J

Problem 7

(a)
2 3
4 1 0
A =4 1 4 1 5
0 1 4
Use Gauss elimination storing each multiplier in the location occupied by the
element that was eliminated (the multipliers are enclosed in boxes thus:
1
row 2 row 2 row 2
4

2 3
4 1 0
4 1=4 15=4 1 5
0 1 4
4
row 3 row 3 row 2
15
2 3
4 1 0
6 1=4 15=4 1 7
4 5

0 4=15 56=15
Thus
2 3 2 3
4 1 0 1 0 0

U = 4 0 15=4 1 5 J L=4 1=4 1 0 5 J

0 0 56=15 0 4=15 1

6 PROBLEM SET 2.1

(b)
A = LLT
Substituting for LLT from Eq. (2.16), we get
2 3 2 2 3
4 1 0 L11 L11 L21 L11 L31
4 1 4 1 5 = 4 L11 L21 L221 + L222 L21 L+31L+ L22 L32 5

0 1 4 L11 L31 L21 L31 + L22 L32 L231 2

32 + L233

Equating matrices term-by term:

L211 = 4 L11 = 2
1
2L21 = 1 L21 =
2
2L31 = 0 L31 = 0
2 p
1 15
+ L222 = 4 L22 =
2 2
p
1 15 2
(0) + L32 = 1 L32 = p
2 2 15
2 2
r
14
02 + p 2
33 = 4 L32 = 2
15 +L 15
Therefore,
2 3
2 p 0 0
L=4 1=2 15=2
p p 0 5 J
0 2= 15 2 14=15

Problem 8
2 3 2 3
3 6 4 3

A =4 9 8 24 5 b =4 65 5
12 24 26 42

Decomposition of A (multipliers are enclosed in boxes):

row 2 row 2 ( 3) row 1

row 3 row 3 4 row 1
2 3
3 6 4
4 3 10 12 5
4 0 10
2 3 2 3
3 6 4 1 0 0
 U =4 0 10 12 5 L=4 3 1 0 5
0 0 10 4 0 1

PROBLEM 8 7
Solution of Ly = b:
y1 = 3
3( 3) + y2 = 65 y2 = 56
4( 3) + y3 = 42 y3 = 30
Solution of Ux = y:
10x3 = 30 x3 = 3 J
10x2 + 12(3) = 56 x2 = 2 J
3x1 + 6(2) 4(3) = 3 x1 = 1 J

Problem 9
2 3 2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78 0:02

A =4 1:98 3:47 2:22 5 b =4 0:73 5

2:36 15:17 6:18 6:63

Decomposition of A (multipliers are enclosed in boxes):

row 2 row 2 ( 0:846 154) row 1
row 3 row 3 1:008 547 row 1
2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78
4 0:846 154 0:000 769 0:713 846 5
1:008 547 11:034 96 4:384 786
row 3 row 3 ( 14349:75) row 2
2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78
4 0:846 154 0:000 769 0:713 846 5
1:008 547 14349:75 10239:13
2 3 2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78 1 0 0

U =4 0 0:000 769 0:713 846 5 L=4 0:846 154 1 05

0 0 10 239:1 1:008 547 14349:7 1

Solution of Ly = b:
y1 = 0:02
0:846 154(0:02) + y2 = 0:73 y2 = 0:713 07 7
10 239:1x = 10 239:1
1:008 547(0:02) 14349:7( 0:7133 07 7) + y3 = x
6:633 = 1:0
y3 =J 10 239:1
0:000 769x2 0:713 846 = 0:713 07 7 x2 = 1:0 J
Solution of Ux = y:
2:34x1 4:10 + = 0:02 x1 = 1:0 J
1:78
PROBLEM SET 2.1
8
Problem 10
2 3 2 3
4 3 6 1 0

A =4 8 3 10 5 B =4 0 1 5

4 12 10 0 0
Decomposition of A (multipliers are enclosed in boxes):

row 2 row 2 2 row 1

row 3 row 3 ( 1) row 1
2 3
4 3 6
4 2 3 2 5
1 9 4
row 3 row 3 3 row 2
2 3
4 3 6
4 2 3 2 5
1 3 2

2 3 2 3
4 3 6 1 0 0

U=4 0 3 2 5 L=4 2 1 05
0 0 2 1 3 1

First solution vector

Solution of Ly = b:
y1 = 1
2(1) + y2 = 0 y2 = 2
1 + 3( 2) + y3 = 0 y3 = 7

Solution of Uy = x:

7
2x3 = 7 x3 =
2
7 5
3x2 2 = 2 x2 =
2 3
5 7 15

4x1 3 +6 = 1 x1 =
3 4
2

Second solution vector

Solution of Ly = b:
 y1 = 0
2(0) + y2 = 1 y2 = 1
1(0) + 3(1) + y3 = 0 y3 = 3

PROBLEM 10 9
Solution of Ux = y:
3
2x3 = 3 x3 =
2
3 2
3x2 2 = 1 x3 =
2 3
2 3 7
4x1 3 +6 = 0 x1 =
3 2 4

Therefore, 2 3
7=2 3=2
X =4 5=3 2=3 5 J
15=4 7=4

Problem 11
2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1
A =4 1 2 2 5 b = 4 3=2 5
1 2 3 3
Substituting for LLT from Eq. (2.16), we get
2 3 2 2 3
1 1 1 L11 L11 L21 L11 L31

4 1 2 2 5 = 4 L11 L21 L221 + L222 L21 L31 + L22 L32 5

1 2 3 L11 L31 L21 L31 + L22 L32 L231 + L32

2
+ L233

Equating matrices term-by term:

L11 = 1 L21 = 1 L31 = 1

2 2
1 + L22 = 2 L22 = 1

(1)(1) + (1)L32 = 2 L32 = 1

12 + 12 + L233 = 3 L33 = 1

Thus 2 3 2 3
1 0 0 1 1 1
L=4 1 1 0 5 LT = 4 0 1 1 5
1 1 1 0 0 1
Solution of Ly = b:

y1 = 1
3 1
1 + y2 =
1
 y2 = 3
2 2
1+ + y3 = 3 y3 =
2 2
10 PROBLEM SET 2.1
Solution of LT x = y:
3
x3 = J
2
3 1
x2 + = x2 = 1 J
2 2
3 1
x1 1+ = 1 x1 = J
2 2

Problem 12
2 3 2 3
4 2 3 1:1

A=4 12 4 10 5 b =4 05
16 28 18 2:3

Decomposition of A (multipliers are enclosed in boxes):

row 2 row 2 3 row 1

row 3 row 3 ( 4) row 1
2 3
4 2 3
4 3 10 1 5
4 20 6
row 3 row 3 2 row 2
2 3
4 2 3
4 3 10 1 5
4 2 8
Therefore
2 3 2 3
4 2 3 1 0 0

U =4 0 10 1 5 L=4 3 1 0 5
0 0 8 4 2 1

Solution of Ly = b:

y1 = 1:1
3(1:1) + y2 = 0 y2 = 3:3
4(1:1) + 2( 3:3) + y3 = 2:3 y3 = 8:7

Solution of Ux = y:

8x3 = 8:7 x3 = 1:0875 J

 10x2 = 3:3 x2 = 0:221 25 J
1:0875 = 1:1 x1 = 0:98 J
4x1 2( 0:221 25) 3(1:0875)
PROBLEM 12 11
Problem 13
2 3
1 0 0
6 7
6 0 2 0 7
A =6 0 0 7
4 3 5
. . . ..
. . .
.
Since the banded structure of a matrix is preserved during decomposition, L
must be a diagonal matrix. Therefore,
2 2 3
L11 0 0
2
6 0 L22 0 7
T 6
LL = 7
6 0 0 L233 7
5
4
. .. ...
. .

