Cloud Computing

B. Tech technical Report

by
Vikash babu sah
under the guidance of
Prof. S Dutta
Department of information technology
Institute f engineering and management
Salt Lake, Sector 'v' KOLKATA
Cloud Computing
Abstract
The term \cloud computing" is a recent buzzword in the IT world. Behind
this fancy poetic phrase there lies a true picture of the future of computing for
both in technical perspective and social perspective. Though the term \Cloud
Computing" is recent but the idea of centralizing computation and storage in
distributed data centers maintained by third party companies is not new but
it came in way back in 1990s along with distributed computing approaches like
grid computing. Cloud computing is aimed at providing IT as a service to the
cloud users on-demand basis with greater
exibility, availability, reliability and
scalability with utility computing model. This new paradigm of computing
has an immense potential in it to be used in the
eld of e-governance and in
rural development perspective in developing countries like India.
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Cloud Computing
Acknowledgment
I am greatly indebted to my guideProf. S Dutta for his invaluable
guidance during the course of the seminar. He always gave useful suggestions and
also helped me when the work was not moving ahead at times.
Vikash babu sah
IEM, Kolkata
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Contents
1 Introduction 4
2 Cloud Computing Basics 5
2.1 Types of Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Cloud Stakeholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Advantages of using Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Motivation towards Cloud in recent time 7
4 Cloud Architecture 8
4.1 Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Computing . . . . . 10
4.2 Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Computing . . . . . . 10
4.3 Types of utility cloud services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 Popular Cloud Applications: A Case study 13
5.1 Amazon EC2 and S3 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Google App-Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Windows Azure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6 Cloud Computing Application in Indian context 19
6.1 E-Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 Rural development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
7 Conclusion 25
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1 Introduction
Cloud computing is a recently developing paradigm of distributed computing. Though
it is not a new idea that emerged just recently. In 1969 [16] L. Kleinrock
anticipated,
\As of now, computer networks are still in their infancy. But as they grow up and
become more sophisticated, we will probably see the spread of 'computer utilities'
which, like present electric and telephone utilities, will service individual homes
and
o#ces across the country." His vision was the true indication of today's utility
based
computing paradigm. One of the giant steps towards this world was taken in mid
1990s when grid computing was
rst coined to allow consumers to obtain computing
power on demand. The origin of cloud computing can be seen as an evolution of
grid computing technologies. The term Cloud computing was given prominence
rst
by Google's CEO Eric Schmidt in late 2006 (may be he coined the term) [6]. So
the birth of cloud computing is very recent phenomena although its root belongs to
some old ideas with new business, technical and social perspectives. From the
archi-
tectural point of view cloud is naturally build on an existing grid based
architecture
and uses the grid services and adds some technologies like virtualization and some
business models.
In brief cloud is essentially a bunch of commodity computers networked to-
gether in same or di#erent geographical locations, operating together to serve a
number of customers with di#erent need and workload on demand basis with the
help of virtualization. Cloud services are provided to the cloud users as utility
ser-
vices like water, electricity, telephone using pay-as-you-use business model. These
utility services are generally described as XaaS (X as a Service) where X can be
Software or Platform or Infrastructure etc. Cloud users use these services provided
by the cloud providers and build their applications in the internet and thus
deliver
them to their end users. So the cloud users don't have to worry about installing,
maintaining hardware and software needed. And they also can a#ord these services
as they have to pay as much they use. So the cloud users can reduce their expen-
diture and e#ort in the
eld of IT using cloud services instead of establishing IT
infrastructure themselves.
Cloud is essentially provided by large distributed data centers. These data
centers are often organized as grid and the cloud is built on top of the grid
services.
Cloud users are provided with virtual images of the physical machines in the data
centers. This virtualization is one of the key concept of cloud computing as it
essentially builds the abstraction over the physical system. Many cloud
applications
are gaining popularity day by day for their availability, reliability, scalability
and
utility model. These applications made distributed computing easy as the critical
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Cloud Computing
aspects are handled by the cloud provider itself.
Cloud computing is growing now-a-days in the interest of technical and busi-
ness organizations but this can also be bene
cial for solving social issues. In the
recent time E-Governance is being implemented in developing countries to improve
e#ciency and e#ectiveness of governance. This approach can be improved much by
using cloud computing instead of traditional ICT. In India, economy is agriculture
based and most of the citizens live in rural areas. The standard of living,
agricul-
tural productivity etc can be enhanced by utilizing cloud computing in a proper
way. Both of these applications of cloud computing have technological as well as
social challenges to overcome.
In this report we would try to clarify some of the ideas { Why is cloud
computing a buzzword today? i.e. what are the bene
ts the provider and the users
get using cloud? Though its idea has come long back in 1990 but what situation
made it indispensable today? How is cloud built? What di#erentiates it from similar
terms like grid computing and utility computing? What are the di#erent services are
provided by the cloud providers? Though cloud computing now-a-days talks about
business enterprises not the non-pro
t organizations; how can this new paradigm
be used in the services like e-governance and in social development issues of rural
India?
