Lecture on the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924)

Introduction

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant political and religious movement in the Indian subcontinent led by
Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate (Khilafat) after World War I. It became a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity
in India’s freedom struggle but ended in disappointment when Turkey abolished the Caliphate in 1924.

Background of the Khilafat Movement

1. What is Khilafat?

 "Khilafat" means Caliphate, the Islamic system of governance led by a Caliph (successor to Prophet Muhammad
‫)ﷺ‬.

 The Ottoman Empire, centered in Turkey, was the last major Islamic power under a Caliph.

2. Role of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914-1918)

 The Ottoman Empire sided with Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I against Britain and its allies.

 The British and their allies defeated the Ottomans, and by the Treaty of Sèvres (1920), the empire was
dismembered.

 There were fears that the Caliphate would be abolished, and holy places like Mecca and Madina would come
under non-Muslim control.

3. Why Did Indian Muslims Support the Ottoman Caliph?

 The Ottoman Caliph was considered the leader of the global Muslim community (Ummah).

 Muslims in India viewed the Caliph as a religious authority and felt responsible for defending his position.

 The defeat of the Ottomans and the British policy towards them caused anger among Indian Muslims.

Causes of the Khilafat Movement

1. British Betrayal of Muslim Sentiments

 Indian Muslims had supported the British in World War I, hoping for fair treatment of the Ottoman Empire.

 However, the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) divided Ottoman lands, making the future of the Caliphate uncertain.

2. Fear of the Caliphate’s Abolition

 The British and their allies planned to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate, alarming Muslims worldwide.

 Indian Muslims saw this as a direct attack on Islamic unity and leadership.

3. Rise of Muslim Political Awareness

 The decline of the Mughal Empire and British dominance made Indian Muslims politically weak.

 The Khilafat issue united Muslims and revived their political identity.

4. Hindu-Muslim Unity

 The movement brought Congress and the Muslim League together in a joint struggle against British rule.
  Mahatma Gandhi supported the movement, linking it with Swaraj (self-rule).

The Course of the Khilafat Movement

1. Formation of the Khilafat Committee (1919)

 Leaders: Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Hasrat
Mohani led the movement.

 The All India Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 to protest against British actions in Turkey.

2. Gandhi’s Support & Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

 Mahatma Gandhi linked the Khilafat Movement with the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging Indians to:

o Boycott British goods, services, and institutions.

o Resign from government jobs and return British titles.

o Refuse to pay taxes.

 This Hindu-Muslim alliance strengthened the Indian independence struggle.

3. Protests and Strikes (1920-1922)

 Mass protests and strikes were held across India.

 Muslims stopped supporting British rule.

 Thousands left government jobs, boycotted British schools, and burned foreign clothes.

4. Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) & Gandhi’s Withdrawal

 In February 1922, a protest in Chauri Chaura (U.P.) turned violent, and protesters killed 22 policemen.

 Gandhi withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement, which weakened the Khilafat Movement.

5. Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)

 In 1924, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk abolished the Caliphate in Turkey and established a secular republic.

 This ended the Khilafat Movement, as its main objective was no longer relevant.

Key Leaders of the Khilafat Movement

Leader Contribution

Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar Main leader of the movement, wrote in newspapers, led protests.

Maulana Shaukat Ali Organized Muslim support for the movement.

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Supported Hindu-Muslim unity and used journalism for the cause.

Mahatma Gandhi Joined the movement, linking it with Indian independence.

Impact of the Khilafat Movement

 For the first time, Hindus and Muslims united against British rule.

 The Congress and the Muslim League worked together.

2. Growth of Muslim Nationalism

 Failure of Hindu-Muslim unity led to disillusionment among Muslims.

 The movement was a turning point in Muslim political awareness, later leading to the demand for Pakistan.

3. British Reaction

 The British government used force to suppress protests.

 Many leaders were arrested, and newspapers were censored.

4. Strengthening of Secular Turkey

 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk modernized Turkey, making it a secular state.

 Indian Muslims lost their religious-political cause with the abolition of the Caliphate.

Conclusion

The Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) was a significant political movement in British India, initiated to protect the
Ottoman Caliphate. Although it failed in its main goal, it shaped Muslim political consciousness and contributed to
India's independence movement. The Hindu-Muslim unity it promoted was temporary, and its failure later led Muslims
to seek a separate political identity, ultimately contributing to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. What were the main reasons behind the launch of the Khilafat Movement?