It follows from A = LLT that

2p 3
1 0 0
6 0 p 7
6 2 0 7
L= p
6 0 0 7 J
4 3 5
...
. . .

Problem 14

function [X,det] = gauss2(A,B)

% Solves A*X = B by Gauss elimination and computes det(A).
% USAGE: [X,det] = gauss(A,B)

[n,m] = size(B);
for k = 1:n-1 % Elimination phase
for i= k+1:n
if A(i,k) ~= 0
lambda = A(i,k)/A(k,k);
A(i,k+1:n) = A(i,k+1:n) - lambda*A(k,k+1:n);
B(i,:)= B(i,:) - lambda*B(k,:);
end
end
end

if nargout == 2; det = prod(diag(A)); end

for k = n:-1:1 % Back substitution phase
for i = 1:m
B(k,i) = (B(k,i) - A(k,k+1:n)*B(k+1:n,i))/A(k,k);

12 PROBLEM SET 2.1

 end
end

X = B;

Testing gauss2:

>> A = [2 -1 0; -1 2 -1; 0 -1 1];

>> B = [1 0 0; 0 1 0; 0 0 1];
>> [X,detA] = gauss2(A,B)
X =
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 2.0000 2.0000
1.0000 2.0000 3.0000
detA =
1

Problem 15

function hilbert(n)
% Solves A*x = b by LU decomposition, where
% [A] is an n x n Hilbert matrix and b(i) is the sum of
% the elemnts in the ith row of [A].
% USAGE: hibert(n)

A = zeros(n); b = zeros(n,1);
for i = 1:n
for j = 1:n
A(i,j)= 1/(i + j - 1);
b(i) = b(i) + A(i,j);
end
end

A = LUdec(A); x = LUsol(A,b)

The largest n for which 6-…gure accuracy is achieved seems to be 8:

>> format long

>> hilbert(8)
x =
0.99999999996352
1.00000000197488
0.99999997404934
1.00000014104434
0.99999961908263

PROBLEM 15 13
 1.00000054026798
0.99999961479776
1.00000010884699

Problem 16

Forward sustitution The kth equation of Ly = b is

Lk1 y1 + Lk2 y2 + + Lkk yk = bk

Solving for yk yields

bk(Lk;1 y1 + Lk;2 y2 + + Lk;k 1 yk 1 )
yk =
Lkk
Lk;1 Lk;2 Lk;k 1 y1 y 2 yk 1
= bk
L
k;k

This expression, evaluated with k = 1; 2; : : : ; n (in that order), constitutes the

forward substitution phase In choleskiSol the b’s are overwritten with y’s
during the computations.

Back substitution A typical (kth) equation of LT x = y is

Lk;k xk + Lk+1;k xk+1 + Lk+2;k xk+2 + + Ln;k xn = yk

The solution for xk is

yk (Lk+1;k xk+1 + Lk+2;k xk+2 + : : : Ln;k xn )
xk =
Lk;k
yk Lk+1;k Lk+2;k Ln;k xk+1 xk+2 xn
=
Lkk
In back substitution we evaluate this expression in the order k = n; n 1; : : : ; 1.
Note that in choleskiSol the vector x overwrites the vector y.

Problem 17

% problem2_1_17
x = [0 1 3 4]’; y = [10 35 31 2]’;
n = length(x);
A = zeros(n);

14 PROBLEM SET 2.1

for i = 1:n; A(:,i) = x.^(i-1); end
L = LUdec(A);
coefficients = LUsol(L,y)

>> coefficients =
10
34
-9
0

Problem 18

% problem2_1_18
x = [0 1 3 5 6]’; y = [-1 1 3 2 -2]’;
n = length(x);
A = zeros(n);
for i = 1:n; A(:,i) = x.^(i-1); end
L = LUdec(A);
coefficients = LUsol(L,y)

>> coefficients =
-1.00000000000000
2.68333333333333
-0.87500000000000
0.21666666666667
-0.02500000000000

Problem 19

f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + c4 x4
f 00 (x) = 2c2 + 6c3 x + 12c4 x2

The speci…ed conditions result in the equations

Ac = y

% problem2_1_19
A = zeros(5);
A(1,:) = [1 0 0 0 0]; % f(0)

PROBLEM 18 15
A(2,:) = [1 0.75 0.75^2 0.75^3 0.75^4]; % f(0.75)
A(3,:) = [1 1 1 1 1]; % f(1)
A(4,:) = [0 0 2 0 0]; % f’’(0)
A(5,:) = [0 0 2 6 12]; % f’’(1)
y = [1 -0.25 1 0 0]’;
L = LUdec(A);
c = LUsol(L,y)

>> c =
1.00000000000000
-5.61403508771930
0.00000000000000
11.22807017543859
-5.61403508771930

Therefore, the polynomial is

f (x) = 1 5:6140x + 11:2281x3 5:6140x4

Problem 20
2 3 2 3
3:50 2:77 0:76 1:80 7:31

6 1:80 2:68 3:44 0:09 7 6 4:23 7

A= b =
6 7 6 7
4 0:27 5:07 6:90 1:61 5 4 13:85 5
1:71 5:45 2:68 1:71 11:55

% problem2_1_20
A = [3.50 2.77 -0.76 1.80
-1.80 2.68 3.44 -0.09
0.27 5.07 6.90 1.61
1.71 5.45 2.68 1.71];
b = [7.31 4.23 13.85 11.55]’;
n = length(b);
L = LUdec(A);
x = LUsol(L,b)
detA = prod(diag(L))
Ax = A*x

>> x =
1.00000000000011
1.00000000000002
1.00000000000003
0.99999999999976
16 PROBLEM SET 2.1
detA =
-0.22579734000001
Ax =
7.31000000000000
4.23000000000000
13.85000000000000
11.55000000000000
The determinant is a little smaller than the elements of A, indicating a mild
case of ill-conditioning. From the results it appears that the solution is 12-…gure
accurate.

Problem 21

>> A = [1 -1 -1; 0 1 -2; 0 0 1];

>> inv(A)

ans =

1 1 3
0 1 2
0 0 1
(a)
p
kAke = 12 + 12 + 12 + 12 + 22 + 12 = 3
p p
1 2 2 2 2 2 2
A e
= 1 + 1 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 17
p
1 = 3 17 = 12:37 J
conde = kAke A
e

(b)

kAk1 = 3 (determined by row 1 or row 2)

A 1 1 = 5 (determined by row 1)

1
cond 1 = kAk1 A 1
= 3(5) = 15 J

Problem 22

function eCond = cond(A)

% Returns condition number of [A]
PROBLEM 21 17
eCond = norm(A)*norm(inv(A));

function eNorm = norm(A)

% Returns euclidean norm of [A]
n = size(A,1);
eNorm = 0;
for i = 1:n
eNorm = eNorm + sum(A(i,:).^2);
end
eNorm = sqrt(eNorm);

>> A = [ 1 4 9 16
4 9 16 25
9 16 25 36
16 25 36 49];

>> cond(A)
Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled.

ans =
3.0371e+016

Problem 23

% problem2_1_23
A = rand(500);
b = sum(A,2);
x = gauss(A,b)

x =
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

.
Gauss elimination is remarkably stable—there is no signi…cant rouno¤ error in
the solution of 500 equations. We also solved 1000 equations with the same
result.