2 Cloud Computing Basics
Cloud computing is a paradigm of distributed computing to provide the customers
on-demand, utility based computing services. Cloud users can provide more reli-
able, available and updated services to their clients in turn. Cloud itself
consists
of physical machines in the data centers of cloud providers. Virtualization is pro-
vided on top of these physical machines. These virtual machines are provided to the
cloud users. Di#erent cloud provider provides cloud services of di#erent
abstraction
level. E.g. Amazon EC2 enables the users to handle very low level details where
Google App-Engine provides a development platform for the developers to develop
their applications. So the cloud services are divided into many types like Software
as a Service, Platform as a Service or Infrastructure as a Service. These services
are available over the Internet in the whole world where the cloud acts as the
single
point of access for serving all customers. Cloud computing architecture addresses
di#culties of large scale data processing.
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Cloud Computing
2.1 Types of Cloud
Cloud can be of three types [20].
1. Private Cloud { This type of cloud is maintained within an organization and
used solely for their internal purpose. So the utility model is not a big term
in this scenario. Many companies are moving towards this setting and experts
consider this is the 1st step for an organization to move into cloud. Security,
network bandwidth are not critical issues for private cloud.
2. Public Cloud { In this type an organization rents cloud services from cloud
providers on-demand basis. Services provided to the users using utility com-
puting model.
3. Hybrid Cloud { This type of cloud is composed of multiple internal or exter-
nal cloud. This is the scenario when an organization moves to public cloud
computing domain from its internal private cloud.
2.2 Cloud Stakeholders
To know why cloud computing is used let's
rst concentrate on who use it. And
then we would discuss what advantages they get using cloud. There are three types
of stakeholders cloud providers, cloud users and the end users [Figure 1]. Cloud
providers provide cloud services to the cloud users. These cloud services are of
the form of utility computing i.e. the cloud users uses these services pay-as-you-
go
model. The cloud users develop their product using these services and deliver the
product to the end users.
Figure 1: Interconnection between cloud stakeholders
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2.3 Advantages of using Cloud
The advantages for using cloud services can be of technical, architectural,
business
etc [5, 6].
1. Cloud Providers' point of view
(a) Most of the data centers today are under utilized. They are mostly 15%
utilized. These data centers need spare capacity just to cope with the
huge spikes that sometimes get in the server usage. Large companies
having those data centers can easily rent those computing power to other
organizations and get pro
t out of it and also make the resources needed
for running data center (like power) utilized properly.
(b) Companies having large data centers have already deployed the resources
and to provide cloud services they would need very little investment and
the cost would be incremental.
2. Cloud Users' point of view
(a) Cloud users need not to take care about the hardware and software they
use and also they don't have to be worried about maintenance. The users
are no longer tied to some one traditional system.
(b) Virtualization technology gives the illusion to the users that they are
having all the resources available.
(c) Cloud users can use the resources on demand basis and pay as much as
they use. So the users can plan well for reducing their usage to minimize
their expenditure.
(d) Scalability is one of the major advantages to cloud users. Scalability is
provided dynamically to the users. Users get as much resources as they
need. Thus this model perfectly
ts in the management of rare spikes in
the demand.
3 Motivation towards Cloud in recent time
Cloud computing is not a new idea but it is an evolution of some old paradigm of
distributed computing. The advent of the enthusiasm about cloud computing in
recent past is due to some recent technology trend and business models [5].
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1. High demand of interactive applications { Applications with real time response
and with capability of providing information either by other users or by non-
human sensors gaining more and more popularity today. These are generally
attracted to cloud not only because of high availability but also because these
services are generally data intensive and require analyzing data across di#erent
sources.
2. Parallel batch processing { Cloud inherently supports batch-processing and
analyzing tera-bytes of data very e#ciently. Programming models like Google's
map-reduce [18] and Yahoo!'s open source counter part Hadoop can be used
to do these hiding operational complexity of parallel processing of hundreds
of cloud computing servers.
3. New trend in business world and scienti
c community { In recent times the
business enterprises are interested in discovering customers needs, buying pat-
terns, supply chains to take top management decisions. These require analysis
of very large amount of online data. This can be done with the help of cloud
very easily. Yahoo! Homepage is a very good example of such thing. In the
homepage they show the hottest news in the country. And according to the
users' interest they change the ads and other sections in the page. Other than
these many scienti
c experiments need very time consuming data processing
jobs like LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Those can be done by cloud.
4. Extensive desktop application { Some desktop applications like Matlab, Math-
ematica are becoming so compute intensive that a single desktop machine is
no longer enough to run them. So they are developed to be capable of using
cloud computing to perform extensive evaluations.