2. Why did Gandhi support the movement, and how did it impact Hindu-Muslim relations?

3. What was the significance of the Chauri Chaura incident (1922)?

4. How did the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate affect the movement?

5. What were the long-term effects of the Khilafat Movement on the politics of South Asia?

Lecture on the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

Introduction

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was a mass protest led by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India.
It aimed to weaken British control through peaceful non-cooperation by boycotting British institutions, goods, and
services. The movement was linked with the Khilafat Movement, creating a rare period of Hindu-Muslim unity.
However, the movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident (1922), leading to disappointment among its
supporters.

Background of the Non-Cooperation Movement

After World War I (1914-1918), several events increased resentment against the British:

 Rowlatt Act (1919): Allowed the British government to arrest people without trial.

 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919): British troops under General Dyer killed hundreds of innocent
Indians in Amritsar.

 Economic Hardships: High taxes, inflation, and exploitation of Indian resources by the British.

2. Khilafat Movement (1919-1924) and Hindu-Muslim Unity

 Indian Muslims launched the Khilafat Movement to protest against British mistreatment of the Ottoman
Caliphate after World War I.

 Gandhi supported the Khilafat cause and linked it to Swaraj (self-rule).

 This created a joint struggle by Hindus and Muslims against the British.

Objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement

1. Attain Swaraj (Self-Rule) peacefully.

2. Boycott British institutions, including schools, courts, and councils.

3. Reject foreign goods and promote Swadeshi (Indian-made products).

4. Resign from government jobs and refuse to pay taxes.

5. End cooperation with the British administration.

Course of the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

1. Boycott of British Institutions

 Lawyers like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das left their professions.

 Students left British schools and colleges.

 Indians refused to participate in British elections and councils.

2. Boycott of British Goods & Promotion of Swadeshi

 Foreign cloth was burned in public gatherings.

 Khadi (hand-spun cloth) was promoted.

 British-made goods saw declining sales, affecting their economy.

3. Mass Resignations and Protests

 Many Indians resigned from government jobs.

 Protests and hartals (strikes) were held across the country.

4. Role of Hindu-Muslim Unity

 Muslims and Hindus protested together under Gandhi’s leadership.

Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) and Gandhi’s Withdrawal

1. What Happened in Chauri Chaura?

 On February 5, 1922, a peaceful protest in Chauri Chaura (Uttar Pradesh) turned violent.

 Police fired on unarmed protesters, leading to anger and retaliation.

 The angry mob set fire to a police station, killing 22 policemen.

2. Gandhi’s Reaction

 Gandhi was deeply upset by the violence.

 He believed in non-violence (Ahimsa) and did not want bloodshed.

 On February 12, 1922, Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement.

3. Impact of Withdrawal

 Many leaders, including Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose, were disappointed.

 The British gained confidence as the movement lost momentum.

 Thousands of Indian protesters were arrested, including Gandhi himself.

Longevity of Hindu-Muslim Unity (1920-1922)

1. Hindu-Muslim Unity During the Movement

 Joint protests were held under Gandhi, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, and Shaukat Ali.

 The Hindus supported the Khilafat Movement, and Muslims joined the Swaraj struggle.

 British rule was threatened for the first time by mass movements.

2. Why Did Hindu-Muslim Unity Not Last?

 Khilafat Movement ended (1924) when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk abolished the Ottoman Caliphate.

 Hindu-Muslim differences resurfaced, especially on political and religious issues.

 Rise of communalism:

o Some Hindus felt that Gandhi gave too much support to Muslims.

o Some Muslims felt betrayed when Congress did not fully support the Khilafat cause later.

 Revival of Separate Identities:

o The Hindu Mahasabha and Muslim League started growing apart.

o Some Muslims started demanding a separate political identity, leading towards the idea of Pakistan
later.
Impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement

1. Strengthened Indian Nationalism

 Millions of Indians participated, showing unity against the British.

 The idea of self-rule (Swaraj) became more popular.

2. British Repression

 British arrested thousands of leaders and activists.

 Martial law was imposed in many areas.

3. Failure of Hindu-Muslim Unity

 Initially strong, but declined after the movement ended.

 Later, Hindu-Muslim relations worsened, leading to tensions in the 1930s and 1940s.

