AS Chemistry

GPE

Question Pack 3.2.1:

Enthalpy Changes

Homework Diary:
Topic Date Due In Completed?
QS1: Introduction to thermodynamics

QS2: Specific types of enthalpy change

(Hr, Hc, Hf and HN)
QS3: Experimental measurement of
enthalpy changes
QS4: Hess’s Law & the calculation of
enthalpy changes
QS5: Bond enthalpies

Past paper questions – enthalpy changes.

Multi-choice questions - enthalpy changes

Teacher feedback:
………………………………………………………………………….…………………
……………………………………………………………………….……………………
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 Questionsheet 1: Introduction to thermodynamics
1. Complete the following:

The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be __________ or ___________. All
substances contain chemical or potential energy stored in their __________. This means that energy
changes always occur during reactions – sometimes the energy takes the form of light or electricity
but most often in the form of ___________ energy. When measured under constant pressure, heat
energy is called ____________ . Chemists measure the __________ ___________ (symbol H) of
reactions in units of __________.
[2]
2. Explain the meaning of the terms, illustrating your answer with a suitable equation.
(a) Exothermic
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
…………………………………………………………………………………………….………………….…..[2]
(b) Endothermic
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..[2]

3.(a) Why have chemistry drawn up a set of standard conditions?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
(b) What are these standard conditions?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…..[3]

4. Give the standard states of the following substances

(a) Magnesium (b) Oxygen (c) Carbon

[3]

5. Calculate the enthalpy (heat energy) released, in kJ, when 3.2g of methanol is completely burned
in excess oxygen gas.
CH3OH(l) + 1.5O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Ho = -800 kJmol-1

[2]
3
6. Calculate the enthalpy released when 240cm of methane gas is completely burned in excess
oxygen.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Ho = -810 kJmol-1

[2]
7. Calculate the mass of octane, C8H18, which burns to produce 10 000kJ of heat energy.
C8H18(g) + 12.5O2(g) → 8CO2(g) + 9H2O(l) H = -5472 kJmol-1

[2]
8. When 4.8dm3 of hydrogen gas reacts in the Haber process, 6.133kJ of heat is released. Calculate
the enthalpy change for the reaction as shown in the equation.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) H = ?

[2]
9. Draw the energy level diagrams for the following reactions
(a) MgCO3(s) → MgCO(s) + CO2(g) Ho = +482 kJmol-1
enthalpy

[2]

(b) H2(g) + ½ O2(g)  H2O(l) Ho = -286 kJmol-1

enthalpy

[2]

(c)(i) By comparison with the rocks on the simple gravitational

energy graph shown, which reactants would you describe as Gravitational
thermodynamically unstable and which as stable, H2 + ½O2 Potential
or MgCO3? Energy
Stable: …………………………………………….
Unstable……………………………………………

(ii) Which reaction is more likely to occur, H2 with ½O2 or decomposition of CaCO3?........................[3]
Total: 28 Marks
 Questionsheet 2: Specific types of enthalpy change
1. Define the term standard enthalpy change of reaction, Hro

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………...………..….….[2]

2. Use the standard enthalpy change of the following reaction to deduce the enthalpy change of the
reaction below:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) Hr = -92 kJmol-1

0.5 N2(g) + 1.5 H2(g) → NH3(g) Hr = ____ kJmol-1

[1]
3. Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation, Hfo

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………...[3]
4. Write chemical equations which fit the definitions of Hfo for the following compounds:
(a) methane, CH4(g)

(b) octane, C8H18(l)

(c) ethanol, C2H5OH(l)

[3]
5. Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion, Hco

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..……….[3]
6. Write chemical equations which fit the definitions of Hco for the following substances:
(a) methane, CH4(g)

(b) octane, C8H18(l)

(c) ethanol, C2H5OH(l)