4 Cloud Architecture
The cloud providers actually have the physical data centers to provide virtualized
services to their users through Internet. The cloud providers often provide separa-
tion between application and data. This scenario is shown in the Figure 2. The
underlying physical machines are generally organized in grids and they are usu-
ally geographically distributed. Virtualization plays an important role in the
cloud
scenario. The data center hosts provide the physical hardware on which virtual ma-
chines resides. User potentially can use any OS supported by the virtual machines
used.
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Cloud Computing
Figure 2: Basic Cloud Computing Architecture
Operating systems are designed for speci
c hardware and software. It results
in the lack of portability of operating system and software from one machine to
another machine which uses di#erent instruction set architecture. The concept of
virtual machine solves this problem by acting as an interface between the hardware
and the operating system called as system VMs [21]. Another category of virtual
machine is called process virtual machine which acts as an abstract layer between
the operating system and applications. Virtualization can be very roughly said to
be as software translating the hardware instructions generated by conventional
soft-
ware to the understandable format for the physical hardware. Virtualization also
includes the mapping of virtual resources like registers and memory to real hard-
ware resources. The underlying platform in virtualization is generally referred to
as host and the software that runs in the VM environment is called as the guest.
The Figure 3 shows very basics of virtualization. Here the virtualization layer
cov-
ers the physical hardware. Operating System accesses physical hardware through
virtualization layer. Applications can issue instruction by using OS interface as
well
as directly using virtualizing layer interface. This design enables the users to
use
applications not compatible with the operating system.
Virtualization enables the migration of the virtual image from one physical
machine to another and this feature is useful for cloud as by data locality lots of
optimization is possible and also this feature is helpful for taking back up in
di#erent
locations. This feature also enables the provider to shut down some of the data
center
physical machines to reduce power consumption.
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Cloud Computing
Figure 3: Virtualization basic [21]
4.1 Comparison between Cloud Computing and Grid Com-
puting
Most of the cloud architectures are built on Grid architecture and utilizes its
ser-
vice. Grid is also a form of distributed computing architecture where organizations
owning data centers collaborate with each other to have mutual bene
t. Although if
apparently seen it seems that cloud computing is no di#erent from its originator in
the
rst look but there are substantial di#erence between them in spite of so many
similarities [12]. The relation between Grid and cloud computing is discussed in
Table 1.
4.2 Relation between Cloud Computing and Utility Com-
puting
The cloud users enjoy utility computing model for interacting with cloud service
providers. This Utility computing is essentially not same as cloud computing.
Utility
computing is the aggregation of computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a traditional public utility like
electricity,
water or telephone network. This service might be provided by a dedicated computer
cluster speci
cally built for the purpose of being rented out, or even an under-utilized
supercomputer. And cloud is one of such option of providing utility computing to
the users.
4.3 Types of utility cloud services
Utility computing services provided by the cloud provider can be classi
ed by the
type of the services. These services are typically represented as XaaS where we
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Table 1: Comparison between Grid & Cloud computing
Cloud Computing
Characteristics Grid Computing
Adopts project oriented busi-
ness model. The participating
parties agree to share a cer-
Business Model
tain amount of resource with Uses Pay-as-you-go model.
others and gain the opportu-
nity of using all other grids'
resources.
Schedules dedicated resources
by a queuing service. Un-
Share all resources simultane-
til all the resources are avail-
ously to all the users at the
able as speci
ed by the LRM
same time. This allows la-
Resource Management
(Local Resource Manager) the
tency intensive and interac-
job waits in the queue. Thus
tive applications run naively
interactive and latency inten-
in cloud.
sive applications are not exe-
cuted e#ciently in grid.
No virtualization, as the data
centers are handled by the in-
dividual organizations of their
own. So they generally man- For cloud computing one of
age those usually physically the essential components is
but not by virtualization. Al- virtualization. This is for pro-
Virtualization
though there are some e#orts viding abstraction and encap-
being given by some com- sulation to the users of the
panies like Nimbus for vir- cloud.
tualization to make dynamic
deployment and abstraction
available.
Executing tasks may be small
Supports only loosely cou-
or large, loosely coupled or
Application model
pled and transaction oriented,
tightly coupled, compute in-
mostly interactive jobs.
tensive or data intensive.
Grids build on the assump-
tion that resources are hetero-
Cloud security is now in its in-
Security model
geneous and dynamic. Thus
fancy.
security is engineered in fun-
damental grid infrastructure.
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can replace X by Infrastructure or Platform or Hardware or Software or Desktop or
Data etc. There are three main types of services most widely accepted - Software
as a Service, Platform as a Service and Infrastructure as a Service. These services
provide di#erent levels of abstraction and
exibility to the cloud users. This is shown
in the Figure 4.
