S.

No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference

Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless salt Absence of copper, manganese, cobalt and iron

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour Ammonical smell May be ammonium
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Deliquescent May be Nitrates or Chlorides
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Colourless gas with ammonical smell May be an ammonium salt
colour or residue on heating is noted

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add
6 No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, sulphate
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric
7 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of chloride, bromide, iodide, oxalate etc.,
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense
8 Sodium Hydroxide test Presence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently. fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract

Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid

9 Test for Carbonate No brisk effervesence absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
 To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
10 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white Precipitate Absence of Sulphate
chloride

To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium dichromate

Yellow colour solution is obtained. Which give yellow
in a test tube and add concentrated Sulphuric acid. Presence of Chloride is confirmed
Precipitate with acetic acid and lead acetate
Heat and pass the gas in sodium hydroxide solution.

11 Test for Chloride To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops A curdy white precipitate which doesn't dissolve in
of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver concentrated Nitric acid but soluble in ammonium Presence of Chloride
nitrate solution. hydroxide solution

To 0.5 mg of given salt add 0.4 mg of manganese

Evolution of greenish yellow gas which turns starch
dioxide and add 2 ml of conc Sulphuric acid heat the Presence of Chloride
iodide paper blue.
test tube.
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the water is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group Zero
Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense
12 Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution Presence of Ammonium radical
fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride
Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution.add Nessler's
13 Reddish Brown precipitate Presence of Ammonium radical is confirmed
reagent

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains chloride anion
2 The given salt contains Ammonium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Ammonium chloride
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless Absence of copper, manganese , cobalt etc

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour Ammonical smell may be ammonium salt
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Light Absence of aluminium, magnesium, calcium
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

Pungent smelling gas which fumes with glass rod
5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Presence of ammonium radical
dipped in HCl
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic flame Absence of calcium, barium, copper etc.,
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add
7 No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, sulphide
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense
9 Sodium Hydroxide test Presence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently. fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
 Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid

10 Test for Carbonate No Brisk effervesences Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate
chloride
11 Test for Sulphate
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.
A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate is confirmed
Heat cool and add few drops of Lead acetate solution

ANALYSIS FOR CATION

Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group Zero
Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense
18 Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution Presence of Ammonium radical
fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride
Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution.add Nessler's
19 Reddish Brown precipitate Presence of Ammonium radical is confirmed
reagent

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Sulphate anion
2 The given salt contains Ammonium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Ammonium sulphate
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless Absence of copper, manganese , cobalt etc
A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb
2 Odour Ammonical smell may be ammonium salt
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Light Absence of aluminium, magnesium, calcium
paper
A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and
4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.
Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted
5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Ammonical smell Presence of ammonium radical
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic flame Absence of calcium, barium, copper etc.,
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add
7 No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, sulphide
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with

Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense
9 Sodium Hydroxide test Presence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently. fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.
To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
White precipitate presence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
10 Test for Carbonate
To 5ml of Sodium carbonate extract add equal
White precipitate Presence of Carbonate is confirmed
amount of Magnesium sulphate
 To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
11 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white precipitate' Absence of sulphate
chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group Zero

Evolution of Pungent smelling gas which gives dense

18 Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution Presence of Ammonium radical
fumes with glass dipped in Hydrochloride

Take 0.5 g of given salt and add Sodium hydroxide solution.add Nessler's
19 Reddish Brown precipitate Presence of Ammonium radical is confirmed
reagent

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Carbonate anion
2 The given salt contains Ammonium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Ammonium carbonate
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless salt Absence of copper , manganese, cobalt

