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Class9_Cell_Chapter_Notes

The document provides an overview of cells, the fundamental unit of life, including their discovery, types, structure, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells. It also covers cell division processes such as mitosis and meiosis, and includes practice questions for better understanding. The information is essential for mastering the topic in Class 9 Science.

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5 views

Class9_Cell_Chapter_Notes

The document provides an overview of cells, the fundamental unit of life, including their discovery, types, structure, organelles, and differences between plant and animal cells. It also covers cell division processes such as mitosis and meiosis, and includes practice questions for better understanding. The information is essential for mastering the topic in Class 9 Science.

Uploaded by

chahat.5050.0
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 9 Science - The Fundamental Unit of Life (Cell) Notes

# Introduction
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
- All living organisms are made up of cells.
- The study of cells is called cytology.

# Discovery of Cell
- Robert Hooke (1665): Discovered cells in a cork slice using a self-made microscope.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674): Observed living cells in pond water.
- Robert Brown (1831): Discovered the nucleus in a cell.
- Schleiden and Schwann (1838-39): Proposed the Cell Theory stating:
1. All living organisms are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of life.
- Rudolf Virchow (1855): Added that "All cells arise from pre-existing cells" (Omnis cellula e cellula).

# Types of Cells
## 1. Based on Number of Cells
- Unicellular organisms: Single-celled organisms (Amoeba, Bacteria, Paramecium).
- Multicellular organisms: Many cells (Humans, Plants, Animals).

## 2. Based on Cell Type


- Prokaryotic Cells: No well-defined nucleus, DNA floats freely (e.g., Bacteria).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Have a well-defined nucleus (e.g., Plants, Animals, Fungi).

# Cell Structure & Its Organelles


## 1. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
- Controls entry and exit of substances (selectively permeable).
- Allows transport by diffusion and osmosis.
- Endocytosis: Engulfing of food (e.g., Amoeba).

## 2. Cell Wall (Only in Plant Cells)


- Made of cellulose, provides structure and protection.
- Plasmolysis: Shrinking of cell membrane when water is lost.

## 3. Nucleus (Control Center of the Cell)


- Surrounded by nuclear membrane.
- Contains DNA, nucleoplasm, and nucleolus.
- Controls cell activities.

## 4. Cytoplasm
- Jelly-like fluid containing organelles.

## 5. Cell Organelles
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP.
- ER (Rough & Smooth): Transport system, protein & lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Suicidal bags, contain digestive enzymes.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Vacuoles: Storage unit (large in plants, small in animals).
- Plastids (Only in Plants): Chloroplasts (photosynthesis), Chromoplasts (colors), Leucoplasts
(storage).
- Centrioles (Only in Animals): Help in cell division.

# Difference Between Plant and Animal Cells


| Feature | Plant Cell | Animal Cell |
|-----------|-----------|------------|
| Cell Wall | Present | Absent |
| Plastids | Present | Absent |
| Vacuoles | Large | Small |
| Centrioles| Absent | Present |

# Cell Division
## Types:
1. **Mitosis**: Produces two identical cells (growth & repair).
2. **Meiosis**: Produces four non-identical reproductive cells.

# Important Questions for Practice


## MCQs:
1. Who discovered the cell?
a) Robert Hooke b) Leeuwenhoek c) Robert Brown d) Virchow
2. Which organelle is called the powerhouse of the cell?
a) Ribosome b) Mitochondria c) Golgi body d) Nucleus
Answers: 1-a, 2-b

## Short Answer Questions:


1. What is the function of the nucleus?
2. What are the types of plastids?
3. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. What is osmosis?

## Long Answer Questions:


1. Explain the structure and function of the plasma membrane.
2. Describe the differences between plant and animal cells.
3. What are the functions of mitochondria, ER, and Golgi bodies?

# Conclusion
This chapter explains the cell as the fundamental unit of life, its structure, organelles, and cell
division. Understanding these concepts will help in scoring well in MCQs, short answers, and long
answers.

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