M AISSCE – 2024-25

N
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC – TO FIND VARIATION OF CONDUCTANCE

WITH TEMPERATURE IN ELECTROLYTES

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certificate

This is to certify that Soujannya Ghosh of std XII has

successfully completed the practical work on Chemistry.
Chemistry practical work was done under the guidance of our
subject teacher Mrs Kaberi Das ma’am.
I express my gratitude towards our principal ma’am Mrs
Sumona Saha , my subject teachers , parents and friends, who
helped me to complete this practical successfully.
Soujannya Ghosh
Class : XII Sci 2

Internal Examiner Principal

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this practical
successfully , many people have bestowed upon me
their blessings and heart pledged support , this time I
am utilizing to thank all the people who have been
concerned with this practical.
Primarily , I would thank God for being able to
complete this practical with success. Then I would
like to thank my principal Mrs. Sumona Saha and my
Chemistry teacher Kaberi ma’am , whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
practical and make it full proof success , her
suggestions and her instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of this
practical.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends
who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance , which proved to be
helpful in various phases of the completion of this
practical.
[ ]
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CONTENT PAGE NO

Certificate 2
Acknowledgement 3
Aim and Apparatus 5
Important Terms 6
Conductivity 7
Factors Affecting Electrical Conductivity 8
Procedure 9
Physical Constants 11
Observation Table 1 12
Graph of Observation Table 1 13
Observation Table 2 14
Graph of Observation Table 2 15
Result , Conclusion and Precautions 16
Bibliography 17

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 AIM

To find the variation of conductance with temperature in

electrolytes.

Apparatus

❖ Glass beaker
❖ CuSO4 solution
❖ Cu electrodes
❖ ZnSO4 solution
❖ Zn electrodes
❖ Rheostat
❖ Battery eliminator
❖ Water
❖ Burner
❖ Thermometer
❖ Flask
❖ Ammeter
❖ Voltmeter

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 IMPORTANT TERMS
➢ Conductance : The property of ease of flow of electric
current through a body is called conductance.
➢ Resistance : The obstacle offered to the flow of electric current
is called resistance.
➢ Electrolysis : The operation in which electricity causes a
chemical reaction is called electrolysis.
➢ Ohm’s Law : This law states that the current flowing through a
resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference
applied across its ends, at constant temperature and pressure.
V = IR
➢ Farraday’s Laws :
• First Law : The mass of a substance produced or consumed in
electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of charge
passing through it.
mQ
or, m = Z x I x t
where, Z is electrochemical equivalent ; I is current ; t is the
time in seconds ; Q is charge.
• Second Law : The mass of substance produced in electrolysis
is directly proportional to its equivalent mass.
W1 / E1 = W2 / E2 = W3 / E3 …..
• Third Law : The mass of a substance produced in electrolysis
is directly proportional to the number of electrons per mole
needed to cause the desired change in oxidation state.

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 CONDUCTIVITY

When voltage is applied to the electrodes immersed into an

electrolyte solution, ions of electrolyte move, and thus, electric
current flows through the electrolytic solution. The electrolytic
solution and the metal conductors exhibit resistance to the
passage of current; both of which obey Ohm’s law. The
reciprocal of resistance is called electrical conductance. The
–1
unit of electrical conductance is Siemens (S) or ohm or mho.
If a solution is placed between two parallel electrodes having
cross sectional area A and distance L apart then the resistance
is given by
R=1/C
𝜌 (called ‘rho’) is known as resistivity. Its reciprocal gives the
conductivity of solution, which is denoted by k (called ‘kappa’).
Its unit is Siemens / meter.
K=1/R*L/A
L / A is fixed quantity for a cell and is called the ‘cell constant’.

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 Factors affecting
Electrical
conductivity

The factors which affect the electrical conductivity of the

solutions are :-

▪ Inter – ionic attraction : It depends on solute – solute

interactions.

▪ Solvation of ions : It depends on solute – solvent

interactions.

▪ Viscosity of the solvent : It depends on solvent – solvent

interactions.

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 procedure
1. The electrolyte chosen is ZnSO4 and the electrodes are of
Zn.