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide and sulphite
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Light and Deliquescent May be Nitrates or Chlorides
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Brown colour gas is evolved Given salt may contain Nitrate ion or Bromide ion
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic colour Absence, of barium copper, cobalt, and calcium
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add Gas with brown colour is evolved which turns the
7 Presence of Nitrate
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little. starch iodide paper blue
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric Brown fumes which intensifies on addition of copper
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. Presence of Nitrate
Acid Test turnings or bits of filter paper
Warm and heat gently
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9 Sodium Hydroxide test No pungent smell Absence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.
To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
 To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops
11 Test for Chloride of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver No curdy white precipitate Absence of Chloride
nitrate solution.
To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add
Blue colour formed Presence of Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent

12 Test for Nitrate To 3 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.

Heat and add 10 drops of Freshly prepared Ferrous Formation of Brown ring at the junction of solutions
Presence of Nitrate is confirmed.
sulphate solution. Add Concentrated Sulphuric acid is formed
along the walls of test tube

To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute

13 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white Precipitate is formed Absence of Sulphate
chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group

To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric

14 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

16 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No Precipitation is formed Absence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

17 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium White gelatinous precipitation is formed Presence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group III
Dissolve the precipitate in boiling water with sodium Hydroxide Solution. Divide
Formation of white precipitate Presence of Aluminium
into two parts. To part A add Ammonium Chloride and boil

18
 To part B add Dilute Hydrochloric acid, 2 drops of blue litmus. Add excess of
18 Blue Precipitate floats of Clear solution Presence of Aluminium Confirmed
ammonia solution

To the original salt solution add aluminion reagent Red colouration formed Presence of Aluminon is confrimed

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Nitrate anion
2 The given salt contains Aluminium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is aluminium Nitrate
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light colourless salt Absence of copper , manganese, cobalt

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide and sulphite
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Light salt May be aluminium salt
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the White fumes with suffocating odour is evolved Given salt may contain Sulphate ion
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic colour Absence, of barium copper, cobalt, and calcium
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, sulphide,
7 No characterstic change
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little. acetate
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of Chloride,bromide and iodide
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9 Sodium Hydroxide test No pungent smell Absence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.
 To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops
11 Test for Chloride of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver No curdy white precipitate Absence of Chloride
nitrate solution.
To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add
12 Test for Nitrate No blue colour Absence of Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate
chloride
13 Test for Sulphate
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.
A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate is confirmed
Heat cool and add few drops of Lead acetate solution

ANALYSIS FOR CATION

Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group
To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric
14 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

15 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No Precipitation is formed Absence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

16 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium White gelatinous precipitation is formed Presence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group III

Dissolve the precipitate in boiling water with sodium Hydroxide Solution. Divide
Formation of white precipitate Presence of Aluminium
into two parts. To part A add Ammonium Chloride and boil

17
 17 To part B add Dilute Hydrochloric acid, 2 drops of blue litmus. Add excess of
Blue Precipitate floats of Clear solution Presence of Aluminium Confirmed
ammonia solution

To the original salt solution add aluminion reagent Red colouration formed Presence of Aluminon is confrimed
Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Sulphate anion
2 The given salt contains Aluminium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Aluminium Sulphate
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light colourless salt Absence of copper , manganese, cobalt

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide and sulphite
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Light and Deliquescent May be Nitrates or Chlorides
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, sulphide, sulphate etc.,
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic colour Absence, of barium copper, cobalt, and calcium
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, sulphide,
7 No characterstic change
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little. acetate
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. Greenish yellow gas with suffocating smell Presence of Chloride
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9 Sodium Hydroxide test No pungent smell Absence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.
 To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water

To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium dichromate

Yellow colour solution is obtained. Which give yellow
in a test tube and add concentrated Sulphuric acid. Presence of Chloride is confirmed
Precipitate with acetic acid and lead acetate
Heat and pass the gas in sodium hydroxide solution.