[3]
7. Define the term enthalpy change of neutralisation, HN

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….……………..……….[3]
8. Write chemical equations which fit the definitions of HN for the following acids with sodium
hydroxide:
(a) hydrochloric acid

(b) nitric acid

(c) sulphuric acid

[3]
Total: 21 Marks
 Questionsheet 3: Experimental measurement of enthalpy changes
1. The apparatus below was used in an experiment to find the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol. The table shows the results:
Mass of empty beaker 150g
Mass of beaker + water 250g
water Initial mass of spirit lamp + ethanol 78.45g
Final mass of spirit lamp + ethanol 77.56g
Initial water temperature 23 ºC
ethanol Final water temperature 88 ºC
The Specific Heat Capacity of Water (c) 4.18 JK-1g-1

(a) Calculate
(i) The mass of ethanol burned [1]

(ii) The moles of ethanol burned [2]

(iii) The temperature rise [1]

(iv) The energy gained by the water, in kJ

[2]
(v) The enthalpy chage of combustion of ethanol, in kJmol-1

[2]
(b) Suggest three reasons why Hc values calculated via this apparatus are so inaccurate compared
to the data book values.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….….[3]

2.(a) 200cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution was placed in a plastic cup. When the
solution had reached a steady temperature of 18.5 ºC, 7.00g of powdered iron were added and the
mixture was stirred rapidly. The highest temperature reached was 41.5 ºC.
(i) Write an equation for the reaction
………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………..…[1]
(ii) Calculate the moles of each reactant (Mr Fe = 56) and deduce the limiting reagent.

[2]
(iii) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, giving the appropriate sign and units.

[3]
(iv) State the two assumptions made in this calculation
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..…[2]

3. A solution of KOH (1.0 moldm-3) volume 100cm3 was mixed with 100cm3 HCl of the same
concentration. The temperature of the mixture went up from 25ºC to 31.25ºC.
HCl + KOH → KCl + H2O

(a) What is the total volume of the mixture?

[1]

(b) What is the total mass of the mixture?

[1]

(c) Calculate the heat energy absorbed by the mixture in Joules

[2]
(d) Calculate the number of moles of HCl used in the neutralisation reaction.

[1]
(e) Calculate HN expressing your answer with an appropriate sign and units.

[2]

4. A student mixed together 100cm3 of NaOH (0.8 moldm-3) with 100cm3 of HNO3 of the same
concentration to give a temperature rise of 5.1 ºC.
HNO3 + NaOH → NaNO3 + H2O
(a) Calculate HN

[7]
(b) In a second experiment on the same reaction, the student doubled the volume of both reagents.
Explain why the temperature change she recorded remained the same at 5.1 ºC.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
(c) If, in a third experiment, the concentrations of the reagents were doubled, but the volumes both
remained at 100cm3, what temperature change would be expected?
T = ………………………………….[1]
Total: 36 Marks
 Questionsheet 4: Hess’s Law & the calculation of enthalpy changes
1. State Hess’s Law
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..…[2]
2. The following standard enthalpy changes of combustion will be needed in this question:
HCo /kJmol-1 HCo /kJmol-1
C(s) -394 C2H4(g) -1393
H2(g) -286 C2H6(g) -1561
CH4(g) -891 C2H5OH(g) -1400

(a) Draw enthalpy cycles & calculate H for the following reactions
(i) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) → C2H6(g)

[3]
(ii) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) → C2H5OH

[3]
(b) Write an equation representing the enthalpy of formation of ethene, C2H4. Draw an enthalpy cycle
and calculate HFo for ethane using the data above.