4. Gandhi’s Influence Grew

 Despite the movement’s end, Gandhi emerged as the main leader of the Indian freedom struggle.

 His non-violent approach remained central to the fight for independence.

Conclusion

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was a crucial step in India’s struggle for independence. It mobilized the
masses like never before and created a temporary Hindu-Muslim unity. However, after the Chauri Chaura incident
(1922), the movement ended, causing disappointment and divisions. The failure of Hindu-Muslim unity in later years
led to growing communalism, ultimately influencing the demand for Pakistan in 1947.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. What were the main objectives of the Non-Cooperation Movement?

2. How did the Khilafat Movement and Non-Cooperation Movement work together?

3. Why did Gandhi withdraw the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident?

4. How did the movement affect Hindu-Muslim relations in the long run?

5. Could the movement have been more successful if it had continued?

The Simon Commission (1927) - Detailed Lecture

Introduction

The Simon Commission was a British parliamentary delegation sent to India in 1927 to review the Government of India
Act 1919 and propose constitutional reforms. However, it was met with mass protests across India because it did not
include a single Indian member, making it highly controversial. The slogan "Simon, Go Back!" became a national cry,
and the protests played a significant role in India's fight for independence.

Background of the Simon Commission

 The Government of India Act 1919 introduced dyarchy, where power was divided between British officials and
Indian ministers in provincial governments.

 Indians were unhappy as real power remained with the British.

 The British had promised further reforms after 10 years (in 1929).

2. Appointment of the Simon Commission (1927)

 Instead of waiting until 1929, the British government sent the Simon Commission two years early (1927).

 The commission was headed by Sir John Simon and included seven British members, but no Indians.

 Objective: To study India’s political situation and suggest future reforms.

 However, Indians were furious that no Indian representatives were included in a commission deciding India’s
future.

Reactions to the Simon Commission

1. All-India Opposition

 Indian leaders saw the commission as an insult.

 Congress, Muslim League, and Hindu Mahasabha all opposed it.

 Leaders like Nehru, Jinnah, and Lala Lajpat Rai condemned the commission.

2. "Simon, Go Back!" Protests

 The commission arrived in Bombay on February 3, 1928.

 Everywhere it went, it faced protests with slogans of "Simon, Go Back!"

 People boycotted meetings with the commission.

3. Lala Lajpat Rai and Brutal Police Repression

 In Lahore (October 30, 1928), Lala Lajpat Rai led a massive protest against the Simon Commission.

 British police baton-charged the crowd.

 Lala Lajpat Rai was severely injured by police officer James Scott and died soon after (November 17, 1928).

 His death fueled more resentment against British rule.

 Bhagat Singh and his associates later avenged his death by killing J.P. Saunders in 1928.

Recommendations of the Simon Commission (1930)

Despite the protests, the Simon Commission submitted its report in 1930, suggesting:

1. Abolition of Dyarchy (Provincial ministers should have more power).

2. Expansion of Provincial Autonomy (Provinces should get more self-rule).

3. No Dominion Status for India (India should not be given full self-rule).
 4. Separate Communal Representation to Continue (Encouraging division between Hindus and Muslims).

5. British Control Over Central Government to Continue.

Indian Response and Nehru Report (1928)

 In reaction to the Simon Commission, Indians prepared their own plan for reforms, called the Nehru Report
(1928).

 It demanded complete self-government (Dominion Status) for India.

Impact of the Simon Commission

1. Increased Indian Unity Against British Rule

 The Simon Commission protests united Indians from all parties and communities.

 Congress, Muslim League, and Hindu groups joined hands to oppose British rule.

2. Led to the Demand for Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)

 As the British ignored Indian demands, Congress declared Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence) in 1929.

3. Set the Stage for the Round Table Conferences

 The British realized they needed to involve Indians in the reform process.

 This led to the First Round Table Conference (1930-1931).

Conclusion

The Simon Commission (1927) was a major turning point in India's fight for independence. It showed that Indians
would no longer accept reforms without their participation. The protests, especially Lala Lajpat Rai’s death, fueled
revolutionary movements and strengthened the demand for Complete Independence (Purna Swaraj) in 1929.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. Why did Indians oppose the Simon Commission?