Figure 4: Cloud Service stack
We'll now discuss some salient features of some of these models -
1. SaaS (Software as a service) { Delivers a single application through the web
browser to thousands of customers using a multitenant architecture. On the
customer side, it means no upfront investment in servers or software licens-
ing; on the provider side, with just one application to maintain, cost is low
compared to conventional hosting. Under SaaS, the software publisher (seller)
runs and maintains all necessary hardware and software. The customer of
SaaS accesses the applications through Internet. For example Salesforce.com
with yearly revenues of over $300M, o#ers on-demand Customer Relationship
Management software solutions. This application runs on Salesforce.com's own
infrastructure and delivered directly to the users over the Internet. Salesforce
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does not sell perpetual licenses but it charges a monthly subscription fee start-
ing at $65/user/month [10]. Google docs is also a very nice example of SaaS
where the users can create, edit, delete and share their documents, spread-
sheets or presentations whereas Google have the responsibility to maintain
the software and hardware.
E.g. - Google Apps, Zoho O#ce.
2. PaaS (Platform as a service) { Delivers development environment as a ser-
vice. One can build his/her own applications that run on the provider's infras-
tructure that support transactions, uniform authentication, robust scalability
and availability. The applications built using PaaS are o#ered as SaaS and
consumed directly from the end users' web browsers. This gives the ability to
integrate or consume third-party web-services from other service platforms.
E.g. - Google App Engine.
3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) { IaaS service provides the users of the
cloud
greater
exibility to lower level than other services. It gives even CPU clocks
with OS level control to the developers.
E.g. - Amazon EC2 and S3.
5 Popular Cloud Applications: A Case study
Applications using cloud computing are gaining popularity day by day for their high
availability, reliability and utility service model. Today many cloud providers are
in
the IT market. Of those Google App-Engine, Windows Azure and Amazon EC2,
S3 are prominent ones for their popularity and technical perspective.
5.1 Amazon EC2 and S3 Services
Amazon Elastic Computing (EC2) [13] is one of the biggest organizations to pro-
vide Infrastructure as a Service. They provide the computer architecture with XEN
virtual machine. Amazon EC2 is one of the biggest deployment of XEN architec-
ture to date. The clients can install their suitable operating system on the
virtual
machine. EC2 uses Simple Storage Service (S3) for storage of data. Users can
hire suitable amount CPU power, storage, and memory without any upfront com-
mitment. Users can control the entire software stack from kernel upwards. The
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Cloud Computing
architecture has two components one is the EC2 for computing purposes and S3 is
for storage purposes [14].
# Simple Storage Service: S3 can be thought as a globally available distributed
hash table with high-level access control. Data is stored in name/value pairs.
Names are like UNIX
le names and the value can be object having size up-to
5 GB with up-to 4K of metadata for each object. All objects in Amazon's
S3 must
t into the global namespace. This namespace consists of a \bucket
name" and an \object name". Bucket names are like user names in traditional
email account and provided by Amazon on
rst come
rst serve basis. An
AWS (Amazon Web Services) account can have maximum of 100 buckets.
Data to S3 can be sent by SOAP based API or with raw HTTP \PUT" com-
mands. Data can be retrieved using SOAP HTTP or BitTorrent. While using
BitTorrent the S3 system operates as both tracker and the initial seeder. There
are also some tools available which enables the users to view S3 as a remote
le system. Upload download rate from and to S3 is not that much exiting.
One developer from Germany reported experiencing 10-100 KBps. This rate
can go up-to 1-2 MBps on the higher side depending on the time of the day.
Although the speed is not that much fascinating it is good enough for deliv-
ering web objects and for backup purposes although for doing computation it
is not suitable.
Amazon S3 has a very impressive support for privacy, integrity and short
term availability. Long term availability is unknown as this depends on the
internal commitment of Amazon data centers. Data privacy can be obtained
by encrypting the data to be stored. But this encryption is to be done by the
user before storing the data in S3. One can use SSL with HTTPS to connect
to S3 for more security but this usage of SSL increases upload/download time
also. Data integrity can be achieved by checking end to end MD5 checking.
When an object is stored into S3 then it returns MD5 of that object. One
can easily check it with previously computed hash value to guarantee data
integrity. Short term availability depends upon the Amazon's connectivity
and load on its server at that instant. Once the data is actually in the S3 then
it is Amazon's responsibility to take care of it's availability. They claim that
the data is backed up on multiple hard drives in multiple data centers but
doesn't guarantee this by any Service Level Agreement. There is no backup
or recovery mechanism if the user accidentally deletes any data.
Amazon has a very impressive scheme of authentication in comparison to other
cloud services. Every AWS account has an Access Key ID and a Secret Key.