11 Test for Chloride To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops A curdy white precipitate which doesn't dissolve in
of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver concentrated Nitric acid but soluble in ammonium Presence of Chloride
nitrate solution. hydroxide solution

To 0.5 mg of given salt add 0.4 mg of manganese

Evolution of greenish yellow gas which turns starch
dioxide and add 2 ml of conc Sulphuric acid heat the Presence of Chloride
iodide paper blue.
test tube.
To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add
12 Test for Nitrate No blue colour Absence of Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
13 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white Precipitate is formed Absence of Sulphate
chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group
To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric
14 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

16 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No Precipitation is formed Absence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

17 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium White gelatinous precipitation is formed Presence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group III
 Dissolve the precipitate in boiling water with sodium Hydroxide Solution. Divide
Formation of white precipitate Presence of Aluminium
into two parts. To part A add Ammonium Chloride and boil

To part B add Dilute Hydrochloric acid, 2 drops of blue litmus. Add excess of
18 Blue Precipitate floats of Clear solution Presence of Aluminium Confirmed
ammonia solution

To the original salt solution add aluminion reagent Red colouration formed Presence of Aluminon is confrimed

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Chloride anion
2 The given salt contains Aluminium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is aluminium Chloride
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless salt Absence of copper, manganese, cobalt

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb

2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide, sulphate
and finger

Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of

3 Density Deliquescent May be Nitrates or Chlorides
paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Yellowish green gas with pungent smell is evolved given salt may contain chloride ion
A pinchorofresidue
colour given substance
on heatingisistaken
notedin a watch glass
and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic change Absence of calcium barium copper salts
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
Reaction with Dilute and
Takeintroduced in flame
0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add
7 No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphide , sulphite
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with

Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of bromide, iodide,
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9 Sodium Hydroxide test No ammonical smell Absence of Ammonium
hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.
To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate is formed. Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium dichromate
Yellow colour solution is obtained. Which give yellow
in a test tube and add concentrated Sulphuric acid. Presence of Chloride is confirmed
Precipitate with acetic acid and lead acetate
Heat and pass the gas in sodium hydroxide solution.
12 Test for Chloride
 To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops A curdy white precipitate which doesn't dissolve in
12 Test for Chloride of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver concentrated Nitric acid but soluble in ammonium Presence of Chloride
nitrate solution. hydroxide solution
To 0.5 mg of given salt add 0.4 mg of manganese
Evolution of greenish yellow gas which turns starch
dioxide and add 2 ml of conc Sulphuric acid heat the Presence of Chloride
iodide paper blue.
test tube.
To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add
13 Test for Nitrate No Blue colour Absence of Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
14 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white Precipitate is formed Absence of Sulphate
chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group

To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric

15 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

16 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed Abence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

17 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium No precipitate is formed Absence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.

Absence of Group IV radicals (Cobalt, Zinc,

18 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed
Manganese)

Boil of Hydrogen sulphide in the filtrate and add

19 Test for Group V No precipitate is formed Absence of Group V radicals (Barium and calcium)
Ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide

20 Test for Group VI Remaining filtrate Presence of Group VI radicals (Magnesium)

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group VI
To the filtrate of V group add Ammonium acetate. Heat and concentrate to about 2 ml add equal amount of water. Divide the solution into two parts and proceed

To part A add Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate solution followed by ammonium

21 White Crystalline precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium
solution

22 To part B add magneson reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide solution A Sky blue precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium is confirmed

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Chloride anion
2 The given salt contains Magnesium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Magnesium chloride
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless salt Absence of copper, manganese, cobalt salts
A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb
2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide,
and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of May be salt of Aluminium magnesium, calcium or
3 Density Light
paper Zinc

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and

4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the White fumes with suffocating odour is evolved Given salt may contain Sulphate ion
colour or residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass

and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characterstic change Absence of calcium, barium, copper salts
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add
7 No characterstic change Absence of carbonate, nitrate, sulphite, acetate salts
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with

Concentrated Sulphuric
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. No characterstic change Absence of chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate salts
Acid Test
Warm and heat gently

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium

9 Sodium Hydroxide test No characterstic change Absence of ammonium radical
hydroxide solution and warm gently.

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
 Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed.
Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid

10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water

To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute

hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate
chloride
14 Test for Sulphate
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.
A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate is confirmed
Heat cool and add few drops of Lead acetate solution

ANALYSIS FOR CATION

Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group

To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric

15 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

16 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed Abence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

17 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium No precipitate is formed Absence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.