2. How did Lala Lajpat Rai’s death impact the freedom movement?

3. What were the main recommendations of the Simon Commission?

4. How did the Simon Commission influence the demand for Purna Swaraj?

5. Do you think the Simon Commission would have been accepted if it had included Indians?

The Nehru Report (1928) - Detailed Lecture

Introduction

The Nehru Report was a constitutional reform proposal drafted in 1928 in response to the Simon Commission (1927). It
was India's first attempt to draft a home-grown constitution, demanding Dominion Status and fundamental rights for
Indians. The report was led by Motilal Nehru (father of Jawaharlal Nehru) and played a crucial role in shaping India's
political future.

Background of the Nehru Report

1. Simon Commission Controversy (1927)

 The British sent the Simon Commission to India, but no Indian members were included.

 This angered all political parties, and they boycotted the commission.

 In response, Indian leaders decided to frame their own constitutional plan.

2. Formation of the Nehru Committee

 All Parties Conference (February 1928) in Delhi decided to draft an Indian constitution.

 A committee was formed under Motilal Nehru, including leaders like:

o Jawaharlal Nehru

o Subhas Chandra Bose

o Tej Bahadur Sapru

o Ali Imam

o M.R. Jayakar

 The report was finalized in August 1928 and became known as the Nehru Report.

Key Features of the Nehru Report

1. Demand for Dominion Status

 India should be given Dominion Status within the British Empire (like Canada and Australia).

 Self-government with complete internal autonomy, but India would remain part of the British Commonwealth.

2. Fundamental Rights

 The report listed basic rights for all citizens, including:

o Freedom of speech, press, and association

o Equal rights for all, regardless of caste or religion

o Protection of minorities

o Free primary education

3. Secularism and Minority Rights

 The report guaranteed religious freedom and equal treatment for all communities.

 No state religion – India would be a secular country.

 Minorities would get cultural, religious, and linguistic rights.

 Rejected the British policy of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims.

 All communities should vote together in joint electorates.

 This led to opposition from Muslim leaders who wanted separate electorates.

5. Federal Government Structure

 India should have a strong central government, unlike the weak system under dyarchy.

 Provinces should have autonomy, but defense, foreign policy, and communication would be under the center.

6. Equal Rights for Women

 Women would have equal rights in all aspects of life, including voting rights.

Reaction to the Nehru Report

1. Indian National Congress (INC)

 The Congress supported the report, as it was the first attempt to draft an Indian constitution.

 However, Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose opposed Dominion Status and demanded Complete
Independence instead.

2. Muslim League's Opposition

 Jinnah and the Muslim League rejected the report because it abolished separate electorates.

 Jinnah demanded safeguards for Muslims, including reserved seats and religious protection.

 He later presented his 14 Points (1929) as an alternative to the Nehru Report.

3. British Government’s Response

 The British ignored the report, as they were not willing to grant Dominion Status to India.

Impact of the Nehru Report

1. Strengthened Indian Demand for Self-Government

 The report proved that Indians were capable of drafting their own constitution.

 It increased pressure on the British to consider Indian demands.

2. Rise of the Demand for Complete Independence (Purna Swaraj)

 As the British rejected the Nehru Report, many leaders lost faith in Dominion Status.

 At the Lahore Session of Congress (1929), Nehru declared "Purna Swaraj" (Complete Independence) as the
goal.

3. Hindu-Muslim Division Increased

 The removal of separate electorates angered Muslim leaders.

 Jinnah’s 14 Points (1929) became the basis of future Muslim League demands.
Conclusion

The Nehru Report (1928) was an important step in India's freedom struggle. It was the first Indian constitutional
framework and showed the political maturity of Indian leaders. However, due to Muslim opposition and British
refusal, it was not implemented. Instead, it led to the radicalization of the freedom movement, eventually leading to
Complete Independence (Purna Swaraj) in 1929.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. Why was the Nehru Report created?

2. What were the key features of the Nehru Report?

3. Why did the Muslim League oppose the Nehru Report?

4. How did the Nehru Report influence the demand for Purna Swaraj?

5. Do you think the British would have accepted the Nehru Report if it had included separate electorates?

The Fourteen Points of Jinnah (1929) - Detailed Lecture

Introduction

The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were presented by Muhammad Ali Jinnah on March 28, 1929, at a meeting of the All
India Muslim League in Delhi. These points outlined the political, religious, and cultural rights of Muslims in India and
became the foundation of Muslim demands leading to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points were a response to the Nehru Report (1928), which had ignored Muslim demands, particularly
separate electorates. His points reflected Muslim grievances and their desire for autonomy and protection in a Hindu-
majority India.