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Cloud Computing
The ID is of 20 characters and the Key is a 41 character string. When signing
HMAC is
rst computed for the sign request parameters using that Key. And
in the Amazon server that HMAC is again computed and compared with
the value previously computed in the client side. These requests also include
timestamp to prevent replay attacks.
# Elastic Compute Cloud: As the name implies EC2 rents cloud of computers
to the users with
exibility of choosing the con
guration of the virtual machine
like RAM size, local disk size, processor speeds etc.
Machines that deliver EC2 services are actually virtual machines running on
top of XEN platform. Users can store a disk image inside S3 and create a
virtual machine in EC2 using tools provided by Amazon. This virtual machine
can be easily instantiated using a java program and can also be monitored.
As EC2 is based on XEN it supports any linux distribution as well as other
OSs. Amazon does not promise about reliability of the EC2 computers. Any
machine can crash at any moment and they are not backed up. Although these
machine generally don't crash according to the experience of the users but it
is safe to use S3 to store information which is more reliable and replicated
service. EC2 security model is similar to that of S3. The only di#erence is
that the commands are signed with an X 509 private key. But this key is
downloaded from AWS account so the security depends fundamentally on the
AWS username and password.
5.2 Google App-Engine
Google App-Engine [1] is a platform for developing and deploying web applications
in Google's architecture. This provides Platform as a Service to the cloud users.
In
2008 Google App-Engine was
rst released as beta version. Languages supported
by Google App-Engine are python, java and any extension of JVM languages. App-
Engine requires developers to use only languages which are supported by it and this
is also applied with APIs and frameworks. Now Google App-Engine allows storing
and retrieving data from a BigTable non-relational database.
AppEngine applications are expected to be request-reply based. Google App-
engine provides automatic scalability, persistent data storage service. Data store
features a query engine and transaction capabilities. These applications are easy
to scale as tra#c and data storage need to grow so the cloud user doesn't have
to worry about the spikes in the tra#c or data. These applications are generally
suitable for social networking start-ups, event-based websites catering to seasonal
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events or institutions (schools, colleges, universities, government agencies) etc
[22].
5.3 Windows Azure
Windows Azure [9] is an intermediate in the spectrum of
exibility vs programmer
convenience. These systems use .NET libraries to facilitate language independent
managed environment. This service falls under the category of Platform as a Ser-
vice. Though it is actually in between complete application framework like Google
App-Engine and hardware virtual machines like EC2. Azure applications run on
machines in Microsoft data centers. By using this service customers can use it to
run applications and store data on internet accessible machines owned by Microsoft.
windows Azure platform provides three fundamental components - compute com-
ponent, storage component and fabric component. Basic components of Windows
Azure are shown in Figure 5.
# The Compute Service: The primary goal of this platform is to support a large
number of simultaneous users. (Microsoft also said that they would use Azure
to build their SaaS applications which motivated many potential users.) To
allow applications to scale out Microsoft uses multiple instances of that appli-
cations on virtual machines provided by Hypervisor. Developers use Windows
Azure portal through Web browser, and use Windows live ID to sign in into
his/her hosting account or storage account or both.
Two di#erent types of Azure instance is available: Web role instance and
Worker role instances.
{ Web role instance: As the name implies this type of instance can accept
HTTP or HTTPS requests. For this facility Microsoft uses IIS (Internet
Information Services) as a web server inside the VM provided. Developers
can build applications using ASP.NET, Windows Communication Foun-
dation (WCF) or any other .NET technology or native codes also like
C++. PHP or java based technologies also supported in Azure. Azure
scales applications by running multiple instances without any a#nity with
a particular Web role instance. So it is perfectly natural for an Azure
application to serve multiple requests from a single user by multiple in-
stances. So this requires to write the client state in the Azure storage
after each client request.
{ Worker role instance: This type of instances are very similar to that of
Web role instances. But unlike the Web role instances these don't have
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Cloud Computing
Figure 5: Windows Azure component architecture
IIS con
gured. They can be con
gured to run executable of users' right.
Worker role instance is more likely to function like a background job.
Web role instances can be used to accept request from the users and then
they can be processed by Worker role instances in a later point of time.
For a compute intensive work many Worker role instances can run in
parallel.
Loging and monitoring of Azure applications is made easy by provision of ap-
plication wide log. a developer can collect performance related information like
measure of CPU usage, store crash dumps in the storage. Azure doesn't give
the developer the freedom to use his/her own VM image for Windows Azure.
The platform maintains its own Windows. Applications in Azure run only in
user mode - no administrative access isn't allowed here. So Windows Azure
can update the operating system in each VM without any concern of a#ecting
the applications running on it. This approach separates administrative work
from the user domain.
# The Storage Service: Applications running in Azure uses storage of di#erent
types:
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{ Blobs: This is used for storing binary data in a simple hierarchy. Blobs
can have associated metadata with them. A user account can have one
or more containers and these containers have one or more blobs.