18 PROBLEM SET 2.1

Problem 24

% problem2_1_24
A= [ 5+1j 5+2j -5+3j 6-3j
5+2j 7-2j 8-1j -1+3j
-5+3j 8-1j -3-3j 2+2j
6-3j -1+3j, 2+2j 0+8j];
b = [15-35j; 2+10j; -2-34j; 8+14j];
x = gauss(A,b)

x =
2.0000 - 0.0000i
-0.0000 - 4.0000i
0.0000 + 4.0000i
1.0000 + 1.0000i

Problem 25

% problem2_1_25
theta = pi/4.0
g = 9.81
m = [ 10.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0]’;
mu = [0.25, 0.3, 0.2]’;
A = [ 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, m(1)
-1.0, 1.0, 0.0, m(2)
0.0, -1.0, 1.0, m(3)
0.0, 0.0, -1.0, m(4)];
b = zeros(4,1);
for i = 1:3
b(i) = m(i)*g*(sin(theta) - mu(i)*cos(theta));
end
b(4) = -m(4)*g;
x = gauss(A,b)

x =
35.8914
48.8606
68.5404
1.6134

Hence T1 = 35:89 N, T2 = 48:86 N, T3 = 68:54 N and a = 1:6134 m/s2 J

PROBLEM 24 19
20 PROBLEM SET 2.1
PROBLEM SET 2.2

Problem 1
2 3 2 3
3 3 3 9

A =4 3 5 1 5 b =4 7 5
3 1 5 12
Noting that A is symmetric, we have two choices: (1) the Gauss elimination
scheme that
h stores ithe multipliers in the upper portion of the matrix and results
in A ! 0nDnLT (see Example 2.10); or (2) the regular Gauss elimination
that produces an upper triangular matrix A ! U. We choose the latter, which
is somewhat simpler to implement in hand computation.
row 2 row 2 + row 1
row 3 row 3 row 1
2 3
3 3 3
4 0 2 4 5
0 4 2
row 3 row 3 2 row 2
2 3
3 3 3
U =4 0 2 4 5
0 0 6
We obtain LT by dividing each row of U by its diagonal element. Thus
2 3 2 3
1 1 1 1 0 0

LT = 4 0 1 2 5 L=4 1 1 0 5
0 0 1 1 2 1
Solution of Ly = b:
y1 = 9

9 + y2 = 7 y2 = 2
9 + 2(2) + y3 = 12 y3 = 1
Solution of Ux = y:
1
6x3 = 1 x3 = J
6
1 2
2x2 + 4 = 2 x2 = J
6 3
2 1 7
 3x1 3 +3 = 9 x1 = J
3 2
6

PROBLEM SET 2.2 21

Problem 2
2 3 2 3
4 8 20 24

A = 4 8 13 16 5 b =4 18 5
20 16 91 119

Since A is symmetric, we could employ the same Gauss elimination h A ! Ui

that was used in Problem 1. However, we chose the form A ! 0nDnLT
obtained by storing the multipliers (shown enclosed in boxes) in the upper half
of the matrix.

row 2 row 2 2 row 1

row 3 row 3 5 row 1
2 3
4 2 5
4 0 3 24 5
0 24 191

row 3row 3 8 row 2

2 3
4 2 5
h i
0nDnLT = 4 0 3 8 5
0 0 1
Therefore,
2 3 2 3
1 2 5 1 0 0
LT = 4 0 1 8 5 L=4 2 1 0 5
0 0 1 5 8 1
2 3 2 3
4 0 0 4 6 20

D =4 0 3 0 5 U = DLT = 4 0 3 24 5
0 0 1 0 0 1
Solution of Ly = b:

y1 = 24
2(24) + y2 = 18 y2 = 30
5(24) + 8( 30) + y3 = 119 y3 = 1

Solution of Ux = y:

x3 = 1 J
3x2 24(1) = 30 x2 = 2 J
4x1 + 8(2) + 20(1) = 24 x1 = 3 J
22 PROBLEM SET 2.2
Problem 3
2 3
2 2 0 0 0
6 2 5 6 0 0 7
6 7
A =6
6 0 6 16 12 0 7
7
4 0 0 12 39 6 5
0 0 0 6 14
h i
Noting that A is symmetric, we use the reduction A ! 0nDnLT obtained
by storing the multipliers (shown enclosed in boxes) in the upper half of the
matrix during Gauss elimination.
row 2 row 2 ( 1) row 1
2 3
2 1 0 0 0
6 0 3 6 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 6 16 12 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 12 39 6 5
0 0 0 6 14
row 3 row 3 ( 2) row 2
2 3
2 1 0 0 0
6 0 3 2 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 0 4 12 077
6
4 0 0 12 39 6 5
0 0 0 6 14
row 4 row 4 3 row 3
2 3
2 1 0 0 0
6 0 3 2 0 07
6 7
6 0 0 4 3 07
6 7
4 0 0 0 3 6 5
0 0 0 6 14
row 5row 5 ( 2) row 4
2 3
2 1 0 0 0
h i 6
6 0 3 2 0 0 7
7
0nDnL = 6 7
T
6 0 0 4 3 0 7
4 0 0 0 3 2 5
0 0 0 0 2
Thus
6 7 6 0 7
6 0 3 0 0 07 6 0
T
1 2 0 7
D = 0 0 4 0 0 J L = 0 0 1 3 0
6 7 6 7
6 7 6 7
0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2
4 5 4 5
0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1

PROBLEM 3 23
 2 3
1 0 0 0 0
6 1 1 0 0 0 7
6 7
L=6
6 0 2 1 0 0 7 J
7
4 0 0 3 1 0 5
0 0 0 2 1

Problem 4
2 3 2 3
6 2 0 0 0 2
6 1 7 2 0 07 6 3 7
6 7 6 7
A =6 0 2 8 2 0 7 b = 4
6 7 6 7
4 0 0 3 7 2 5 4 3 5
0 0 0 3 5
1
LU decomposition of A:

row 2 row 2 ( 0:1667) row 1

2 3
6 2 0 0 0
6 0:1667 7:3333 2 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 2 8 2 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 3 7 2 5
0 0 0 3 5
row 3 row 3 ( 0:2727) row 2
2 3
6 2 0 0 0
6 0:1667 7:3333 2 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 0:2727 8:5454 2 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 3 7 2 5
0 0 0 3 5
row 4 row 4 0:3511 row 3
2 3
6 2 0 0 0
6 0:1667 7:3333 2 0 0 7
6 7
6 0 0:2727 8:5454 2 0 7
6 7
4 0 0 0:3511 6:2978 2 5
0 0 0 3 5
row 5 row 5 0:4764 row 4
2 3
6 2 0 0 0
6 0:1667 7:3333 2 0 0 7
6 7
[LnU] = 6
6 0 0:2727 8:5454 2 0 7
7
4 0 0 0:3511 6:2978 2 5
0 0 0 0:4764 5:9528

