Most Essential Learning

Competencies
Explain how the products of
weathering are carried away
by erosion and deposited
elsewhere. (S11/12ES-1b-12)
Weathering, Erosion
and Deposition
MA. LOIDA BO- BOTICARIO
EXOGENIC PROCESSES
The processes that take place at or
near the Earth’s surface

EXOGENIC PROCESSES
1. explain how weathering, erosion and
deposition occur;
2. identify agents of weathering, erosion and
deposition;
3. cite the results of weathering, erosion and
deposition;
4. trace how rock materials are carried away
through the action of natural agents;
5. appreciate the impact brought about by
exogenic processes.
Weathering
is a process by which rocks are
broken into smaller fragments.

This process is due to rocks’

exposure to varying temperature,
pressure, substances and biological
actions.
 Physical Weathering
happens when a large rock
breaks into pieces
physically without
alteration in its chemical
composition.
 Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering requires
chemical reaction between
rock minerals and other
substances in the
environment in order to break
rocks.
 Break It Down
Identify the type of weathering that
caused the breaking of rock in each
situation.
Write “mechanical weathering”
or “chemical weathering” in your
notebook.
Rock expands when hot and contracts
when cold. Repeated expansion and
contraction split a rock into pieces.

mechanical weathering
Burrowing animals loosened
rock particles and broke
them apart.
mechanical weathering
Naturally-formed acid came in contact
with a rock. After several years,
minerals in rock disintegrated and
turned into sediments.

Chemical weathering
Oxygen in water reacted with iron in
rocks forming rust. Due to rusting,
the rock became brittle and later
broke into fine particles.

Chemical weathering
A boulder rolled down a cliff
then shattered into pieces
upon hitting the base.
mechanical weathering
Name the agent of erosion that is primarily
responsible in shaping the landform shown
in the pictures. Choose the answer from
options inside the box.

glacier gravity
water wind
Erosion
When rock particles are
moved from one place
to another
Deposition
Dropping of sediment by
wind, water, ice or
gravity
Water
Wind
gravity
water
glacier
 GROUP ACTIVITY

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY

Using the
picture,
explain how
weathering,
erosion and
deposition has
affected the land
surface.
the picture shows a mountain side and a stream. It
can be seen from the picture that plants have
grown on the surface. This means that rocks in
this area have been weathered and turned into
soil. It is also observable that some rock
materials in the mountain have been stripped-
off. This is an evidence that erosion has taken
place. Smaller pieces of rocks that have been
eroded are deposited at the base of the
mountain and are carried away by the stream
flow.
Based from the
pictures, how
do humans
intervene with
the natural
process of
weathering,
erosion and
deposition?
Based from the pictures, human activities
intervene in the natural process of weathering,
erosion and deposition through removal and
transport of large portion of soil and rocks
intended for engineering, industrial and
agricultural purposes.
These activities alter the natural course of water
flow and decrease the water-holding capacity
of rocks and soil which will then result to
increased rate of weathering, erosion and
deposition.
 Physical Weathering
happens when a large rock
breaks into pieces
physically without
alteration in its chemical
composition.
Physical Weathering
the root of a plant
growing in a crack of
a boulder will
eventually split the
rock into smaller
parts.
 Physical Weathering
In colder countries, water that gets
into the pores of a rock may freeze
and then thaw; alternate freezing
and thawing splits rocks apart.
Physical Weathering
In deserts, too much heat
causes rock particles to
expand and to contract
when cooled; alternate
expansion and
contraction also results
to breaking of rocks.
 When you kick a piece of rock and it
crumbles down to pieces, you become an
agent of mechanical weathering.
 Processes that lead to the mechanical
disintegration of rocks:

FROST WEDGING – when water

gets inside the joints, alternate
freezing and thawing episodes pry
the rock apart.
 Processes that lead to the mechanical
disintegration of rocks:

Salt Crystal Growth – force

exerted by salt crystal that formed
as water evaporates from pore
spaces or cracks in rocks can
cause the rocks to fall apart.
Salt Crystal Growth / salt cracking
 Processes that lead to the mechanical
disintegration of rocks:

Abrasion – wearing away of

rocks by constant collision of
loose particles.
 Processes that lead to the mechanical
disintegration of rocks:

Biological Activity – plants

and animals (including
humans) as agents of
physical weathering.
 Practical exercise
Can you identify these rock textures?