{ Storage tables: Blobs provide mechanisms for unstructured data but for
more structured purposes tables are more suitable. These tables are
nothing like tables in a traditional database. They are actually stored
in a group of entities. These tables can be accessed by using ADO.NET
Data Services. SQL is not preferable for scale out issues.
{ Queue : This is not a structure like tables or blobs to store data but
these queues are used to store messages about tasks to be performed by
Worker role instance. These tasks are written by Web role instances on
receiving request from clients. A Worker role instance waiting on that
queue can read the message and perform the task it speci
es.
All data in the Windows Azure storage is replicated three times for providing
fault tolerance. Azure also keeps backups in geographically distributed data
centers. Windows Azure storage can be accessed by any Windows Azure ap-
plication as well as any application hosted at another cloud platform. All the
blobs, tables, queues are named using URIs and can be accessed by HTTP
methods calls.
Some applications have inherent need for relational databases. This is provided
in the form of SQL Azure. This is build on Microsoft SQL Server. This data
can be accessed via ADO.NET or by other Windows data access interfaces.
# The Fabric: All Windows Azure application and all of the data stored in Azure
Storage live are physically happen inside some of the data centers handled by
Microsoft. In the data centers the set of machines dedicated to Azure are
organized into a fabric. These machines are managed by fabric controller.
These are replicated in
ve to seven machines. These controllers are aware
of every Windows Azure application running in that fabric and also owns
all the resources like computers, switches, load balancers etc. Controllers
monitors, decides which resources to allocate to new applications looking at
the con
guration
le with the application. They also monitor the running
applications.
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6 Cloud Computing Application in Indian con-
text
Today most of the studies in cloud computing is related to commercial bene
ts.
But this idea can also be successfully applied to non-pro
t organizations and to
the social bene
t. In the developing countries like India Cloud computing can
bring about a revolution in the
eld of low cost computing with greater e#ciency,
availability and reliability. Recently in these countries e-governance has started
to

ourish. Experts envisioned that utility based computing has a great future in e-
governance. Cloud computing can also be applied to the development of rural life in
India by building information hubs to help the concerned people with greater access
to required information and enable them to share their experiences to build new
knowledge bases.
6.1 E-Governance
E-Governance is an interface between Government and public or this can be an
interface between two governments or between government and business organiza-
tions [7]. Objectives are generally to improve e#ciency and e#ectiveness to serve
public demand and to save costs for online services. This requires Government to
have the will to decentralize the responsibilities and processes and start to have
faith
on electronic and internet systems. E-government is a form of e-business in gover-
nance and refers to the processes and structures needed to deliver electronic
services
to the public (citizens and businesses), collaborate with business partners and to
conduct electronic transactions within an organizational entity. This E-Governance
can be greatly improved by utility computing [8].
Impact of Technology in E-governance -
# 24/7 Service Model { Systems and services require high availability. Get the
citizens feel that Government is always at their service.
# Need for Content { Web contents should be regularly updated and the infor-
mation provided to the public should be su#cient. Respective departments
should be responsible for providing the information.
# Human Resource { Building these IT skilled resources would need properly
trained personals. This would make government to compete with other private
organizations.
19
Cloud Computing
# Security { Sensitive Government data is to be highly secured. Policies are to
be taken seriously maintained and designed.
# Privacy { Personal data should be given su#cient privacy. It can be a di#cult
issue if data is stored across di#erent departments and computer systems.
Recently Government of India have taken initiative and launched several
projects to facilitate people with better mechanism of governance using IT as a
tool.
They have launched projects like Gyan Ganga, e-Gram [17] to leverage the strength
of connectivity. Gyan Ganga is one of the initiatives of the Government of Gujrat
to ensure wireless Internet connectivity to 18000 villages in Gujrat. This project
is based on corDECT a technology based on Wireless Local Loop (WLL). Rural
citizens are provided with facilities like browsing emails, Internet, land records,
rural job opportunities, status of various government projects, information about
local weather, soil and consult with experts to increase productivity in
agriculture,
to have answer to their queries about veterinary and health care. Gyan Ganga comes
with other facilities with on-line registration of various applications, on-line
public
grievance form, information on Government projects etc.
Another Government of India initiative is E-Gram computerization of local
Gram panchayats. This is also now implemented in the villages of Gujrat. This E-
Gram provides the rural people services like birth and death certi
cation, property
assessment, tax-collection, accounts of gram panchayats etc.
Why traditional systems are not su#cient? For maintaining traditional sys-
tems in e-government there are many more disadvantages.
# Application life cycle management { Applications are generally developed in
evolutionary manner and changes should be consistent across all the depart-
ments and up gradation should be performed when the system is functioning.
# Software licensing { Software should be licensed for each and every depart-
ment terminal. This incurs a large amount of establishment cost.