[4]
3. The following standard enthalpies of formation will be needed in this question:
HFo/kJmol-1 HFo /kJmol-1
CO2(g) -394 C2H5OH(l) -278
H2O(l) -286 C2H6(g) -85
Draw enthalpy cycles & calculate H for the following reactions:
(a) C2H6(g) + 3½O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

[3]
(b) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

[3]
(c) If the reaction in (b) were to produce steam instead of liquid water, how would H be affected?
Explain your answer
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
4. Find the enthalpy change of formation of carbon disulphide, CS2. It burns in air to form CO2 and
SO2. Standard enthalpies of combustion are: CS2 -1075; S -297 and C -394 kJmol-1

[3]

5. Two experiments were carried out Hf

Mg
in order to calculate the enthalpy .+ C + O2 MgCO3 (s)

change of formation of magnesium

carbonate, MgCO3. A Hess cycle Experiment 1 +2HCl (aq) H1
for these reactions is shown:
H3 + 2HCl (aq) Experiment 2
MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) + C + O2

(a) Complete the Hess cycle for the

formation of magnesium carbonate H2 = –680 kJ mol–1

from its elements by balancing the

MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
equations and adding state symbols.
[2]

(b) Why is it impossible to measure ∆Hf of MgCO3(s) directly?

...............................................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) Experiment 1 involved adding magnesium metal to excess hydrochloric acid and measuring H1
via q=mcT. This experiment gave H1 = -460kJmol-1. Experiment 2 involved adding magnesium
carbonate to excess hydrochloric acid to give H3= -40kJmol-1
Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ∆Hf, of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. Include a sign and
units in your answer.

[2]
6. The Hess cycle below can be used to find the enthalpy change, ∆Hr, for the reaction between
hydrogen sulphide and sulphur dioxide, using standard enthalpy changes of formation.

Hr
SO2 (g) + 2H2 S(g) 3S(s) + 2H 2O(l)

H1  H2

(a) Complete the cycle by filling in the empty box. [2]

(b) Use the cycle and the data below to calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ∆Hr.
∆Hfο / kJ mol–1
SO2 (g) –296.8
H2S (g) –20.6
H2O (l) –285.8

[2]

7. The mixture of dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, and methylhydrazine, CH3NHNH2, is used as rocket fuel.
4CH3NHNH2(l) + 5N2O4(l) → 4CO2(g) + 12H2O(g) + 9N2(g) H = -4596kJmol-1
Use the data to calculate the enthalpy change of formation of methylhydrazine.

Substance ∆Hfο / kJmol-1

N2O4 -20
CO2 -394
H2O -242

[3]

Total: 33 marks
 Questionsheet 5: Bond Enthalpy Calculations
The following average bond enthalpies in kJmol-1 will be needed in this question
C-C 348 C=O 743 H-Br 366 O=O 496
C=C 612 C-O 360 C-Cl 338 Br-Br 193
C≡C 837 O-H 463 C-Br 276 Cl-Cl 242
C-H 412 H-Cl 432 H-H 463

1. Define the term, bond enthalpy.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]
2. Calculate H for the following reactions using average bond enthalpies in the table:
H H
(a) H H H

C C + O H C C O H

H
H H
H H

H H [3]
(b) H H

C C + H Br H C C H

H H H Br

[3]
(c) H H
H
H C Cl + O H C O H + H Cl

H H H

[3]
(d) H H O
H

H C C O H + 3 O2 2 C +3O

O
H
H H

[3]
(e) CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-

[3]
3. Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond forming, why some reactions are exothermic.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[2]

4. Use the data to calculate the bond enthalpy of the H-I bond.
Bond energy/
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g) H = -7 kJmol-1 Bond
kJmol-1
H-H 432
I-I 151

[2]
5. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).

HOCl(g) +667 kJ mol –1

Gaseous atoms of the elements

H f +589 kJ mol –1

Elements in their standard states

(a)(i)Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct quantities of
each element.
[1]
(ii) Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation, Hf [HOCl(g)].

[1]
(iii) If the H—O bond energy is +464 kJ mol–1, calculate a value for the O—Cl bond energy.

