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Natural Frequenies

The document presents a detailed analysis of the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and buckling loads of Euler-Bernoulli beam columns subjected to dynamic axial compressive periodic forces. It includes the finite element method (FEM) formulation, derivation of stiffness and mass matrices, and the implementation of MATLAB code for simulations. Results are validated against theoretical values, showing minimal error percentages for a cantilever beam column.

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Sulaiman AL Majdub
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15 views5 pages

Natural Frequenies

The document presents a detailed analysis of the natural frequencies, mode shapes, and buckling loads of Euler-Bernoulli beam columns subjected to dynamic axial compressive periodic forces. It includes the finite element method (FEM) formulation, derivation of stiffness and mass matrices, and the implementation of MATLAB code for simulations. Results are validated against theoretical values, showing minimal error percentages for a cantilever beam column.

Uploaded by

Sulaiman AL Majdub
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Natural Frequencies, Mode Shapes and Buckling Loads for Euler – Bernoulli

Beam Columns under Dynamic Axial Compressive Periodic Forces


By : Sulaiman Muhammad EL Majdub

Solid Mechanics and Stress Analysis Laboratory Engineer

University of Tripoli – Faculty of Engineering – Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering

Tripoli, Libya E-mail: : [email protected]

1. FEM formulation of the Euler – Bernoulli Beam

The column is discretized using two – nodded Euler – Bernoulli 1D beam elements of length ‘l’
with two degrees of freedom namely transverse displacement and rotation at each node as shown in
Fig 1. Let I be the moment of inertia of the beam cross sectional area. To describe the displacement
at intermediate nodal points, Hermite interpolation polynomial shape functions 𝐍𝒋 (𝒙) are used :

𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑
𝐍𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝟑 ( ) + 𝟐( ) ;
𝒍 𝒍
𝒙 𝟐
𝐍𝟐 (𝒙) = 𝒙 [𝟏 − ( )] ;
𝒍
𝒙 𝟐 𝒙 𝟑
𝐍𝟑 (𝒙) = 𝟑 ( ) − 𝟐( ) ;
Figure 1 : 1D Two – nodded beam element
𝒍 𝒍

𝒙 𝟐 𝒙
𝐍𝟒 (𝒙) = 𝒙 [( ) − ( )] (𝟏)
𝒍 𝒍

On substituting these shape functions into the weak form of the beam differential equation by
assuming the approximate solution of the transverse displacement 𝐰(𝒙) take the following form :

𝐰(𝒙) = ∑ 𝐍𝒋 (𝒙)𝐪𝒋
𝒋=𝟏

The transverse displacement 𝐰(𝒙) can be written as :

𝐪𝟏
𝐪𝟐
𝐰(𝒙) = [𝐍𝟏 (𝒙) 𝐍𝟐 (𝒙) 𝐍𝟑 (𝒙) 𝐍𝟒 (𝒙)] [𝐪 ] (𝟐)
𝟑
𝐪𝟒

2. Element Stiffness Matrix

The elemental potential energy Ue of the beam element is given by :

𝟏 𝒍 𝛛𝟐 𝛛𝟐 𝐰
𝐔𝐞 = ∫ (𝐄𝐈 ) 𝐝𝒙 (𝟑)
𝟐 𝟎 𝛛𝒙𝟐 𝛛𝒙𝟐

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Substituting equation (2) in equation (3) and applying Galerkin’s method, results in the elemental
stiffness matrix of the beam element.

The elemental stiffness matrix is given by :

𝒍
𝐊 𝐞 = ∫𝟎 [𝐁]𝐓 𝐄𝐈[𝐁] 𝐝𝒙

𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝒍 −𝟏𝟐 𝟔𝒍
𝐄𝐈 𝟔𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐 −𝟔𝒍 𝟐𝒍𝟐
𝐊𝐞 = 𝟑 [ ] (𝟒)
𝒍 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟔𝒍 𝟏𝟐 −𝟔𝒍
𝟔𝒍 𝟐𝒍𝟐 −𝟔𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐

3. Element Mass Matrix

The elemental kinetic energy Te of the beam element is given by :

𝟏 𝒍 𝛛𝟐 𝐰
𝐓𝐞 = ∫ 𝛒𝐀 ( 𝟐 ) 𝐝𝒙 (𝟓)
𝟐 𝟎 𝛛𝐭

Where ρ is the mass density per volume of the beam and A is the cross-sectional area of the
beam. Substituting equation (2) in equation (5) and applying Galerkin’s method results in the
elemental mass matrix for the beam element.