# Scalability { Traditional centralized systems have inherent weakness towards
the aspect of scalability.
# Security { This is the most crucial aspect for e-governance. Government
information is highly sensitive. So they should be highly secured. For the
traditional systems all the systems across all the departments should have
su#cient security.
20
Cloud Computing
Most of these disadvantages are addressed by cloud computing [2].
# Scalability { Cloud computing by design supports scalability. The data cen-
ters have enough computing and storage capacity to cope up with the spike
demand.
# Modi
able { Applications hosted in cloud can be modi
ed internally without
too much concern of the end users. Change in one place would re
ect in all
the places inherently and it would be consistent.
# Data logging { This central facility can be very useful for locating any fault
in the system. Logging can also be used for detecting unauthorized usage
checking or detecting compromization.
# Availability { Cloud services are well known for high availability. If any data
center is down for any reason there is hot backup ready to work immediately.
Virtual machine migration is used to great extend in this situation to facilitate
load balancing in case of failure of some systems.
# Reliability { Replication and migration of instances across data centers make
the reliability of the system very high in the cloud scenario.
# Physical disaster recovery { Backup policies can be very useful for physical
disaster avoidance and this is inherent to the cloud system. Data is stored
in di#erent physical location so that hot backup can be provided whenever
needed.
# Policy management { Polices can be managed in a centralized fashion. This is
helpful for introducing Government policies readily unlike the present scenario.
# Legacy software { An already developed software can be moved to cloud with
minor changes some times. So the Government doesn't incur cost for develop-
ing applications which it already has.
# Pay model { Cloud providers' pay-as-you-use model enables the customer
(Government) to reduce cost of deployment and control the usage.
# Reduce power consumption { Adaptation of cloud reduces power consump-
tion in di#erent o#ces and usage of power is concentrated in the data center
only. But also that is not the concern of the government as those data centers
are to be handled by the third party who provides cloud services.
21
Cloud Computing
Though it seems that cloud computing is indispensable for e-government but
there are many issues related to Cloud Computing application -
# Security Concern { Government works are highly security sensitive and the
policies sometimes must not be go into public. But in cloud computing scenario
security is not properly implemented today. So this is a big concern.
# Policy Concern { Government has certain policies but the third party cloud
provider may have contradicting policies.
# Lack of faith in networks { Many government departments don't have that
much trust in networks and internet. So they would not jump into accepting
cloud computing.
6.2 Rural development
In the context of rural development cloud computing can also be used to success
for its centralized storage and computing facility and utility based pay model. As
per [3] 72.2% of total Indian population resides in rural areas. According to the
survey conducted by \Hole in the Wall project" [11] computer literacy among boys
and girls of age group 8-14 in rural area varies across the regions of India. It is
40-
50% in most of the regions. So the computer literacy is not a concern in rural
India
and also in [11] it shown that learning rate is pretty high for computer literacy.
Agriculture is India's biggest employment source, accounting for 52% employment
in India [4]. And agricultural sector contributes to 20% of country's total GDP. So
it is very important to make a serious attempt to develop rural India.
Rural development can be in the form of education, agriculture, health, cul-
ture or in any other
elds. Now a days most of the villages have some access to
electricity and cellular phone. So there is technical feasibility of establishing
com-
puter systems. But the mentality of the people haven't been changed that much
and that's why the spread of personal computer is not that much signi
cant in the
villages. We think this growth rate can be enhanced if the computing system is
really cheap, easy to operate with minimum level of knowledge, without upfront
commitment and more essentially if the system is helpful to enhance their life
style.
The main aim of the system is to make the people in rural areas to have access to
recent technology and with the help of the computing system enhance their standard
of living and also this would lead to a grater good of developing the nation.
Why not traditional web services?
22
Cloud Computing
# Availability { Many of the services should be available always like health
etc. These availability issues are not that well handled by the traditional web
services as they are handled typically by a single server and thus the server
downtime is always there to happen.
# The villagers have to own a PC { To use traditional web services through in-
ternet the villagers need to own a PC which would increase their investment.
Then the issues of need for technical experts for software/hardware installa-
tion and maintenance are needed. But naturally the number of such experts is
very less in number in the remote village. Upgradation of software or hardware
would be a problem both economically and technically.
With the help of cloud computing this can be made possible. We'll now
discuss the technological and economic advantages for using cloud.
# No upfront commitment { The villagers need not to invest too much to buy
computing system and commit. But instead they can have very low cost
terminals with basic functionality of I/O and have a network access.
# No maintenance issues { The users need not to be an expert for maintenance.
This solves the unavailability of technical experts in the remote villages as the
maintenance issues are handled by the cloud provider explicitly.
# Upgraded version of hardware and software { The users always use the up-
graded version of software and hardware as maintained by the cloud provider.