Presence of Group IV radicals (Cobalt, Zinc,

18 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed
Manganese)

Boil of Hydrogen sulphide in the filtrate and add

19 Test for Group V No precipitate is formed Absence of Group V radicals (Barium and calcium)
Ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide
 20 Test for Group VI Remaining filtrate Presence of Group VI radicals (Magnesium)

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group VI
To part A add Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate solution followed by ammonium
21 White Crystalline precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium
solution

22 To part B add magneson reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide solution A Sky blue precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium is confirmed

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Sulphate anion
2 The given salt contains Magnesium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Magnesium sulphate
S.No Experiment Procedure Observation Inference
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light Colourless salt Absence of copper, manganese, cobalt salts
A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb
2 Odour No characterstic smell Absence of acetate, sulphide salts
and
Feel finger
the weight of salt by taking in small piece of
3 Density Deliquescent May be Nitrates or Chlorides
paper
A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and
4 Solubility 5 ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If soluble Absence of insoluble salts.
not soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted

5 Heat test the colour of the gas evolved and change in the Brown colour gas is evolved Given salt may contain Nitrate ion or Bromide ion
A pinchorofresidue
colour given substance
on heatingisistaken
notedin a watch glass
and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a
6 Flame test No characteristic change May be sodium salt
thick paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum
Reaction with Dilute and introduced
Take in flame
0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add Gas with brown colour is evolved which turns the
7 Presence of Nitrate
Sulphuric Acid dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little. starch iodide paper blue
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with
Concentrated Sulphuric Brown fumes which intensifies on addition of copper
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. Presence of Nitrate
Acid Test turnings or bits of filter paper
Warm and heat gently
Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9 Sodium Hydroxide test No characteristic change Absence of Ammonium salt
hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid
10 Test for Carbonate No white precipitate Absence of carbonate
pass the gas evolved in lime water
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops
11 Test for Chloride of dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver No curdy white precipitate Absence of chloride
nitrate solution.
To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add
Appearance of Blue colour Presence of Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent

12 Test for Nitrate To 3 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.

Heat and add 10 drops of Freshly prepared Ferrous Formation of Brown ring at the junction of solutions
Presence of Nitrate is confirmed.
sulphate solution. Add Concentrated Sulphuric acid is formed
along the walls of test tube
 To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
13 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium No white precipitate Absence of sulphate
chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group
To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric
15 Test for Group I No white precipitate Absence of Group I radicals (Lead)
acid

16 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed Abence of Group II radicals (Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

17 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium No precipitate is formed Absence of Group III radicals (Aluminium)
Hydroxide solution.
Presence of Group IV radicals (Cobalt, Zinc,
18 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas No precipitate is formed
Manganese)
Boil of Hydrogen sulphide in the filtrate and add
19 Test for Group V No precipitate is formed Absence of Group V radicals (Barium and calcium)
Ammonium carbonate and ammonium hydroxide
20 Test for Group VI Remaining filtrate Presence of Group VI radicals (Magnesium)
CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group VI
To part A add Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate solution followed by ammonium
21 White Crystalline precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium
solution

22 To part B add magneson reagent and excess of sodium hydroxide solution A Sky blue precipitation is formed Presence of Magnesium is confirmed

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Nitrate anion
2 The given salt contains Magnesium Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Magnesium Nitrate
S.No Experiment Procedure
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light
A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb
2 Odour
and finger

3 Density Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and 5

4 Solubility ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If not
soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted the
5 Heat test colour of the gas evolved and change in the colour or
residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass and

added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a thick
6 Flame test
paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum and
introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add dilute
7
Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric acid and warm a little.