Background of the Fourteen Points

1. The Nehru Report (1928) and Muslim Concerns

 The Nehru Report rejected separate electorates and proposed a strong central government.

 Muslims feared Hindu domination in a united India.

 Jinnah initially tried to negotiate Muslim demands, but they were rejected by Congress.

2. Jinnah’s Shift in Strategy

 Jinnah, who had been a strong supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity, now realized that Muslims needed separate
political rights.

 On March 28, 1929, he presented Fourteen Points, which became the basis of future Muslim League policies.

The Fourteen Points of Jinnah

1. Protection of Muslim Religion, Culture, and Civilization

🔹 Muslims should have freedom to practice their religion, culture, and customs without interference.
2. Autonomy for All Provinces

🔹 All provinces in India should be given autonomy and independence in their internal matters.

3. Equal Rights for All Minorities

🔹 All religious minorities, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians, should have equal rights and protection.

4. All Citizens to Have Equal Rights

🔹 Muslims and non-Muslims should be treated equally under the law, regardless of their religion.

5. Freedom of Religion

🔹 Muslims should have full freedom to practice their religion and establish their own institutions (mosques, madrassas,
etc.).

6. Separate Electorates for Muslims

🔹 Muslims should have a separate electorate so they could elect their own representatives in government.

7. Religious Freedom for All

🔹 All communities should have freedom of worship and religious observance.

8. Protection of Muslim Culture and Language

🔹 Muslims should be free to follow their own customs, culture, and traditions, including language and education.

9. Protection of Muslims in Government Jobs and Education

🔹 Muslims should have a fair share in government jobs and educational opportunities.

10. Equal Rights for All Religious Communities

🔹 No law should be passed that harms a religious community or goes against their beliefs.

11. Protection of Muslims in Education, Religion, and Charity

🔹 Muslims should have the right to establish their own educational institutions, religious centers, and charities.

12. No Discrimination in Government Services

🔹 Muslims should be given fair opportunities in government services, without discrimination.

13. Protection of Muslim Identity

🔹 Muslims should have the freedom to wear their own dress, follow their customs, and maintain their way of life.

14. No Law Against Muslim Religion and Culture

🔹 Any law affecting Muslims must have their approval before being implemented.

Significance of the Fourteen Points

1. Muslim League’s First Clear Political Demand

 The Fourteen Points clearly defined Muslim concerns and their political demands.
  It became a blueprint for future Muslim politics in India.

2. Rejection of Nehru Report

 The points directly opposed the Nehru Report, which had ignored Muslim demands.

 Jinnah’s speech marked his separation from Congress and Hindu-Muslim unity efforts.

3. Basis for the Two-Nation Theory

 The Fourteen Points highlighted that Hindus and Muslims were two separate nations.

 This idea later led to the demand for Pakistan in 1940 (Lahore Resolution).

4. Strengthened Muslim Political Unity

 The points gave the Muslim League a clear vision and helped unite Muslims under Jinnah’s leadership.

5. Foundation for Future Struggles

 The Fourteen Points were used in the Round Table Conferences (1930-32) to present Muslim demands.

 They were repeated in every Muslim League session and became part of Pakistan’s ideology.

Conclusion

Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929) were a direct response to the Nehru Report and Congress policies. These points
defined Muslim political, cultural, and religious rights, ultimately leading to the demand for Pakistan in 1940.

The Fourteen Points remain a historic document, showing Jinnah’s vision for Muslim autonomy and his leadership in
shaping Pakistan’s future.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. Why did Jinnah present the Fourteen Points?

2. How did the Nehru Report lead to the Fourteen Points?

3. Which point do you think was the most important? Why?

4. How did the Fourteen Points contribute to the Pakistan Movement?

5. Do you think Jinnah wanted a separate country in 1929, or was he still hoping for Muslim rights in India?

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) – Detailed Lecture

Introduction

The Civil Disobedience Movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930 as a non-violent resistance against British
rule in India. The movement aimed at breaking British laws peacefully, refusing to pay taxes, and boycotting British
goods. The most significant event during this movement was the Salt March (Dandi March), where Gandhi and his
followers marched to produce salt in defiance of British law.