This reduces the cost of up gradation.
# On-demand resource allocation { The virtual resources can be extended as
needed. If the user needs more resource then it is provided on demand basis.
# Utility computing model { The economic model used by the cloud is pay-as-
you-use. This enables the users handle the cost they have to pay.
By using cloud computing model some improvement of the current system is
possible to bring about social and as well as economic prospect in rural India.
# Share knowledge and build knowledge base { Most of the agriculture related
issues are generally local and they can't be solved by general expertise. So
it happens many times that the so called experts are not the right person to
answer the problems but instead the local farmers are better in understanding.
23
Cloud Computing
So in these situations better solution can be given by the local experts. If these
local experts access a common space to share their knowledge then others
eventually come to know about the solution. Thus a knowledge base can be
build which would represent the issues in that local scenario. It is like building
Wikipedia.
# Health and medical services { In the developing countries like India one of
the concern of Rural health care is in spite of best intention from both the
medical professionals and patients a practical challenge is faced for di#culties
of communications among interested parties [15]. This issue can be solved
using cloud computing in an appropriate way. Consultation among doctors
around the world make sharing of knowledge possible and takes telemedicince
to the next level, creating a network that goes beyond the one-to-one, patient-
to-patient, patient-to-doctor or doctor-to-doctor interactions. In this way a
patient su#ering from a particular disease can be better treated by consulting
with doctors within region and also outside who may have more experience
with such a case.
# Education in remote areas { Education in rural areas can be enhanced with
the help of distance education. Education can be provided in di#erent lan-
guages and with respect to di#erent curriculum with the aid of e-learning
components. Students can be encouraged to build their own multimedia pre-
sentations. These can be hosted in the cloud. This type of approach encourage
the students to concentrate more on learning and representing the material and
also that would build the knowledge in the cloud for other students to refer.
This is possible with the aid of cloud computing with greater reliability and
availability.
# Government decision making { Looking at the common knowledge base the
Government can have a fair knowledge of the local situation and take adoptive
steps.
# Access to Information hub { Government can provide relevant information
such as land revenue data, weather data, soil information etc. through these
cloud services to the people concerned.
All these things are possible with right initiative. These may need customiz-
ing the original cloud services. Some generally unpopular services like Desktop as
a Service may make sense in these scenario which essentially tells about providing
the users a virtual desktop environment. But deployment of cloud services in rural
areas have some issues associated with it.
24
Cloud Computing
# The
rst and foremost issue for the deployment of internet based services in
rural India is the availability of electricity and networks. Currently there are
a number of initiatives underway to explore alternative to wired Internet, in-
cluding WiFi, WiMax, satellite-based Internet connectivity. Such an e#ort is
made by Midas Communication technologies and Indian Institute of Madras
in the name of corDECT which is a wireless access system. It provides simul-
taneously voice and 35-70kbps Internet access to wireless subscriber. Another
e#ort is [19] where the authors modi
ed traditional WiFi to make it e#ciently
work in long distance suitable in the context of rural area.
# Optimization due to data locality { Store the data where it is mostly used is
known as the data locality. This is very helpful for optimization purpose. This
can be done by establishing data centers in rural India. But the cost of power
and bandwidth may not be cheap in many places. So for those places some
e#ciency and economic trade o# should be obeyed.
India is now world's 2nd fastest growing economy. As per World Bank survey,
by this year the growth rate of India's economy would be faster than currently
fastest
economy China. In India there is very large scope of applying IT in domestic level
and that encouraged the cloud providers to establish cloud services in India. Today
companies like Reliance, TATA, Zenith Computers, Wipro Technologies, Netmagic
Solutions, and Reliance are providing cloud services in India successfully. These
companies can grasp the huge market in the rural India as well as making social
development.
7 Conclusion
Cloud computing is a newly developing paradigm of distributed computing. Vir-
tualization in combination with utility computing model can make a di#erence in
the IT industry and as well as in social perspective. Though cloud computing is
still in its infancy but its clearly gaining momentum. Organizations like Google,
Yahoo, Amazon are already providing cloud services. The products like Google
App-Engine, Amazon EC2, Windows Azure are capturing the market with their
ease of use, availability aspects and utility computing model. Users don't have to
be
worried about the hinges of distributed programming as they are taken care of by
the cloud providers. They can devote more on their own domain work rather than
these administrative works. Business organizations are also showing increasing in-
terest to indulge themselves into using cloud services. There are many open
research
25
Cloud Computing
issues in this domain like security aspect in the cloud, virtual machine migration,
dealing with large data for analysis purposes etc. In developing counties like
India
cloud computing can be applied in the e-governance and rural development with
great success. Although as we have seen there are some crucial issues to be solved
to successfully deploy cloud computing for these social purposes. But they can be
addressed by detailed study in the subject.
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