The document explains the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), detailing how it converts analog signals into digital values through quantization and coding. It discusses key concepts such as resolution, quantization error, various types of errors (offset, gain, non-linearity), and the importance of sampling rates as per the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the use of anti-aliasing filters and the relationship between dynamic range and quantization noise in improving signal accuracy.
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ADC &DCE
The document explains the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), detailing how it converts analog signals into digital values through quantization and coding. It discusses key concepts such as resolution, quantization error, various types of errors (offset, gain, non-linearity), and the importance of sampling rates as per the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the use of anti-aliasing filters and the relationship between dynamic range and quantization noise in improving signal accuracy.
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1.
Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC):
ADCs convert analog values (e.g., voltage, current) into discrete digital values, a necessary step for processing signals in digital systems. The ADC does this by dividing the input range into equally spaced intervals and assigning a digital value to each interval. This process involves two key steps: quantization (dividing the input range) and coding (assigning digital values). 2. Resolution and Quantization Error: The resolution of an ADC refers to the number of intervals or steps it divides the input range into, determined by the number of bits in the ADC. A higher resolution means the ADC can differentiate finer changes in the input. Quantization error occurs because the ADC approximates continuous analog values with discrete steps, resulting in a small error that introduces noise into the system. 3. Error Types: o Offset Error: Occurs when the transfer curve of the ADC deviates from the ideal at the zero input point. It can be corrected. o Gain Error: Refers to a change in the slope of the transfer curve, affecting the ADC’s scaling. It can be compensated through calibration. o Non-Linearity Errors: These include Differential Non- Linearity (DNL) and Integral Non-Linearity (INL), which describe deviations from the ideal straight-line transfer characteristic. These errors are especially important in applications requiring high precision, like audio processing. 4. Sampling and the Nyquist Theorem: Sampling is the process of measuring the analog signal at discrete points in time. According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing (distortion caused by undersampling). If the sampling rate is insufficient, the ADC may incorrectly digitize higher frequency components of the signal, resulting in aliasing. 5. Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filters: To prevent aliasing, it's common to use a low-pass filter (anti-aliasing filter) before the ADC to remove high- frequency components above half the sampling rate. Over- sampling (sampling at a higher frequency than the minimum required by the Nyquist theorem) can also help reduce aliasing by providing a wider frequency band for filtering. 6. Dynamic Range and Quantization Noise: The dynamic range of an ADC refers to the ratio between the smallest and largest signal levels it can measure without distortion. Higher resolution reduces quantization noise and improves dynamic range, allowing the ADC to capture a more accurate representation of the signal.