The movement played a crucial role in India’s struggle for independence and significantly increased mass participation
in the freedom movement, including women and rural populations.
Background of the Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Simon Commission (1927) and Its Rejection

 The Simon Commission was sent by the British to suggest constitutional reforms, but no Indians were included
in it.

 This led to nationwide protests, and Indians demanded complete self-rule (Swaraj).

2. The Nehru Report (1928) and Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929)

 The Nehru Report demanded dominion status for India.

 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points countered it, emphasizing Muslim political rights.

3. Lahore Session of Congress (1929)

 The Indian National Congress (INC), led by Jawaharlal Nehru, passed the Purna Swaraj (Complete
Independence) resolution.

 January 26, 1930, was declared Independence Day, and people were encouraged to protest against British rule.

Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)

On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement by leading the Salt March (Dandi
March).

1. The Salt March (March-April 1930)

🔹 Gandhi and 78 followers marched 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (a coastal village in Gujarat) to make
salt from seawater.
🔹 This was in defiance of British salt laws, which imposed a heavy tax on salt production.
🔹 The march gained massive public support, and thousands of Indians started making illegal salt.

2. Spread of Civil Disobedience Across India

🔹 Boycott of British goods, schools, and services

3. British Repression and Arrests

🔹 Thousands of protesters were arrested, including Mahatma Gandhi, Nehru, and other leaders.
🔹 Police used brutal force to suppress protests.
🔹 Gandhi’s arrest led to more protests across India.

Major Developments During the Movement

1. First Round Table Conference (1930-1931)

 The British government invited Indian leaders to discuss constitutional reforms.

2. Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 1931)

 Lord Irwin (Viceroy of India) and Gandhi signed an agreement to suspend the movement.

 Terms of the Pact:

o Gandhi agreed to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

o Political prisoners (except violent ones) would be released.

o Indians could produce salt in coastal areas.

o Congress would participate in the Second Round Table Conference.

3. Second Round Table Conference (September-December 1931)

 Gandhi represented Congress but failed to get British approval for independence.

 The conference collapsed, leading to the revival of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

4. Repression and End of the Movement (1932-1934)

 Gandhi was arrested again, and the British took harsh measures to suppress the movement.

 Congress was declared illegal, and many leaders were imprisoned.

 By 1934, the movement lost momentum due to government repression.

Significance of the Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Increased Mass Participation

 Unlike previous movements, this one saw widespread participation of peasants, women, and rural
communities.

2. Exposed British Vulnerability

 The movement showed that British rule was weak and could not control mass protests peacefully.

3. Strengthened Indian Nationalism

 The movement unified people across different regions and castes against British rule.

4. Inspired Future Movements

 The movement laid the foundation for future struggles, including the Quit India Movement (1942).

5. Economic Impact

 The boycott of British goods hurt the British economy, forcing them to make some concessions.

Challenges and Failures of the Movement

1. Failure to Gain Independence

 The movement did not achieve complete independence but created awareness.
2. Limited Muslim Participation

 Muslim League and Jinnah were not fully involved, as they were focusing on Muslim political rights.

3. British Repression

 Strong British suppression and arrests weakened the movement.

Conclusion

The Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) was a major step in India’s struggle for independence. Though it did not
immediately lead to freedom, it mobilized people on a large scale and weakened British authority.

This movement proved that Indians could challenge British rule through non-violent resistance, making it one of the
most important events in India’s independence movement.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. What were the main causes of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

2. How did the Salt March contribute to the movement’s success?

3. Why did the British use force to suppress the movement?

4. How did the movement affect different sections of Indian society?

5. What were the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Allahabad Address (1930) – Detailed Lecture

Introduction

The Allahabad Address was a historic speech delivered by Allama Muhammad Iqbal on December 29, 1930, at the
Annual Session of the All India Muslim League in Allahabad. This speech laid the intellectual foundation for the
creation of Pakistan by proposing the idea of a separate Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent.

It is considered a turning point in Indian history, as it was the first clear articulation of the Two-Nation Theory, which
later led to the Pakistan Movement.

Background of the Allahabad Address

1. Political Situation in India (1920s-1930s)

 The failure of Hindu-Muslim unity after the Khilafat Movement (1919-1924).

 Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) and Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) were mostly
Hindu-dominated.

 Congress and Muslim League had differing goals regarding the future of India.

 Simon Commission (1927) was rejected by Indians due to the lack of Indian representation.

