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MODULE-1 Chapter-1

The document discusses the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in equilibrium with each other. It also covers various methods of measuring temperature, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, gas thermometers, thermocouples, and electric resistance thermometers, as well as the International Temperature Scale established in 1948. The document outlines the principles and equations related to these temperature measurement methods and their applications.

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Manjunath K N
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4 views

MODULE-1 Chapter-1

The document discusses the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, which states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in equilibrium with each other. It also covers various methods of measuring temperature, including liquid-in-glass thermometers, gas thermometers, thermocouples, and electric resistance thermometers, as well as the International Temperature Scale established in 1948. The document outlines the principles and equations related to these temperature measurement methods and their applications.

Uploaded by

Manjunath K N
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-1

Chapter -1
Zeroth law of thermodynamics, Temperature; concepts, scales, international fixed points and measurement of
temperature. Constant volume gas thermometer, constant pressure gas thermometer, mercury in glass
thermometer, thermocouples, electrical resistance thermometer. Numerical

Zeroth law of thermodynamics:


It states that if two bodies are independently thermal equilibrium with a third body, then they are in thermal
equilibrium with each other.

Consider three bodies A, B and C as shown in figure. Let bodies A and B are in thermal equilibrium with
body C independently. Then according to zeroth law the two bodies A & B shall also be in thermal equilibrium
with each other.
Zeroth law is also called as principle of temperature measurement. According to zeroth law the
temperature of given body is measured as shown in figure.
Body whose temperature is to be measured.

Adiabatic and Diathermic wall


An adiabatic wall is one which does not allows the heat to interact between the systems
Diathermic wall is one which allows the heat to flow between two systems.

Temperature concept
Consider two systems having any two gases with thermodynamic properties x1, y1-----etc. and x2, y2 ... etc.
These systems are made to interact with each other through an adiabatic wall. It is seen that no change in
thermodynamic properties of the two systems even after a long period of time.
Now let the adiabatic wall is replaced by diathermic wall. The two systems are now interacts with each other
across this wall. Then the thermodynamic properties of both systems change rapidly. Finally change stops and
both the systems come to equilibrium.
The change of state of one effects the change of state in the other. Finally when equilibrium is attained by
the two systems atleast one property acquires a common value for both the systems. Let this property we call as
temperature and let the two systems considered have attained thermal equilibrium.

Temperature Measuring Methods (Thermometric properties)


The science which deals with the measurement of temperature is called thermometry. Low and medium
temperatures are measured with the help of thermometers, whereas high temperatures are measured with the help
of thermocouples and pyrometers. _
Different methods of temperature measurement are
1. Change in volume method: In this method, volume is used as thermometric property. A substance that expands
proportionately with increase in temperature is made use of. The substance may be mercury (-38 to 300° C),
Alcohol (-10 to 150° C).
2. Change in pressure method: In this method pressure is the thermometric property. If a gas confined to a
constant volume, its pressure will increase as the temperature increases. This change in pressure may be correlated
to measure the temperature.
3. Change in electric resistance method: Electric resistance is used as a thermometric property. Electrical
resistance of metal increases in direct proportion to temperature increase. This measured change in the resistance
of a particular piece of wire can be converted for the measurement of temperature.
4. Optical change method: Brightness of the body is used as thermometric property. The instrument which
makes use of this method is known as optical pyrometer. The brightness of the hot body is compared with an
adjustable and calibrated source of 10 with in the instrument.
5. Change in electric - potential method:
E.M.F developed by a circuit is used as a thermometric property. The device that makes use of this method is
called thermocouple. Thermocouple is based on the principle that when a current flows in a closed circuit made
of two dissimilar metals, whose junction is kept at two different temperatures. The emf that is developed can be
calibrated to measure the temperature.
International Temperature Scale
Based on six fixed temperature points dependent upon physical properties of certain materials, a temperature
standard known as International temperature scale was adopted in 1948. The various fixed reference points are
given in the table shown below.
Table: Fixed points in international temperature scale
°C K
1063 1336.16 Gold point Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid gold