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with

Concentrated
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid.
Sulphuric Acid Test
Warm and heat gently

Sodium Hydroxide Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9
test hydroxide solution and warm gently.

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of dis
solution for 15 minutes. Add water if needed. Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known
Extract. It is used for Confirmatory test of anions.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid pass

10 Test for Carbonate
the gas evolved in lime water

To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium dichromate in

a test tube and add concentrated Sulphuric acid. Heat
and pass the gas in sodium hydroxide solution.

11 Test for Chloride

 11 Test for Chloride To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract and few drops of
dilute nitric acid and add about 1 ml of silver nitrate
solution.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add 0.4 mg of manganese

dioxide and add 2 ml of conc Sulphuric acid heat the
test tube.
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solutio
solution.
Separation of the radicals into the various Group

12 Test for Group I To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric acid

13 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

14 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium
Hydroxide solution.

15 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group IV

To the filtrate from the group analysis boil off Hydrogen Sulphide cool and
add Sodium hydroxide solution. Boil and filtrate. No precipitation is formed.
16 To the filtrate pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

To another part add potassium ferrocyanide solution

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Chloride anion
2 The given salt contains Zinc Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Zinc Chloride
 Observation Inference
l Appearance
colourless salt Absece of copper, Iron salts
Absence of acetate, ammonium
No charsterstic Odour
salts
May be salt of Aluminium
Light
magnesium, calcium or Zinc

soluble Absence of insoluble salts.

Absence of acetate, sulphite,

No characterstic change
sulphate salts

Absence of Calcium and barium

No characterstic Change
Salt

Absence of carbonate, nitrate,

No characterstic Change
sulphide

Colourless gas with pungent smell

which gives dense fumes with rod Presence of Chloride
dipped in ammonium hydroxide.

Evolution of Pungent smelling gas

which gives dense fumes with glass Presence of Ammonium
dipped in Hydrochloride

ry Test for Anion

odium Carbonate Extract
arbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the
. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate

A white precipitate is formed. presence of carbonate

Yellow colour solution is obtained.

Presence of Chloride is
Which give yellow Precipitate with
confirmed
acetic acid and lead acetate
 A curdy white precipitate which
doesn't dissolve in concentrated
Presence of Chloride
Nitric acid but soluble in ammonium
hydroxide solution

Evolution of greenish yellow gas

which turns starch iodide paper Presence of Chloride
blue.
S FOR CATION
of Original Solution
The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt

dicals into the various Group

Presence of Group I radicals
No White Precipitation is formed
(Lead)
Presence of Group II radicals
No Precipitation is formed
(Lead, Copper, Arsenic)

No White gelatinous precipitation is Presence of Group III radicals

formed (Aluminium)

Presence of Group IV radicals

Precipitation is formed
(Cobalt, Zinc, Manganese)

ORY TEST FOR CATION

sis for Group IV

Dirty White Precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed

Bluish white precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed

S.No Experiment Procedure
Physical Appearance
1 Colour The colour of the given salt is seen in bright light

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between Thumb and

2 Odour
finger

3 Density Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece of paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test tube and 5

4 Solubility ml of distilled water is added and shaken well. If not
soluble the solution is warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and noted the
5 Heat test colour of the gas evolved and change in the colour or
residue on heating is noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch glass and

added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid to make a thick
6 Flame test
paste. The mixture is taken in a clean platinum and
introduced in flame

Reaction with
Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and add dilute
7 Dilute Sulphuric
Sulphuric acid and warm a little.
Acid

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold it with

Concentrated
8 Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc. Sulphuric acid. Warm
Sulphuric Acid Test
and heat gently
Sodium Hydroxide Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add sodium
9
test hydroxide solution and warm gently.
Confirmatory Test for Anion
Preparation
Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodiumof SodiumMix
carbonate. Carbonate Extract
with the glass rod and add 20 ml of d
minutes. Add water if needed. Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodiu
Confirmatory test of anions.
To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric acid pass
10 Test for Carbonate
the gas evolved in lime water