 The Nehru Report (1928) ignored Muslim demands, causing frustration among Muslims.

 Jinnah’s Fourteen Points (1929) demanded political rights for Muslims, but Congress refused to accept them.
In this context, Allama Iqbal, a philosopher and poet, addressed the Muslim League Session in Allahabad to define the
political future of Muslims in India.

Key Points of the Allahabad Address

1. Two-Nation Theory

 Iqbal stated that Muslims and Hindus were two distinct nations, with separate religious, cultural, and social
identities.

 He believed that Islam and Hinduism were not only different religions but also different social systems.

 He rejected the idea of a united India, as it would result in Muslim subjugation under Hindu majority rule.

2. Demand for a Separate Muslim State

 Iqbal proposed an independent Muslim state in the northwestern regions of India.

 He suggested that Punjab, NWFP (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), Sindh, and Balochistan should be united into a self-
governing unit.

 This was the first major political demand for a separate Muslim homeland, which later became Pakistan.

3. Protection of Muslim Identity and Culture

 Iqbal emphasized that Muslims needed political power to preserve their religion, culture, and civilization.

 He warned that in a Hindu-dominated India, Muslims would lose their identity and Islamic values would be at
risk.

4. Islam as a Political and Social System

 He argued that Islam is not just a religion but a complete way of life, including political, economic, and legal
systems.

 Therefore, Muslims needed an independent state where they could practice Islamic principles freely.

5. Criticism of Western Democracy

 Iqbal criticized Western democracy, which was based on majority rule.

 He believed that in a Hindu-majority India, Muslims would always remain a minority with no real political
power.

6. Economic and Social Justice

 Iqbal highlighted the exploitation of Muslims by Hindus in business and agriculture.

 He emphasized the need for an economic system based on Islamic principles to end poverty and social
injustice.

Impact of the Allahabad Address

1. Intellectual Foundation of Pakistan Movement

 Iqbal’s speech provided a clear political vision for Indian Muslims.

2. Influence on Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah

 Jinnah initially supported Hindu-Muslim unity but later adopted Iqbal’s vision.

 The Pakistan Resolution (1940) was based on the ideas presented by Iqbal in 1930.

3. Strengthening of Muslim League

 The Muslim League gained support among Indian Muslims, as Iqbal’s speech addressed their political concerns
and aspirations.

4. Increased Hindu-Muslim Divide

 The address reinforced the idea that Hindus and Muslims could not live together in one nation.

 This led to further tensions between the two communities.

Criticism and Challenges

1. Opposition from Congress and Hindu Leaders

 Congress leaders opposed Iqbal’s idea, arguing that India should remain united.

 They believed Muslims should accept Hindu majority rule under a secular system.

2. Lack of Immediate Action

 Although Iqbal presented his idea in 1930, there was no immediate demand for Pakistan.

 It took another decade before the Pakistan Resolution (1940) formally called for a separate Muslim state.

3. British Response

 The British government ignored Iqbal’s proposal and continued its divide-and-rule policies.

 They preferred keeping India as one colony rather than dividing it.

Conclusion

The Allahabad Address (1930) was a landmark event in the history of the Pakistan Movement. Allama Iqbal not only
redefined Muslim nationalism but also laid the foundation for the creation of Pakistan.

Though Iqbal did not live to see Pakistan’s creation in 1947, his vision and ideas inspired Jinnah and the Muslim League
to achieve an independent homeland for Muslims.

Discussion Questions for Students

1. Why is the Allahabad Address considered a turning point in the Pakistan Movement?

2. What were the main arguments presented by Iqbal in favor of a separate Muslim state?

3. How did the Two-Nation Theory influence the struggle for Pakistan?

4. What was the reaction of Congress and British leaders to Iqbal’s speech?
 5. If Iqbal had not delivered this speech, how might the history of the subcontinent have been different?

The Communal Award (1932)

Background:

 After the failure of the Round Table Conferences, the British government decided to unilaterally impose a
solution to the issue of minority representation.

 On 16 August 1932, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the Communal Award, which
introduced separate electorates for different religious and social groups in India.