24 PROBLEM SET 2.2

Solution of Ly = b:
y1 = 2
0:1667(2) + y2 = 3 y2 = 2:6667
0:2727( 2:6667) + y3 = 4 y3 = 3:2728
0:3511(3:2728) + y4 = 3 y4 = 4:1491
0:4764( 4:1491) + y5 = 1 y5 = 2:9766
Solution of Ux = y:
5:9528x5 = 2:9766 x5 = 0:5000 J
6:2978x4 = 4:1491 x4 = 0:5000 J
2(0:5000) = 3:2728 x3 = 0:5000 J
8:5454x3 + 2( 0:5000) = 2:6667 x2 = 0:5000 J
7:3333x2 + 2(0:5000) = 2 x1 = 0:5000 J
6x1 + 2( 0:5000)

Problem 5
2 3 2 3 2 3
4 2 1 2 4 1

[Ajb] = 4 2 1 1 1 5 s=4 2 5 r=4 1 5

2 3 6 0 6 1=3
No need to pivot here.
1
row 2 row 2 + row 1
2
1
row 3 row 3 + row 1
2
2 3 2 3 2 3
4 2 1 2
4 0 0 1=2 0 5 s = 4 1=2 5 r=4 0 5
0 2 13=2 1 13=2 4=13

Exchanging rows 2 and 3 triangulizes the coe¢cient matrix:

2 3
4 2 1 2
4 0 2 13=2 1 5
0 0 1=2 0

Back substitution:
x3 = 0 J
13 1
2x2 + (0) = 1 x2 = J
2 2
1 3
4x1 2 +0 = 2 x1 = J
2 4
PROBLEM 5 25
Problem 6
2 3 2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78 0:02 4:10

[Ajb] = 4 1:98 3:47 2:22 0:73 5 s = 4 3:47 5

2:36 15:17 6:81 6:63 15:17

2 3 2 3
2:34=4:10 0:5707

r = 4 1:98=3:47 5 = 4 0:5706 5
2:36=15:17 0:1556
No need to pivot here.

row 2 row 2 + (1:98=2:34) row 1

row 3 row 3 (2:36=2:34) row 1
2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78 0:02
4 0 0:0008 0:7138 0:7131 5
0 11:0350 5:0148 6:6502
Without computing r, it is clear that row 3 must be the next pivot row. We
do not physically interchange rows 2 and 3, but carry out the elimination ”in
place”:
row 2 row 2 + (0:0008=11:0350) row 3
2 3
2:34 4:10 1:78 0:02
4 0 0 0:7134 0:7136 5
0 11:0350 5:0148 6:6502
Back substitution:

0:7134x3 = 0:7136 x3 = 1:0003 J

11:0350x2 + 5:0148(1:0003) = 6:6502 x2 = 1:0572 J
2:34x1 4:10(1:0572) + 1:78(1:0003) = 0:02 x1 = 1:1000 J

Problem 7

We do not physically interchange rows, but eliminate ”in place”.

2 3 2 3
2 1 0 0 1 1
6 0 0 1 1 0 77
6
6 0 7
7
[Ajb] = 64 0 r = 4 0 5
1 2 1 0 5
1 2 1 0 0 1=2

1
 row 4 row 4 + row 1
2
26 PROBLEM SET 2.2
 2 3 2 3
2 1 0 0 1
6 0 0 1 1 0 7 6 0 7
r=
6 7 6 7
4 0 1 2 1 0 5 4 1=2 5
0 3=2 1 0 1=2 1
2
row 3 row 3 + row 4
3
2 3 2 3
2 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0
6 0 0 4=3 1 1=3 7 6 17
6 7 r=6 7
4 0 3=2 1 0 1=2 5 4 15

3
row 2 row 2 + row 3
4
2 3
2 1 0 0 1
6 0 0 0 1=4 1=4 7
6 7
4 0 0 4=3 1 1=3 5
0 3=2 1 0 1=2
Note that by rearranging rows, the coe¢cient matrix could be given an upper
triangular form. There is no need for this rearrangement, since back substitu-
tion can be carried out just as easily on the matrix as it is:
1 1
x4 = x4 = 1 J
4 4
4 1
x3 1 = x3 = 1 J
3 3
3 1
x2 1 = x2 = 1 J
2 2
1 x1 = 1 J
2x1 1
=

Problem 8

We chose Gauss elimination with pivoting (pivoting is essential here due to the
zero element in the top left corner of the coe¢cient matrix).
% problem2_2_8
A = [0 2 5 -1
2 1 3 0
-2 -1 3 1
3 3 -1 2];
b = [-3 3 -2 5]’;
x = gaussPiv(A,b)

>> x =
PROBLEM 8 27
 2.0000
-1.0000
0.0000
1.0000

Problem 9

As the coe¢cient matrix is tridiagonal, it is very unlikely to bene…t from piv-

oting. Hence we use the non-pivoting LU decomposition functions written for
tridiagonal matrices.

% problem2_2_9
n = 10;
c = ones(n-1,1)*(-1.0); e = c;
d = ones(n,1)*4.0;
b = ones(n,1)*5.0; b(1) = 9.0;
[c,d,e] = LUdec3(c,d,e);
x = LUsol3(c,d,e,b)

>> x =
2.9019
2.6077
2.5288
2.5075
2.5011
2.4971
2.4873
2.4519
2.3205
1.8301

Problem 10

Unless there are obvious reasons to do otherwise, play it safe by using pivoting.
Here we chose LU decomposition with pivoting.

% problem2_2_10
A = [1.3174 2.7250 2.7250 1.7181
0.4002 0.8278 1.2272 2.5322
0.8218 1.5608 0.3629 2.9210