The elemental mass matrix is given by :

𝒍
𝐌 𝐞 = ∫ [𝐍]𝐓 𝝆𝐀[𝐍] 𝐝𝒙
𝟎

𝟏𝟓𝟔 𝟐𝟐𝒍 𝟓𝟒 −𝟏𝟑𝒍


𝝆𝐀𝒍 𝟐𝟐𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐
𝟏𝟑𝒍 −𝟑𝒍𝟐
𝐌𝐞 = [ ] (𝟔)
𝟒𝟐𝟎 𝟓𝟒 𝟏𝟑𝒍 𝟏𝟓𝟔 −𝟐𝟐𝒍
−𝟏𝟑𝒍 −𝟑𝒍𝟐 −𝟐𝟐𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐

4. Elemental Geometric Stiffness Matrix

The beam is subjected to an external axial periodic force p(t) ,the elemental work done by the
external periodic force p(t) is given by

𝟏 𝒍 𝛛𝟐 𝐰
𝐖𝐞 = ∫ 𝐩(𝐭) ( ) 𝐝𝒙 (𝟕)
𝟐 𝟎 𝛛𝒙𝟐

Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (7) and applying the Galerkin’s method yields in the geometric
stiffness matrix for the beam element.

𝒍
𝐝𝐍 𝐓 𝐝𝐍
𝐊 𝐞𝐠 =∫ [ ] [ ] 𝐝𝒙
𝟎 𝐝𝒙 𝐝𝒙

The elemental geometric stiffness matrix given as follows

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𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝒍 −𝟑𝟔 𝟑𝒍
𝟏 𝟑𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐 −𝟑𝒍 −𝒍𝟐
𝐊 𝐞𝐠 = [ ] (𝟖)
𝟑𝟎𝒍 −𝟑𝟔 −𝟑𝒍 𝟑𝟔 −𝟑𝐥
𝟑𝒍 −𝒍𝟐 −𝟑𝒍 𝟒𝒍𝟐

Where 𝐾𝑔𝑒 is called geometric stiffness matrix or stability matrix or initial stress matrix.

5. Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes

On solving the Eigen value equation

|𝐊 − 𝛚𝟐 𝐌| = 𝟎 (𝟗)

Where K is the assembled stiffness matrix of the beam and M is the assembled mass matrix of the
beam, we get Eigenvalues / natural frequencies and Eigenvectors / mode shapes

6. Buckling Loads and Buckling Mode Shapes


On solving the Eigen value equation

|𝐊 − 𝛌𝐊 𝐆 | = 𝟎 (𝟏𝟎)

Where K is the assembled stiffness matrix of the beam and KG is the assembled geometric stiffness
matrix of the beam, we get Eigenvalues / Euler buckling load and Eigenvectors/buckling mode shapes
of the beam.

7. About the Present MATLAB Code


The present code can be used to find the natural frequencies, mode shapes and
buckling load and plot the mode shapes for the given beam column.

Four different boundary conditions as shown in Fig 2 are considered in the code.

Figure 2 : Columns with different boundary conditions

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User can change the type of boundary condition. Aso User can change the number of
elements and geometric, physical properties of the beam accordingly.

At present the following are the values used in the code


Number of Elements :
nel = 50
Material properties (MKS system)
Young’s modulus, E = 2.1*10^11
Moment of inertia of cross-section, I = 2003.*10^-8
Mass density of the beam, mass = 61.3
Total length of the beam, tleng = 7

To validate the code the values obtained are compared with the theoretical formulae’s available in
references and literatures. Error percentage is also shown.
The following are the result obtained for a clamped – free beam column / cantilever beam column :

Table 1 :
Natural frequencies (rad/S) and Buckling load (N) for the beam column

Mode No Theory FEM Error %


1 18.8177 18.7964 -0.1132
2 117.6106 117.7950 0.1568
3 329.8443 329.8295 -0.0045
First Fundamental Buckling Load 211806.642334 211808.760400 -0.0010

Page 4 of 5
Figure 3 : First Four Mode Shapes (frequencies in rad/s)

Figure 4 : First four Buckling mode shapes (buckling loads in N)

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