[1]
Total: 24 Marks
 Thermodynamics – Past Paper Questions
1. The enthalpy change for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide can be
determined in the following way.
* 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 moldm-3 HCl(aq) is placed in a plastic cup, and its temperature recorded.
* 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 moldm-3 NaOH(aq) is placed in another plastic cup, and its temperature recorded.
* The two solutions are mixed with stirring, and the final temperature recorded.
The following results were obtained from one such experiment:
Initial temperature of both HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) = 18.0 ºC
Final temperature after mixing = 31.9 ºC
Use the following assumptions: c for all solutions = 4.18Jg-1K-1, the density of all solutions =1.00gcm-3
(a) Calculate the heat evolved in the above experiment. Include units in your answer.

Heat evolved = …………………………………. [3]

(b) Calculate how many moles of HCl were used.

Moles of HCl = …………………………………. [1]

(c) Hence calculate the enthalpy change of neutralisation, in kJmol-1, for hydrochloric acid.

Enthalpy change = …………………………………. [1]

2. The standard enthalpy changes of formation of hydrocarbons are difficult to measure directly by
experiment, but they can be calculated from standard enthalpy changes of combustion by using
Hess’s Law.
The table 1 lists some HCo values of some relevant substances
Substance HCo / kJmol-1
C3H8(g) -2220
C(s) -394
H2(g) -286

(a) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….[3]
(ii) Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, to represent the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of propane, C3H8.

………………………………………………………………………………………………...………………….[1]
(b) The equation that represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, Hfo, of propane is
shown below.
3C(s) + 4H2(g) → C3H8(g)
(i) Suggest a reason why Hfo of propane is difficult to determine directly.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..[1]
(ii) Using Hess’s law and the data in table 1 to calculate a value of Hfo, for propane

Hfo = ………………………….kJmol-1 [3]

3.(a) The formation of compounds is accompanied by enthalpy changes.

(i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of formation.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..[2]
(ii) State the conditions under which standard enthalpy changes are measured.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..[2]
(b)(i) Oxidation reactions are exothermic. What do you understand by the term exothermic?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..[1]
(ii) Give an example of an exothermic oxidation reaction that is important in industry or everyday life.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..[1]
(c) The oxidation of hydrazine, N2H4, by dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4, has been used in rocket
propulsion.
2N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3N2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(i) Use the following standard enthalpy changes of formation to calculate the enthalpy change for this
reaction.
compound Hfo / kJmol-1
N2H4(l) +51
N2O4(l) +9
H2O(g) -242

Answer………………………..kJmol-1 [3]
(ii) What feature, apart from the value of H, makes this reaction suitable for propelling a rocket?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….… [1]
4. Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.
(a) Under what temperature conditions do most endothermic reactions occur?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….… [1]
(b) Plants photosynthesise well both in the Tropics and under Arctic conditions. Why is this?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….… [1]
(c) One of the products of photosynthesis is glyceraldehyde, C3H6O3. The equation shows the
formation of glyceraldehyde. H H

O O
O

3 H O H + 3 O C O H C C C +3 O O

H
H H
The table lists relevant average bond enthalpies

bond bond enthalpy / kJmol-1 bond bond enthalpy / kJmol-1

O=O +498 C-O +358
O-H +464 C-H +413
C=O +750 C-C +347

Use this data to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction. Include a sign in your answer.

H = ………………………….kJmol-1 [3]
(d) Complete the following enthalpy profile diagram for this reaction.

enthalpy

3H2O(l) + 3CO2(g)

progress of reaction [2]

5. It has been suggested that using methane, CH4 as a fuel for cars rather than petrol would decrease
the amount of carbon dioxide produced per mile. You may assume that petrol is pure octane, C8H18.
The combustion of methane can be represented by the following equation
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O HCo = -890 kJmol-1
(a) Balance the equation for the combustion of octane
C8H18 + ………..O2 → ……….CO2 + ……….H2O [1]
(b) The enthalpy change of combustion, HCo , of octane is -5472 kJ per mole of octane. Use your
balanced equation and the given HCo data to calculate for each fuel: Write your answers in the table.
(i) The enthalpy change per mole of CO2 produced.
(ii) The number of moles of CO2 produced per kJ of heat energy given out.