28 PROBLEM SET 2.2

Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Papa gave him a little counsel in a low tone of voice, but I do not
think he listened very attentively. He was a boy without a bit of
sentiment or tender regard. He merely sang out—“Good-bye, old
chap,” to Louis, and though he thanked us for our kindness, it was
only from a gentlemanly instinct. Then he sprang into the stage and
was off.
“I do not know whether I should like to have such a son or not,”
mamma said slowly, as we entered papa’s study. “He is bright and
manly and entertaining, but he leaves you with a feeling that out of
sight is out of mind.”
“I have tried to sow a little good seed;” yet papa shook his head
gravely.
“But you are afraid it is in sandy ground;” Fan added, with a touch
of comforting sweetness in her voice. “I haven’t much faith in its
bearing fruit, and yet I do believe he has come to have more
consideration for Louis. He has not tormented him half as much
lately. That would be one point gained.”
“Yes. After all, I have more hope of Louis. The struggle will be
much harder, for his temperament and his health are against him,
but he will be steadier in anything he undertakes. I have become
deeply interested in both of them, and I do not feel as if it was going
to end here.”
It seemed as if the day was to be rendered memorable for us. In
the midst of the talk came a sudden hard ring. I answered it and
found Mr. Fairlie’s man with a frightened look in his face.
“If you please, Miss—is your father in?” he asked.
“Papa!”
He came at the summons.
“The master is—very bad, sir. They want to see you right away.
Mister Dick is taking it very hard.”
“Mr. Fairlie!” exclaimed papa in amaze.—“Why, I saw him
yesterday, and well.”
 “He’s been rather queer in his head for two or three days. It was
the sun or something.—And about midnight he was taken. The
Doctor has given him up now.”
“Yes,” said papa, bewildered. “I’ll be there directly.”
“I’ve the wagon here for you, sir.”
He just kissed mamma and went without another word. Such calls
left no room for discussions.
“It cannot be possible!” ejaculated Fan.
“Mrs. Fairlie and Kate away!” said mamma. “How very sad.”
We had not the heart to talk about it and separated for our
morning’s employment. School had begun again, so I made the
children ready. Nelly had just entered the Seminary. Then I put my
rooms in order while Fan assisted in the kitchen. Tabby came up
stairs followed by her small gray and white kitten, who was a puffy
ball of frolic. She glanced around the room in a curious, complacent
fashion.
“Yes, Tabby,” I said, “the plague of your life has departed. Mrs.
Whitcomb will be here next, and you know she is fond of you, so
your troubles are ending. I don’t believe we have learned to like boys
so very much, after all.”
“No,” returned Tabby, with a grave whisk of the tail, while the kitten
made a vigorous attack on the bits of sunshine quivering through the
great sycamore leaves.
I went down stairs and sewed awhile in the nursery. Dinner came,
but no papa. Louis had returned from his drive and looked very
cheerful. We could not wait on account of the children, and
unconsciously his prolonged absence gave us a little hope.
It was dashed down presently. The church bell began to toll. We
glanced at each other in a startled way.
“Poor Dick!” said Fan, turning her head, and I knew her eyes were
full of tears. I could not help a curious thought. What if this sorrow
should bring them together?
 Miss Churchill made us a nice long call in the afternoon, and
before she had gone papa returned. Dick had begged him to stay
and go to the station for Mrs. Fairlie who had just come, and do
several other special errands for him. The ladies had stopped on
their homeward way at the house of a cousin in Bridgeport, and were
thus easily reached by telegraph.
“What a terrible shock!” exclaimed Miss Churchill. “A man in
almost perfect health, too; though Dr. Hawley I believe mentioned his
having some trouble with his heart. Was that the cause?”
“I have no doubt it helped materially. He had complained of a dull,
heavy headache for two or three days, and yesterday he was out in
the sun which appeared to affect him a good deal. At midnight he
was taken with paralysis. But brief as the time was it found him
ready. He seemed to have gleams of consciousness and knew me at
intervals. His trust was staid upon God, and there was no fear, no
shrinking.”
“He has been a good, upright man. Kenton always esteemed him
highly.”
“He was more than that, Miss Churchill, he was an earnest
Christian. If the household had been of one mind, workers in the
vineyard, he would have lived a fuller and more joyous christian life.
But we are to work our way through hindrances. God gave him grace
and strength and perfected him in good deeds. I feel as if I had lost
my mainstay in the church. He was not a man of many words, but
you could rely upon him to the uttermost. And though I shall grieve
for a true and staunch friend, I shall also rejoice that he has gone to
his reward, better far than any earthly happiness.”
“You loved him very much,” said Miss Churchill, deeply moved.
“I did indeed.”
“The loss is dreadful to his family.”
“My heart ached for Richard. He and his father were tender
friends, and the watching through long hours, the not being able to
give him up, was agonizing in the extreme. Mrs. Fairlie was stunned
by the suddenness.”
 “I wonder if I could be any—comfort to her?” Miss Churchill
questioned slowly.
“I wish you would call to-morrow,” said papa. “I don’t know but I
shall have to come to you and your brother now.”
“I am sure I should be glad to give you any assistance in my
power. I have been thinking lately that we live quite too much for
ourselves.”
“For the night cometh in which no man can work,” said papa
solemnly.
An awe fell over us all. One and another dropped in to wonder at
the occurrence. Sudden deaths always shock a community greatly.
Even the children did not want to play but sat on the porch steps and
looked into vacancy. Louis went up stairs directly after supper, but I
heard him pacing his room restlessly. I had put the little ones to bed
and was going down stairs when he called.
“Did you want anything?” I inquired.
“No—that is—are you busy?”
“Not especially.”
“I am going away so soon;” he said apologetically.
“And if I can do anything for you, I shall be glad to,” I made answer
cheerfully. “Shall I come in and read?”
“Thank you—I don’t care about that, I am in an odd, inconsequent
mood to night. Suppose you talk to me? I believe your voice has a
soothing effect.”
“Let us go down on the porch. It is cooler.”
“Where are the others?”
“Papa and Fanny have gone for a call. Mamma is in the nursery.”
“O, I wanted only you.”
“Come down then.”
 I brought an easy chair out on the porch, and dropped into my own
small rocker. Tabby came along and crawled in my lap, turning round
three times and settling herself regardless of the welfare of her small
child, though I dare say she was asleep in some one’s slipper. The
moon was nearly at its full and made silvery shadows through the
interstices of the vines. The dewy air was fragrant and the night
musical with chirp and hum of countless insects.
“It is quite a relief to be rid of Stuart,” he began presently. “And
when I am gone you will doubtless feel still more comfortable.”
“I think you are quite comfortable to get on with now;” I said
cheerfully.
“Which implies—there was a time. Miss Endicott, do you think I
have improved any?”
“I do not know as it would be hardly fair to judge you by the first
week or two. You were on the eve of a severe illness, with your
nervous system completely disorganized.”
“But since then—be honest?”
“I think you have been pleasanter, more considerate, not so easily
ruffled;” I answered slowly.
“Please don’t fancy me fishing for compliments.”
“Compliments from me would not be so very flattering to one’s
vanity. They do not carry weight enough.”
“You believe that one could overcome—any fault?” after a pause
between the words.
“With God’s help—yes.”
“Without God’s help—what then?”