Main Features of the Communal Award:

1. Separate electorates for:

o Muslims

o Sikhs

o Christians

o Anglo-Indians

o Europeans

o Dalits (Depressed Classes or Scheduled Castes)

2. Dalits (Untouchables) were given a separate electorate, angering Gandhi, who wanted them to be included
with Hindus.

3. Muslims and other minorities supported the award, as it gave them representation.

Reaction to the Communal Award:

 Mahatma Gandhi opposed the award, especially the separate electorate for Dalits. He went on a hunger strike
at Yerwada Jail.

 B.R. Ambedkar (Dalit leader) supported the award, as it provided representation for Dalits.

 Muslims welcomed the award, as it maintained their separate electorate system.

 Poona Pact (1932): Due to Gandhi’s protest, Ambedkar agreed to a compromise, increasing Dalit representation
in joint electorates instead of separate ones.

2. Government of India Act, 1935

Background:

 The failure of the Round Table Conferences and growing political unrest in India led the British to introduce a
new constitution.

 The Government of India Act 1935 was the largest and most detailed law ever passed for India by the British.

Main Features:

1. Federation of India:

o Proposed a federation with British India + Princely States (but princely states never joined).
 2. Provincial Autonomy:

o Provinces got more powers and Indian ministers controlled local affairs.

o Governor-General still had ultimate control.

3. Separate Electorates Continued:

o Muslims and other minorities kept separate electorates.

4. Diarchy in Center (But Removed in Provinces):

o Central government had Governor-General with British control.

5. Bicameral Legislature at Center:

o Upper House (Council of States) and Lower House (Legislative Assembly) were introduced.

Impact of the Government of India Act 1935:

 Muslim League rejected it, as it did not give enough autonomy.

 Congress opposed it, demanding complete independence.

 Elections were held under this Act in 1937, which revealed Hindu-Muslim divisions.

3. Elections of 1937

Background:

 The first elections under the Government of India Act 1935 were held in February 1937.

 Eleven provinces participated in the elections.

Election Results:

1. Indian National Congress (INC):

o Won majority in 7 out of 11 provinces (UP, Bihar, Bombay, Madras, Central Provinces, Orissa, and
Assam).

o Formed governments in these provinces.

2. All India Muslim League (AIML):

o Performed poorly, winning only 108 out of 482 Muslim seats.

o Failed to form government in any province.

3. Unionist Party (Punjab) & Krishak Praja Party (Bengal):

o These regional parties won and formed governments in Punjab and Bengal.

Congress Ministries (1937-1939):

 Congress formed governments and implemented pro-Hindu policies, which alienated Muslims.

 Vande Mataram, Hindi as official language, and Bande Mataram anthem were promoted, angering Muslims.

 Muslim League was excluded from power, making Jinnah realize the need for a separate Muslim state.
4. Day of Deliverance (22 December 1939)

Background:

 World War II started in 1939.

 British government involved India in the war without consulting Indian leaders.

 Congress protested and resigned from all provincial governments in October 1939.

Why Did Jinnah Declare the Day of Deliverance?

 Congress’s resignation gave Muslims a chance to break from Hindu dominance.

 On 22 December 1939, Jinnah declared it the “Day of Deliverance” to celebrate the end of Congress rule.

 Muslim League organized rallies and prayers to thank Allah for freedom from Congress rule.

Impact of the Day of Deliverance:

 Strengthened Muslim political identity.

 Marked a turning point where Muslims started seeing Congress as a Hindu-dominated party.

5. Reorganization of Muslim League (1937-1939)

Before 1937:

 The Muslim League was weak and divided into regional groups.

 Jinnah returned to India in 1934 and started reorganizing the party.

After 1937 Elections:

1. Jinnah realized the need for a strong Muslim identity.

2. Congress’s behavior convinced many Muslims that they needed their own state.

3. Jinnah focused on uniting Muslims and spreading the idea of Pakistan.

4. From 1937-1939, the Muslim League transformed into a mass movement.

Key Steps in Reorganization:

 Membership drive to increase Muslim League supporters.

 Jinnah toured different provinces, gaining Muslim support.

 Muslim League started adopting strong political positions, preparing for Pakistan’s demand.

Conclusion

The period from 1932-1939 was crucial in Indian history, as it saw:

1. The failure of Hindu-Muslim unity due to the Communal Award.

2. Limited autonomy through the Government of India Act 1935.

4. Muslim League’s transformation into a mass movement.

5. Jinnah’s realization that Muslims needed a separate nation.

This period set the stage for the Lahore Resolution (1940) and the Pakistan Movement.