2. Readings for the measurement of conductance are taken at

intervals of 3O C.

3. Proper precautions are taken to avoid evaporation and to

keep other factors constant.

4. The vessel and the electrodes are removed and the vessel is
cleaned and filled with ZnSO4 solution.

5. The electrodes are refitted in their original place so that the

distance between them does not change.

6. Current is passed and when the voltmeter and ammeter

show, steady readings are noted.

7. The current is switched off.

8. It is seen that while the ammeter reading returns at once to 0

position, the voltmeter needle pauses for a while at a
particular reading which is noted down.

9. This reading indicates the back EMF in electrolyte.

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10. Similarly, more sets of readings are taken and resistance is
calculated.

11. Thus, the value of conductance is calculated.

12. The switched on circuit readings in voltmeter and ammeter

are taken.

13. The current through the electrolyte is changed by adjusting

the rheostat and more sets of readings are taken.

14. Thus, the mean value of resistance is calculated.

15. Above steps are repeated for CuSO4 as electrolyte with

electrodes made of CuSO4.
electrodes ,made of CuSO4.

(anode) (cathode)

Zn Zn2+ + 2e- Cu2+ + 2e- Cu

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 Physical constants

For the purpose of accuracy and convenience, some

important aspects of the electrolyte process are kept constant
in the experiment as their variation might affect the
conductivity of the electrolyte. They are :

Voltage
Nature of electrodes
Size of electrodes
Separation between the electrodes
Concentration of electrolytes
Nature of the electrolytes
Resistance in circuit

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 Observation table 1

For ZnSO4 electrolyte with Zn electrodes.

SL Temperature Reading Reading Resistance Conductance

No. of of R = V/I C = 1/R
Ammeter Voltmeter
I V
1. 23 110 1.00 10 0.100
2. 26 110 0.95 9.5 0.105
3. 29 110 0.89 8.09 0.120
4. 32 110 0.84 7.63 0.130
5. 35 120 0.80 6.66 0.150
6. 38 125 0.75 6 0.160
7. 41 130 0.71 7.6 0.180
8. 44 130 0.65 5 0.200

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 Graph of
Observation table 1

ZnSO4 Electrolyte

0.25

0.2

0.15

Conductance
0.1 0.2
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.12
0.05 0.1 0.105

0
23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44

Temperature

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 Observation table 2

For CuSO4 electrolyte with Cu electrodes.

SL Temperature Reading Reading Resistance Conductance

No. of of R = V/I C = 1/R
Ammeter Voltmeter
I V

1. 25 75 1.4 18.67 0.053

2. 28 75 1.35 18.00 0.055
3. 31 75 1.3 17.33 0.057
4. 34 75 1.25 16.67 0.060
5. 36 80 1.2 15.00 0.066
6. 38 80 1.15 14.38 0.069
7. 42 80 1.10 13.75 0.072
8. 44 85 1.10 12.94 0.075

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 Graph of
Observation table 2

CuSO4 Electrolyte

0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05
Conductance
0.04
0.075
0.072
0.069
0.066
0.03 0.06
0.055 0.057
0.053

0.02

0.01

0
25 28 31 34 36 38 42 44

Temperature

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 result
The relevant graph shows that 1/Resistance of an electrolyte
increases at a steady rate as the temperature increases.

conclusion
On heating a solution, it is known that viscosity gradually
decreases, with decrease in viscosity, the speed and movement
of the ions increase. In other words, the conductance of the
electrolyte increases with the increase in temperature. Hence,
the result of the experiment agrees with reasoning.

precautions
➢ Variation of resistance due to one of the factors should be
kept constant.
➢ The electrodes used in each case should always be kept
parallel to each other.
➢ The solution should be kept undisturbed throughout the
experiment.
➢ For each observation, three readings are taken and the
mean value is considered.

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 Bibliography

SE

▪ Chemistry (Part–I) – Textbook for class XII, National

Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT)

▪ Concepts of Physics 2 by H C Verma, Bharti Bhawan

(Publishers & Distribution)

▪ Websites :-
1. https://www.cbse.nic.in
2. https://www. britannica.com

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