I was always so afraid of going astray in these talks. I could feel
what I meant, but I could not explain it clearly.
“‘Every good and perfect gift cometh from God,’” I made answer.
“And the desire to be better or stronger, to overcome any fault, must
proceed from Him.”
 “Then why doesn’t he make Christians perfect?”
“God gives us the work to do. He says, ‘My grace shall be
sufficient for thee.’ Therefore we are to strive ourselves. He shows
us the right way, but if we seek out other paths, or if we sink into
indolence waiting for an angel to come and move our idle hands or
stir up our languid wills, can we reasonably blame Him?”
“I had not thought of that, I must confess. I had a fancy that—
religion did all these things for you.”
“What then is the Christian warfare? You know that grand old St.
Paul had to fight to the last, that he might not be a cast-away. Yet I
think no one ever doubted the genuineness of his conversion.”
“But if a man of his own determination, resolved, he could do a
great deal.”
“I should be weak to deny it. People have achieved heroic
victories, suffered pain and shame and death bravely for pride, or
some chosen idea. Only when it is done for the sake of Him who
saved us, it becomes so much the more noble. It is obeying Him.”
“Is it an easy thing to be good, Miss Endicott?”
“Not for every one,” I said.
“You admit that natures are different?”
“I do, cheerfully. Some people have very little self-control, others a
great deal. But it is strengthened by use, like a limb.”
“I have very little?”
“I did not say that.”
“But you know I have.”
“Papa said your temperament and your health were against you!”
“Did he say that?” was the eager question. “Well there are a
hundred things—I sometimes have such headaches that I can hardly
tell where I am, and if anything bothers me I feel as if I could stamp
on it, crush it out of existence. And if it is a person—”
 “Oh,” I cried, “don’t please! That is murder in one’s heart.”
“And when any one annoys Stuart he laughs at him, flings, jeers
and exasperates. It is his way, yet every one thinks he has a lovely
temper. He makes others angry. I have seen him get half a class by
the ears, and in such a mess that no one knew what was the matter.
—I do not believe I ever in my life set about making another person
angry. But I cannot stand such things. They stir up all the bad blood
in me.”
“So you need patience, first of all.”
“But I can’t stop to think.”
“Ah, that is just it. Stopping to think saves us. And when we have
our great Captain to remember, and are endeavoring to walk in the
path He marked out for us, it makes it easier. We are trying for the
sake of one we love.”
“What else do I want?”
“Don’t ask me, please,” I entreated.
“Yes. I shall not let you evade me. Write me some copies to take
with me. Patience—what next?”
“Cheerfulness;” seeing that he compelled me to it. “Your nature is
morbid and melancholy. Just try to think that people will like you.
“But they do not.”
“Then you must give them something to like. Suppose we all hid
away our brightness?”
He laughed.
“It would be a rather blue world. But to try for admiration.”
“You don’t try for admiration. You give freely of the very best you
have. You remember about the little boy who hid his cake away until
it was mouldy and spoiled?”
“I believe you always give of the best here. And you never seem to
have any lack.”
 “Did you ever break off a sprig of lemon verbena? Three new
shoots come in its place. When I was a little girl mamma explained it
to me, and said that if you nipped off one bit of pleasantness for a
friend or neighbor, something grew instantly for the next one. You
never give away all your joy and good feeling.”
He sighed a little, and said slowly—
“I believe I shall begin with my temper. I have always known that it
was bad, and expected to keep it all my life, but if it could be made a
little more reasonable!”
“I am sure it can, if you will try. It is hard work to be fighting
continually, to be on your guard against surprises, and sometimes to
have your best efforts misunderstood, yet it seems to me a grand
thing to gain a victory over one’s self.”
“You make it so;” he replied in a half doubtful tone.
“I wish you could be good friends with papa. He is so much wiser,
and can explain the puzzles. When you came to know him well you
would like him, you couldn’t help it.”
“Sometime—when I want such a friend;” he answered a trifle
coldly.
The voices sounded on the walk just then, and in a few moments
they came up. We had no special talk after that.
Mamma went over to Mrs. Fairlie’s the next day and met Miss
Churchill there. Kate had been in violent hysterics all night. They
appeared so utterly helpless. What should they do about black?
There wasn’t any thing decent in Wachusett! And could Mrs. Fairlie
find a long widow’s veil any where? There would not be time to send
to the city.
“I am quite sure that Mrs. Silverthorne has one. Hers was very
beautiful and she never wore it but a little; and a plain bonnet will
do.”
“Thank you, Miss Churchill. How kind you are. But I cannot
understand why this grief should come upon me.”
 “God’s ways are not as our ways;” said mamma.
“But Mr. Fairlie was needed so much. I don’t know how I can live
without him!”
Mamma and Miss Churchill soothed and tried to comfort. Each
took a few orders on leaving.
“My objection to mourning is just this,” said Miss Churchill, when
they were seated in her basket phaeton. “In the midst of your grief
you have to stop and think wherewithal you shall be clothed. Dress-
makers and milliners are your constant care for the first month.”
“The fashion of this world;” mamma replied a little sadly.
That afternoon Louis received a telegram from his cousin. He
would meet him the next noon at the station in a through train, that
there might be no lost time. He only packed a valise, as his trunk
would be sent to Wilburton. We said our good-byes in quite a friendly
fashion. He appeared really grateful and sorry to leave us. Papa
went to the station with him and returned in an unusually grave
mood.
We kept up to the tense point of excitement until after Mr. Fairlie’s
funeral. It was largely attended, and very solemn and affecting.
Indeed, nearly every heart ached for Kate and her mother.
“But I do believe Dick suffers the most;” Fanny said. “I never saw
any one so changed in a few days.”
Afterward the will was read. The farm was bequeathed to Richard.
Stocks, bonds and mortgages were divided between Mrs. Fairlie and
Kate, who were thus made quite rich women. They could go to
Europe now.
I found myself wondering a little what Mr. Fairlie’s life would have
been with different surroundings. The Fairlies in their way were as
old and as good a family as the Churchills, only they did not happen
to settle at the West Side, and had gone a little more into active
business. But they did not lay claim to any special position or
grandeur. This had always seemed to mortify Mrs. Fairlie somewhat.
“Mr. Fairlie is so old-fashioned,” she would say complainingly. “There
was no getting him out of the one groove.” She wanted to make a
show, to have people admit that she was somebody.—She went to
church regularly and would have been much offended not to have
been considered an important member. She gave to the Christmas
and Easter feasts and adornings, but for the poor or the needy sick
she rarely evinced any sympathy. Her duty stopped at a certain
point, the rest of her time, money, and interest was distinctly her
own. So the husband and wife lived separate lives, as it were.
Would Richard’s fate repeat the same confused and tangled
story? No doubt his mother would desire him to marry well in worldly
point of view. She might even object to Fan on the score of money.
Would he have the courage to suit himself? For what he needed was
a sweet, domestic woman with the culture that did not disdain every
day matters. His tastes were simple and homelike, yet he was by no
means dull. He wanted a woman to honor him, to put him in his true
position as head of the family.
Would Providence bring him happiness, or discipline only?
 CHAPTER XII.

