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ADC &DCE

The document explains the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), detailing how it converts analog signals into digital values through quantization and coding. It discusses key concepts such as resolution, quantization error, various types of errors (offset, gain, non-linearity), and the importance of sampling rates as per the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the use of anti-aliasing filters and the relationship between dynamic range and quantization noise in improving signal accuracy.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views2 pages

ADC &DCE

The document explains the process of Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC), detailing how it converts analog signals into digital values through quantization and coding. It discusses key concepts such as resolution, quantization error, various types of errors (offset, gain, non-linearity), and the importance of sampling rates as per the Nyquist theorem to avoid aliasing. Additionally, it highlights the use of anti-aliasing filters and the relationship between dynamic range and quantization noise in improving signal accuracy.

Uploaded by

mohammadshath912
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC):


ADCs convert analog values (e.g., voltage, current) into
discrete digital values, a necessary step for processing
signals in digital systems. The ADC does this by dividing the
input range into equally spaced intervals and assigning a
digital value to each interval. This process involves two key
steps: quantization (dividing the input range) and coding
(assigning digital values).
2. Resolution and Quantization Error:
The resolution of an ADC refers to the number of intervals
or steps it divides the input range into, determined by the
number of bits in the ADC. A higher resolution means the
ADC can differentiate finer changes in the input.
Quantization error occurs because the ADC approximates
continuous analog values with discrete steps, resulting in a
small error that introduces noise into the system.
3. Error Types:
o Offset Error: Occurs when the transfer curve of the
ADC deviates from the ideal at the zero input point. It
can be corrected.
o Gain Error: Refers to a change in the slope of the
transfer curve, affecting the ADC’s scaling. It can be
compensated through calibration.
o Non-Linearity Errors: These include Differential Non-
Linearity (DNL) and Integral Non-Linearity (INL), which
describe deviations from the ideal straight-line
transfer characteristic. These errors are especially
important in applications requiring high precision, like
audio processing.
4. Sampling and the Nyquist Theorem:
Sampling is the process of measuring the analog signal at
discrete points in time. According to the Nyquist theorem,
the sampling rate must be at least twice the maximum
frequency of the signal to avoid aliasing (distortion caused
by undersampling). If the sampling rate is insufficient, the
ADC may incorrectly digitize higher frequency components
of the signal, resulting in aliasing.
5. Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filters:
To prevent aliasing, it's common to use a low-pass filter
(anti-aliasing filter) before the ADC to remove high-
frequency components above half the sampling rate. Over-
sampling (sampling at a higher frequency than the
minimum required by the Nyquist theorem) can also help
reduce aliasing by providing a wider frequency band for
filtering.
6. Dynamic Range and Quantization Noise:
The dynamic range of an ADC refers to the ratio between
the smallest and largest signal levels it can measure
without distortion. Higher resolution reduces quantization
noise and improves dynamic range, allowing the ADC to
capture a more accurate representation of the signal.

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