To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium dichromate in a

11 Test for Chloride test tube and add concentrated Sulphuric acid. Heat and
pass the gas in sodium hydroxide solution.

To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add

12 Test for Nitrate
diphenylamine reagent
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute
Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of Barium
chloride
13
To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic acid.
Heat cool and add few drops of Lead acetate solution

ANALYSIS FOR CATION

Preparation of Original Solution
 Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solu
Separation of the radicals into the various Group

14 Test for Group I To the original salt solution add dilute Hydrochloric acid

15 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid and boil.

16 Test for Group III Then add Ammonium chloride and Ammonium
Hydroxide solution.

17 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group IV
To the filtrate from the group analysis boil off Hydrogen Sulphide cool and
add Sodium hydroxide solution. Boil and filtrate. No precipitation is formed.
To the filtrate pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas
18

To another part add potassium ferrocyanide solution

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Sulphate anion
2 The given salt contains Zinc Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Zinc Sulphate
 Observation Inference
sical Appearance
Absence of copper, Manganese,
Colourless Salt
Cobalt

Suffocating smell May be sulphate salt

May be salt of Aluminium

Light
magnesium, calcium or Zinc

soluble Absence of insoluble salts.

White fumes with suffocating odour is Given salt may contain Sulphate
evolved ion

No change Absence of calcium, barium,copper

Absence of Carbonate, Nitrate,

No characterstic Change
Sulphide

No characterstic Change Absence of Chloride, Bromide

No pungent smell Absence of Ammonium

matory Test for Anion

nmof SodiumMix
carbonate. Carbonate Extract
with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15
lution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for
nfirmatory test of anions.
A white precipitate is formed. presence of carbonate

Yellow colour solution is obtained. Which give

yellow Precipitate with acetic acid and lead Presence of Chloride is confirmed
acetate

Appearance of Blue colour Presence of Nitrate

A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate

A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate is confirmed

LYSIS FOR CATION

ation of Original Solution
ed. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
the radicals into the various Group

No White Precipitation is formed Presence of Group I radicals (Lead)

Presence of Group II radicals (Lead,

No Precipitation is formed
Copper, Arsenic)

Presence of Group III radicals

No White gelatinous precipitation is formed
(Aluminium)

Presence of Group IV radicals

Precipitation is formed
(Cobalt, Zinc, Manganese)
RMATORY TEST FOR CATION
Analysis for Group IV

Dirty White Precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed

Bluish white precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed

S.No Experiment Procedure
Physical Appearance
The colour of the given salt is seen in bright
1 Colour
light

A pinch of salt with water is rubbed between

2 Odour
Thumb and finger
Feel the weight of salt by taking in small piece
3 Density
of paper

A pinch of given substance taken in dry test

tube and 5 ml of distilled water is added and
4 Solubility
shaken well. If not soluble the solution is
warmed gently.

Heated 0.5 g of the salt in dry test tube and

noted the colour of the gas evolved and
5 Heat test
change in the colour or residue on heating is
noted

A pinch of given substance is taken in a watch

glass and added with Conc. Hydrochloric acid
6 Flame test
to make a thick paste. The mixture is taken in a
clean platinum and introduced in flame

Reaction with Dilute Sulphuric Take 0.1 g of given salt in a dry test tube and
7
Acid add dilute Sulphuric acid and warm a little.

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube. Hold

Concentrated Sulphuric Acid
8 it with Test tube holder; add 2 ml of conc.
Test
Sulphuric acid. Warm and heat gently

Take 0.2 g of given salt in a dry test tube, add

9 Sodium Hydroxide test
sodium hydroxide solution and warm gently.

Confirmatory Test for Anion

Preparation of Sodium Carbonate Extract

Take about 2 grams of given salt in conical flask, add 3 grams of sodium carbonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of dis
minutes. Add water if needed. Cool and filter the solution. This solution is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium
Confirmatory test of anions.