HE next thing that happened to us was—though to be

exact, it was two events. In the morning papa had a
long, lovely letter from Stephen Duncan, enclosing a
check for two hundred dollars on the boys’ account, and
one for fifty to mamma, to fill up the chinks made by the
sickness, he said. The Doctor’s bill he would settle when he came
home. Papa read most of it aloud, and I saw mamma’s sweet, dark
eyes fill with tears.
We were beginning a new week, and alone by ourselves. That
always reminds me of the story papa used to tell of a traveler who
passed a house where there were seven children sitting on the
stoop, and seven on the fence, all crying as hard as they could cry,
so he paused to ask what dreadful thing had happened.
“Oh,” said they with one voice, “our mother has gone away and left
us all alone!”
It was pretty much the same with us, only we did not cry for any
one gone away. It was delightful to have our house by ourselves.—
Though it seemed so queer that we lounged around and amused
each other making wonderful plans.
In the afternoon Mrs. Whitcomb arrived with her large basket. We
all rushed out and kissed her, and almost distracted her with our
avalanche of news. Fan untied her bonnet, I took her shawl and
mamma turned one glove into the other after her own careful
fashion.
“The wear seems to have told most upon you, Mrs. Endicott,” she
said with sweet solicitude. “First of all, girls, your mother must have a
holiday!”
We looked at each other blankly, then laughed.
“She shall have whatever is best;” returned Fan with much dignity.
 “Then she must go away. Let me see—among the mountains
somewhere, to an old farm-house where she can have milk, and
sweet corn, and sleep eighteen hours out of the twenty-four. She
must not take a stitch of sewing.”
“Splendid!” I declared, clapping my hands.
“Oh,” exclaimed Nelly, “won’t you go to Auntie Vandevere’s,
mamma? They want you to come so much.”
“Now there is a place provided,” said Mrs. Whitcomb. “You know
you were going all last summer and did not get started. It is just the
season to enjoy yourself. The girls and I can keep house. We will
have everything bright as a new gilt button on your return.—And
Edith is so good, or you might take one of the children to mind her.
Children come in so handy.”
“O mamma, me!” and Tim jumped up and down as incoherently as
her sentence.
“The house cleaning—” protested mamma faintly, Tim’s arms
being around her neck in a strangling fashion by this time.
“We will clean house, mend the stockings, weed the flower beds,
and keep matters straight. You will hardly know the place when you
return.”
“Here, Tim, look after your village! Baby has commenced to
devour the cows, and I think them a rather heavy article of diet for
her just yet.”
“What is one little make-believe cow?” said Tim disdainfully.
“Well, pick up the fragments. And here is Miss Dolly looking tired
and sleepy. Then run out and play.”
“We don’t want to;” cried the younger ones in chorus.
“Well, have your own way;” and Fan sat down in mock despair. “I
am determined to be obeyed in some respect.”
After we had them all snugly tucked in bed that evening, the elders
discussed the plan again. Papa approved of it so strongly that he
wrote the letter immediately.
 “But there is so much to do,” declared mamma. “I intended to
change the girls to the front chamber and put Nelly and Daisy in
theirs. And we want a new carpet for the study, and—oh, I don’t
believe I can go!”
“There is always some path out of the woods;” said Mrs. Whitcomb
when our laugh had subsided. “You need the rest—that is the
strongest argument. And I have come to help. You cannot make me
company if you try.”
On the following day we had it all out straight. The three seniors
were to go to Westburg on Thursday and buy everything they could
lay their hands upon. Friday afternoon mamma was to take her
journey. The next week on Wednesday or Thursday papa was to go
up after her, the two to come home on Saturday. There it was all as
plain and easy as “twice two” in the multiplication table.
They started bright and early in the morning. Fan and I went at the
front chamber. There was not much to do, for the walls were
papered. Ann cleaned the paint, we washed windows and rubbed the
paper with a soft cloth, then she shook the carpet for us and we
tacked it down.
“It seems odd to move over to this side of the house,” said Fan,
“but I shall like it ever so much. And Nell will be so pleased. She
hates to be packed like pins in a paper. But now comes the tug of
war—clothes, bureau drawers, odds and ends, and the plagues of
Egypt.”
“O no;” I returned laughingly.
“Well—flies, anyhow. They are not all gone.”
There was a large old-fashioned chest of drawers in the room. We
brought in our dainty bureau with its pretty glass, and I gave up all
the drawers to Fan, taking the other. There was a nice wardrobe for
our dresses and boxes. When Nelly returned from school she helped
with our pictures and brackets, and we had ourselves as well as our
room in order before the travelers returned. Baby had been good as
an angel all day. I dressed her clean and put on one of the pretty
bibs that Daisy had crocheted, and Ann had the supper table in
readiness.
They were all tired, enough, though we had bound them by
solemn promises not to do any of our fall shopping. They had made
a few calls, selected the carpet and made arrangements to have
papa’s study chair covered with Russia leather. So we kissed them
and made them welcome, both ladies being somewhat surprised by
our day’s work.
It was beautiful on Friday, and there was not the least shadow of
an excuse for mamma to stay. Not that we were so very glad to have
her go, after all, but we knew it would bring forth good fruit in the
end. Tim was about half crazy and brought all her play-things to be
packed up, but mamma compromised by taking her large rag doll, as
the baby could play with that.
“Girls,” said Mrs. Whitcomb on Saturday morning, “suppose we
begin at the other rooms. Nelly and Daisy can do a good deal in the
way of helping. I want to get the house all in order before your
mother returns. And there will be the carpet to make the first of the
week.”
“Agreed;” we all said, and went at it with a good will. Daisy
declared “that it was almost as splendid as moving, and she hoped
sometime we would move.” She was too young to remember the
discomforts of our coming to Wachusett.
This was a regular frolic. Mrs. Whitcomb was so charming with her
ways of quiet fun and odd bits of wisdom. Like mamma, she knew
how to begin at the right end, and make matters go on smoothly.
There is such a difference in that. She kept the children good-
natured and we were all as busy as bees.
Just as we were hurrying our utmost, about mid-afternoon a
carriage stopped. Daisy ran to the side window to reconnoitre.
“It is the Maynards,” she announced, “and a whole load of ladies.”
“Some one must go—Rose!”
“O, dear, no, not—”
 “For Joe, to be slangy,” and Fan laughed. “But you have just
finished the carpet, and you are the eldest, and you can brush up
your hair so quickly. Here, wash your face and I’ll get out your
dress.”
I washed and brushed, or rather just ran the comb through my hair
and twisted it in a great knot, put on some tidy slippers and a blue
cambric with ruffles at the wrist and throat. While I was fastening my
brooch Fan tied a pale blue ribbon in my hair.
“There, you look as sweet as a pink, only I never saw any blue
pinks. Don’t say you are just out of the soap-suds. Remember to
uphold the family credit.”
It was “all of the Maynards,” and a very elegant young gentleman.
Mrs. Silverthorne and the Misses Maynards were going West next
week, and had come to make a farewell call. They were very sorry to
miss mamma—how could we get along without her?
I said Mrs. Whitcomb was here taking charge of us.
“There;” began Mrs. Silverthorne, “Matilda, I don’t see why you
can’t get her to come and stay with grandma this winter, and you go
to the City for two months or so. I am sure if Mrs. Endicott feels it
safe to leave all of her children, you might leave just one person.”
“Mamma has the baby and my youngest sister with her,” I
returned. “And she only expects to stay a week.”
I could not see that the cases were at all parallel.
“Well, this Mrs. Whitcomb is a nice, trusty sort of person, is she
not? Doesn’t she take care of sick people?”
“Yes; she is very lovely.”
“That is only for your equals, my child;” she returned patronizingly.
I flushed but made no answer.
“Whose crayon drawing?” asked Miss Maynard, making a tour of
inspection through the room.
“My sister Fanny’s.”