Write here Write here Write here Write here

Write here Write here Write here Write here

 Chemical Weathering
Chemical weathering requires
chemical reaction between
rock minerals and other
substances in the
environment in order to break
rocks.
 For example, the iron component of
rocks may react with oxygen in water
to form rust; rust makes the rocks
weak and brittle causing them to
disintegrate.
Major Processes : Chemical Weathering

Dissolution – dissociation of
molecules into ions; common
example includes dissolution
of calcite and salt.
Major Processes : Chemical Weathering

Oxidation – reaction
between minerals and
oxygen dissolved in
water.
Major Processes : Chemical Weathering
Major Processes : Chemical Weathering

Hydrolysis – change in
the composition of
minerals when they react
with water
Major Processes : Chemical Weathering
Carbonation – mixing of water
with carbon dioxide to make
carbonic acid.
This type of weathering is
important to the formation of
caves.
• Mechanical and chemical weathering
work together to produce fine, loose
rock particles called sediments.
• Sand, silt and clay are terms used to
describe the size of sediment.
• Gradually, sediments turn into soil, a
highly valuable resource.
Soil is composed of weathered rock
particles, organic matter, mineral
fragments, water and air.
 Factors Affecting Weathering
Rock
Climate Rock Type
Structure

Duration of
Slope
Exposure
 Climate
● Chemical
weathering is
more effective
and rapid in
regions with high
temperature and
rainfall.
 Climate
● Temperature has a
significant effect in
hastening chemical
reactions
happening in rocks.
 Climate
● Water plays an
important role in
mechanical
weathering as well
as in carrying-out
most reactions in
chemical
weathering.
 Rock Type
● Some rocks have
different degree
of resistance to
mechanical and
chemical
weathering.
 Rock Type
● Quartzite, a hard
but brittle rock, is
highly resistant to
chemical weathering
but less resistant to
mechanical
weathering.
 Rock Type
● Some rock types are
more susceptible to
weathering than others.
For example, marble
can be weathered more
easily than granite
when exposed to similar
conditions.
 Rock Structure
● Weathering agents
may enter a rock mass
though its joints, faults,
folds and bedding
planes.
● High number of these

entry points makes

rocks less resistant to
both mechanical and
chemical weathering.
 ● Weathering is faster in
Slope steeper slopes than in less
steep slopes.
Duration of Exposure

● Rocks that are

exposed to
weathering
agents for a
longer period of
time is more likely
to weather easily.
 Erosion and
Deposition
● Weathering makes
rocks smaller and
lighter, thus easier to be
moved and transported.
When rock particles are
moved from one place
to another, the process
is called erosion.
 Erosion and
Deposition
● As agents of erosion carry
the rock particles, they lose
energy until such point that
they can no longer hold
them.
● Rock sediments are then
dropped to certain
locations, usually of lower
elevation.
 Erosion and
Deposition

● Deposition
is the process by
which sediments
are dropped off by
agents of erosion.
 Agents of Erosion

WATER WIND GLACIERS GRAVITY

Water
● Rainwater that does not soak or evaporate
runs over the ground, carrying with it rock
particles.
● This surface runoff eventually enters a
body of water such as streams, lakes and
oceans.
● As water continues to move along, it picks
up sediments.
● Lightweight sediments become suspended
in water and are carried away by water
while heavier particles roll along the bottom.
● Large ocean waves pound along edges of
land, wearing down rocks in it.
● Sediments deposited in ocean basins may
gradually undergo lithification to form
sedimentary rocks.
 Wind
● Loose rock and soil particles are
carried away by wind and are
deposited at other places.
● Wind is capable of transporting
light particles over large areas
thousands of kilometers away.
● When wind blows strongly, it may
pick larger particles causing
sandstorm in deserts and arid
regions.
● A dust storm may take place
when fast wind lifts dry and fine
soil particles.
 Glaciers
● Glacier is a large mass of ice and snow
that forms in colder parts of the world.
● As glaciers move across land, they
erode solid rocks and deposit eroded
materials somewhere.
● When ice at the base of a glacier melts,
water penetrates the pores and cracks of
the rock beneath it.
● As water refreezes, rock fragments are
plucked by the ice and are dragged along
to different locations.
● Glacial erosion scars rock surface
forming grooves and striations.
 Gravity
● Gravity is a major force that drives
erosion and deposition.
● Soil and weathered materials in high
elevations like hills and mountain are
pulled down by gravity.
● Loose rocks on a steep slope may roll
downside and deposit materials at the
base.
● The downslope movement of large
amounts of soil and rock particles due the
effect of gravity is called mass wasting
or mass movement. Mass wasting can
be slow or fast.
 How can
weathering, erosion
and deposition be
beneficial?
 How can
weathering,
erosion and
deposition be
harmful?
The image below shows the tragic landslide in
Sagñay, Camarines Sur on December 29,
2019. This event left the villagers devastated
due to fatalities, casualties, loss of dwellings
and source of income. If you were a resident
of the place, what would you do to develop
the eroded area to make it productive again?