To 0.5 mg of given salt add dilute hydrochloric

10 Test for Carbonate
acid pass the gas evolved in lime water
 To a pinch of salt add 0.3 g of potassium
dichromate in a test tube and add
12 Test for Chloride
concentrated Sulphuric acid. Heat and pass the
gas in sodium hydroxide solution.

To one ml of sodium carbonate extract add

diphenylamine reagent

To 3 ml of sodium carbonate extract add acetic

13 Test for Nitrate acid. Heat and add 10 drops of Freshly
prepared Ferrous sulphate solution. Add
Concentrated Sulphuric acid along the walls of
test tube

To 2 ml of sodium carbonate extract add dilute

14 Test for Sulphate hydrochloric. Boil cool and add few drops of
Barium chloride
ANALYSIS FOR CATION
Preparation of Original Solution
Take 2 g of given salt in 100 ml beaker and 15ml of the solvent is added. The mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This soluti
Separation of the radicals into the various Group
To the original salt solution add dilute
14 Test for Group I
Hydrochloric acid

15 Test for Group II To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

To the filtrate add Concentrated Nitric Acid

16 Test for Group III and boil. Then add Ammonium chloride and
Ammonium Hydroxide solution.

17 Test for Group IV To the filtrate Pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas

CONFORMATORY TEST FOR CATION

Analysis for Group IV
To the filtrate from the group analysis boil off Hydrogen Sulphide cool and add
Sodium hydroxide solution. Boil and filtrate. No precipitation is formed. To the
18 filtrate pass Hydrogen Sulphide gas
To another part add potassium ferrocyanide solution

Conclusion
By the systematic analysis of the given salt it is found that
1 The given salt contains Nitrate anion
2 The given salt contains Zinc Cation.
3 Hence the given salt is Zinc Nitrate
 Observation Inference
al Appearance
Absence of Copper, Manganese,
Colourless Salt
Cobalt, Iron
Light Pink or Flesh Colour May be salt of Manganese
Rose red or Violet May be salt of Cobalt
Absence of Acetate, Sulphide,
No Characterstic Odour
Sulphate
May be salt of Aluminium
Light
magnesium, calcium or Zinc

soluble Absence of insoluble salts.

No Characterstic Change Absence of sulphate, Ammonium salt

No Characterstic Change Absence of Calcium, Barium, copper

Gas with brown colour is evolved

which turns the starch iodide paper Presence of Nitrate
blue

Brown fumes which intensifies on

addition of copper turnings or bits Presence of Nitrate
of filter paper

No pungent Smell Presence of Ammonium

ory Test for Anion

Sodium Carbonate Extract

bonate. Mix with the glass rod and add 20 ml of distilled water. Boil the solution for 15
is called Sodium This solution is known as Sodium Carbonate Extract. It is used for
atory test of anions.

A white precipitate is formed. presence of carbonate

 Yellow colour solution is obtained.
Which give yellow Precipitate with Presence of Chloride is confirmed
acetic acid and lead acetate

Appearance of Blue colour Presence of Nitrate

Formation of Brown ring at the

Presence of Nitrate is confirmed.
junction of solutions is formed

A white Precipitate is formed Presence of Sulphate

IS FOR CATION
n of Original Solution
he mixture is heated cooled and filtered. This solution known as Original salt solution.
adicals into the various Group

No White Precipitation is formed Presence of Group I radicals (Lead)

Presence of Group II radicals (Lead,

No Precipitation is formed
Copper, Arsenic)

No White gelatinous precipitation is Presence of Group III radicals

formed (Aluminium)

Presence of Group IV radicals

Precipitation is formed
(Cobalt, Zinc, Manganese)
TORY TEST FOR CATION
ysis for Group IV

Dirty White Precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed

Bluish white precipitation is formed Presence of Zinc is confirmed