 “O—the one with that lovely golden hair—is it not? Miss Lucy
Churchill raves about her. Why she has quite a talent. Does she
think of studying?”
“Not at present;” I replied.
“She is very young;” said Mrs. Maynard.
“If I were not going away I should be pleased to give her some
lessons. I think one ought to foster talent when one is in a position to
do it.”
“Thank you;” I returned with a little pride. “Miss Churchill intends to
give her lessons.”
“Indeed! Well, I have some friends connected with the School of
Design in New York. I might do something for her there.”
I simply thanked her again.
They left regrets and kind messages, and swept through the hall in
a complacent fashion.
I ran up stairs and took off my dress in a hurry.
“It wasn’t worth the trouble;” I declared with some disgust. “I really
think I could find more intellectual enjoyment in tacking down
carpets. I am sure I could in hanging pictures.”
“What a depraved taste! And West Side people, too!”
“I can’t help it, Miss Churchill would have been charming.” Then I
repeated Miss Maynard’s offers.
“Very thoughtful of her;” said Fan dryly.—“People in her position
can do many nice things if they try. I would not have hung that
picture in the parlor if it had not been for papa.”
“Our parlor is our own,” replied I.
“No, it belongs in part to the parish.”
Mrs. Whitcomb laughed at that.
“Oh, won’t this room be lovely,” said Nelly. “Why, I could swing
Tabby around in it without hitting the children!”
 “Let me catch you swinging Tabby! She has passed through
purgatory.”
“And these book-shelves are just the thing. Daisy, they are mine,
do you understand? If I find one of your books here I shall put it in
the middle of the floor.”
“That will have one merit at least, I can see it there.”
We finished the two rooms by night, and then had callers all the
evening. But Sunday without mamma seemed quite out of the order
of things. I knew papa felt lost, though we all tried to do our best.
Once it came into my mind what the house would be without her
forever, and my eyes filled with tears. We sat together an hour after
church, talking about her.
We went to work again the first of the week. The carpet had come
and was very pretty. A mossy, fine figured vine in two shades of
green, with a dash of crimson here and there. The lounge had been
covered the year before with green reps and still looked bright.
“How pretty it will be!” I said, “I am all impatience to see it down
and the room in order. The carpet comes just like a present, doesn’t
it?”
“We have forgotten the work and the worry.”
“Perhaps it was a good thing for us. And somehow I do believe it
will prove good for Louis Duncan.”
“When will we go at the study, Mrs. Whitcomb?”
“Not until your father is out of the house.”
A ring at the bell startled us.
“West Side again;” said Mrs. Whitcomb;—“Miss Churchill.”
“O, please come in here;” exclaimed Fanny with a laugh. “It is only
a step from—dress-making to carpets.”
“Is it?” and she smiled. “Who is going to be so pretty?”
“Papa. Our study carpet was a thing of—shreds and patches,
rather than beauty. And we feel as if we had earned this money
ourselves. When papa goes to the mountains we shall have a
thorough renovating.”
“I wish I could add something,” said Miss Churchill. “Let me take a
peep, perhaps I can discover a new need.”
She glanced around. Fanny explained about the chair.
“There is one thing girls, and I shall do it. This paper is soiled and
dingy, and a new one must be put on.”
“It is pretty nearly covered with the books and pictures,” returned
Fanny.
“But it is not nice. Wednesday, you said, Mr. Endicott was going. I
will send you over some help to get the furniture and the books out,
and on Thursday the man shall come to do it. It will not take long.”
“We can do the removing, please;” and Fan smiled archly.
“If you are saucy I will come myself. Here is a basket of pears. I
suppose I dare not ask you to visit me until you have all your fortune
spent, and are bankrupt.”
“You will be very good to take us in then,” I answered.
“I can make allowance for the pernicious influence of wealth;” she
returned gaily.
She was as good as her word. The coachman come over to help
us lift, he said. One end of the room and one side of the chimney
had been put in book-shelves. Mrs. Whitcomb thoughtfully made out
a list so we could tell where they belonged.
The paper and the man were according to promise. The first was a
delicate French gray with quite wide, rich bordering that gave the
room the effect of being frescoed. It was as pretty as a picture. When
the carpet was down, and the chair came home, which it did,
Saturday noon, we were happy as larks.
But the best of all was mamma and the baby. We kissed them and
cried over them a little out of pure joy. The old tired look had gone
out of mamma’s sweet face, and her voice was bright and cheery.
And, oh, how surprised and pleased they both were! Papa declared
that it was as good as a Christmas feast.
It was only a little after all. Some of the ladies in town spent as
much on one dress and then were dissatisfied. I begin to think it is a
rare art to get a good deal of happiness out of a small amount of
material. When you work for it yourself it does seem sweeter, if the
work is not too hard. Hunger is a good thing if one does not pass the
point of appetite, and faint.
Mamma thought we had accomplished wonders. Truly the pictures
did look better on the new paper, and the bright border gave a glow
and richness. The carpet proved just the thing. Papa called it his
Castle of Indolence, because it had such a dreamy, comfortable
appearance.
“There is half of our fortune gone;” said Fanny, “but I don’t grudge
a penny of it. Indeed I feel like spending the rest on dear papa.”
“Papa has had his share, fully. Now I must do some shopping for
you girls. And I have a surprise in my mind for Mrs. Whitcomb.”
“A present, I know. O mamma, tell us at once.”
“She would not take any pay for her services in the summer, so I
shall spend part of my gift upon her. It is one of the chinks, and I
think it can best be filled with a new dress.”
“Just the thing. She has a nice black silk dress, so let this be a
poplin, a beautiful dark wine color. You know how pretty she looked
in the neck tie,” said Fan.
“I had been puzzling on a color. You and Rose and Nelly must
have a new winter dress apiece.”
“And mine shall be wine color. Can we afford poplin, mamma, real
pretty, I mean?”
“Hardly, I think. You will want a walking suit and what with overskirt
and jacket—”
Fan made a mental calculation.
 “No, mamma mia, it will never do. A dollar and a half a yard will be
our utmost limit. Well, there are lovely empress cloths. We will be
neat if we cannot be gorgeous. And if I could have velvet like it for a
hat, and a tiny real lace collar.”
“I will give you each thirty-five dollars. Will that answer?”
“We will make it, little mother;” I replied cheerfully.
We enjoyed shopping with our own money exceedingly. My dress
was a dark green with a bronze tint; and a felt hat to match, with
trimmings a shade lighter. Mamma gave us our gloves and some
ribbons, and we felt very grand. Nelly’s dress was a gold and black
waterproof.
We bought Mrs. Whitcomb’s under her very eyes, and smiled over
her comments. But when she saw it the next morning with her name
pinned on it, and “her dear friends, Mr. and Mrs. Endicott” as donors,
her surprise and delight were good to witness. Fan declared that it
was the most satisfactory of all.
Afterward we had a regular dress-making “bee.” Mamma cut, Mrs.
Whitcomb and I basted, and Fan sewed on the machine. Miss
Oldways insisted upon coming one day, and we had a bright,
cheerful time. We made Mrs. Whitcomb’s too, though she said at first
that we should not.
By this time it was the middle of October. We felt as if we had
gained a march upon the season, shopping and sewing so early, and
we were quite proud not to have taken papa’s money. The salary
was not very large, and sometimes it required considerable planning
to make it do. Mamma used to say it was the five loaves and the two
small fishes among many, but we did often find a few fragments.
Mrs. Whitcomb had to say good-bye to us again. We fell back into
our old routine. Fanny being at home regularly gave me much more
leisure. We took up a course of reading with papa, and practiced our
music daily. There were walks and calls and parish visiting, so we
were not likely to be idle. The Churchills were very kind to us. Mr.
Churchill took the office of church warden, left vacant by Mr. Fairlie’s
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