960.8 1233.96 Silver point Temperature of equilibrium between solid and liquid silver

444.6 717.6 Sulphur point Temperature of equilibrium between liquid sulphur and its vapour

100.0 373.16 Steam point Temperature of equilibrium between liquid water and its vapour

0.0 273.16 Ice point Temperature of equilibrium between ice and air-saturated water

-182.97 90.03 Oxygen point Temperature of equilibrium between liquid oxygen and its vapour

The temperature interval from the oxygen point to the gold point is divided into different ranges as follows.
(i) Between oxygen point and ice points (-182.97 to 0°C): In this range platinum resistance thermometer is
recommended for measurement.
Based on resistance of platinum resistance thermometer
RT = Ro [1 + AT + BT + C(T-100) T3] is used
where C = constant determined from resistance measurement at oxygen point.
Ro = Resistance at 0 °C; ohms,
A, B = constants determined from measured values of RT at steam and sulphur points;
RT = Resistance at temperature T, ohms.
(ii) Between Ice point and (630.5°C) Antimony point; platinum resistance thermometer is used.
Rt = R0(1+ AT + BT2)
(iii) Between 630.5°C and gold point (1063.0°C): standard thermocouple of platinum and platinum -10% rhodium
is recommended.
E = a + bT+cT2 is used.
E = emf of thermocouple when one junction is at 0° C and the other at temperature T °C
T = Temperature in specified range.
a, b, c = constants determined from emf measurements taken at antimony, silver and gold points.
(iv) Above gold point (1063°C): to measure temperatures above 1063°C, radiation pyrometers are recommended.

Different types of thermometers


1. Liquid in Glass Thermometers
2. Constant Volume Gas Thermometers
3. Constant Pressure Gas Thermometers
4. Thermocouple
5. Electric Resistance Thermometers
1. Liquid-in-glass thermometer (Mercury-in-glass thermometer.)
A small quantity of liquid enclosed in a glass capillary in called liquid-in-glass thermometer, In this thermometer,
the expansion of the liquid (which is the length of liquid column) is used as the thermometric property.
e.g. : Mercury-in-glass thermometer.

L, Ltp are thermometric properties (length)

2. Constant volume gas thermometer:


3. Constant pressure gas thermometer:
4. Thermocouple
When two wires of different materials are joined at their ends with different temperatures existing at the two
junctions, an electromotive force (e.m.f) is generated. The generated e.m.f may be used as a measure of the
temperature of one junction, if the temperature at the other junction is known. Such a thermometer is known as a
thermocouple. The e.m.f generated (ES) when two dissimilar metal A and B are joined at their ends with respective
temperatures T1 and T2 is shown in the figure
5. Electric Resistance Thermometer
Platinum is a standard material for the resistance element in the resistance thermometer. It has certain desirable
features like; it is stable, it can be drawn into fine wires, it can be obtained in extremely high purity and it has a
high melting point.
The resistance-temperature relationship of the platinum thermometer is non-linear. If the relationship is linear,
the temperature may be expressed in terms of resistance change. This constitutes the platinum scale of
temperature.
The thermometer comprises of a resistance element, electrical leads and a resistance measuring device. The
resistance element in the form of coil of fine platinum, nickel or copper is wound on to a ceramic former and
enclosed in a pyrex glass tube. The change in resistance is measured using the leads connected to a Wheatstone
bridge circuit.
The resistance RT. of the platinum resistance element at any temperature T on platinum scale is expressed by the
equation,
RT = R0(1+ T +T2)
where,  and  are the temperature coefficient of resistance obtained by measuring resistance at steam point
(100°C) and ice point (0°C) and sulphur point respectively, and Ro is the resistance of platinum wire at ice-point
(0°C). A typical resistance thermometer is shown in figure

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