fuel HCo per mole of alkane HCo per mole of CO2 moles of CO2 produced per
burned / kJ produced / kJ kJ of heat given out
methane -890
octane -5472
[4]
6. The enthalpy change of formation of calcium carbonate cannot be found by direct experiment:
Ca(s) + C(s) + 1.5O2(g) → CaCO3(s)
Using the following data and enthalpy cycle, fill in the boxes with the correct H values and then
calculate the enthalpy change of formation, Hf, of calcium carbonate.

Total 38 marks
 Multi-choice questions - enthalpy changes
1. Which of these diagrams correctly represents an endothermic reaction?

2. Which equation represents the reaction for which the enthalpy change is the standard enthalpy
change of formation, ΔHfө, of sodium nitrate, NaNO3?

A 2Na(s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g) → 2NaNO3(s)

B Na(s) + ½N2(g) + 1½O2(g) → NaNO3(s)
C Na(s) + N(g) + 3O(g) → NaNO3(s)
D Na(g) + ½N2(g) + 1½O2(g) → NaNO3(g)

3. What is the enthalpy change for the reaction shown below, in kJmol–1?
H2(g) + I2(g) → 2HI(g) Bond Mean bond enthalpy
A +436 + 151 – 299 = +288 / kJ mol–1
B –436 – 151 + 299 = –288 H―H +436
C +436 +151 – (2 × 299) = –11 I―I +151
D –436 – 151 + (2 × 299) = +11 H―I +299

4. Which of the equations below represents the reaction for which ΔH is the standard enthalpy change
of formation, ΔHοf, for ethanol, C2H5OH. Ethanol melts at 156 K and boils at 352 K.
A 2C(g) + 6H(g) + O(g) → C2H5OH(g)
B 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O2(g) → C2H5OH(l)
C 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + O(g) →C2H5OH(g)
D 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + ½O2(g) → C2H5OH(l)
5. This question is about some standard enthalpy changes, ΔHӨ
A enthalpy of reaction
B enthalpy of combustion
C enthalpy of neutralisation
D bond enthalpy

(a) Which enthalpy change is represented by p? CH4 (g) → CH3(g) + H(g) ΔHӨ= p
A
B
C
D
(b) Which enthalpy change is represented by q? HBr(aq) + KOH(aq) → KBr(aq) + H2O(l) ΔHӨ=q
A
B
C
D
(c) Which enthalpy change is represented by r?
H2C=CH2(g) + ½O2(g) → ΔHӨ= r

A
B
C
D

6. Gaseous phosphorus pentachloride can be decomposed into gaseous phosphorus trichloride and
chlorine by heating. What is the enthalpy change in the decomposition of PCl5 to PCl3 and Cl2?

A -420 kJmol–1 Bond Mean bond enthalpy

B -90 kJmol–1 / kJ mol–1
C +90 kJmol–1 Cl―Cl +240
D +420 kJmol–1 P―Cl +330
7. What is the enthalpy change of the following reaction?
3FeO(s) + 2Al(s) → 3Fe(s) + Al2O3(s) ΔHfө / kJ mol–1
FeO(s) -266
–1 Al2O3(s) -1676
A +878 kJmol
B -878 kJmol–1
C -1942 kJmol–1
D -2474 kJmol–1

8. Iodine trichloride, ICl3, is made by reacting iodine with chlorine

I (s) + Cl (g) → 2ICl(s) ΔHӨ= +14 kJmol–1
2 2

ICl(s) + Cl2(g) → ICl3(s) ΔHӨ= -88 kJmol–1

What is the enthalpy change for the formation for solid iodine trichloride?
A -60 kJmol–1
B -74 kJmol–1
C -81 kJmol–1
D -162 kJmol–1