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Assignment 1(Sepa)

The document provides definitions and classifications of separation processes, which involve the transfer and change of energy and materials primarily through physical means. It outlines various separation techniques such as settling, filtration, centrifugation, and distillation, among others, detailing their principles and applications. Additionally, it includes references for further reading on the topic of separation processes.

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Lei Lopez
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3 views

Assignment 1(Sepa)

The document provides definitions and classifications of separation processes, which involve the transfer and change of energy and materials primarily through physical means. It outlines various separation techniques such as settling, filtration, centrifugation, and distillation, among others, detailing their principles and applications. Additionally, it includes references for further reading on the topic of separation processes.

Uploaded by

Lei Lopez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LEI M.

LOPEZ January 20, 2025

BSChE-3
ASSIGNMENT 1
I. DEFINITIONS OF SEPARATION PROCESS

Separation processes deal mainly with the transfer and


change of energy and the transfer and change of materials,
primarily by physical means but also by physical–chemical
means.

Geankoplis, C. J. (2014). Transport processes & separation process


principles (includes unit operations). Pearson Education Limited.

Separation operations are applied for the purification of


raw materials, recovery of by-products, recycling of solvents
and removal of contaminants from effluents.

Vincenzo, B. (2019). Principles of Separation Processes. Larsen and


Keller Education.

Separation processes are those operations which


transform a mixture of substances into two or more products
which differ from each other in composition

C Judson King. (2013). Separation processes. Dover Publications.

Separation processes are defined as processes using


physical, chemical, or electrical forces to isolate selected
constituents from a mixture.

National Research Council (U.S.). Panel On Separation Technology For


Industrial Reuse And Recycling. (1998). Separation technologies for the
industries of the future. National Academy Press.

II. CLASSIFICATIONS/TYPES/EXAMPLES OF SEPARATION PROCESS

1. Settling - A suspension of solids in a liquid is held in a tank until the


solids settle to the bottom to form a thick slurry or scum. Settling is a
separation based on density.
2. Filtration - A solid-in-liquid suspension is made to flow through a filter
medium such as a fine mesh or a woven cloth. Filtration is a separation
based on size.
LEI M. LOPEZ January 20, 2025

BSChE-3
3. Centrifugation-The centrifugal force from the rotation aids the phase
separations. Centrifuges may operate on a settling principle, wherein
the denser phase is brought to the outside by the centrifugal force.
4. Screening-Particles are shaken on a screen. The smaller particles pass
through the screen, and the larger particles are retained.
5. Expression (milling rolls)-Mechanical force is used to squeeze a
liquid out of a substance containing both solid and liquid.
6. Precipitation-A chemical reactant is added to a liquid solution causing
some, but not all, of the substances in solution to form new insoluble
compounds.
7. Evaporation-Heat is added to a liquid containing nonvolatile solutes in
a volatile solvent. The solvent is boiled away, leaving a more
concentrated solution.
8. Crystallization-A liquid is cooled and/or concentrated to cause the
formation of an equilibrium solid phase with a composition different
from that of the liquid.
9. Adsorption-Trace impurities in a fluid phase are retained preferentially
on the surface of a solid phase, being held there by van der Waals
forces (physical adsorption) or chemical bonds (chemical adsorption).
10. Drying-Water is caused to evaporate from a solid substance by the
addition of heat and the circulation of an inert-gas stream of low
humidity.
11. Vapor-liquid separation-A multiphase stream is allowed to separate
into vapor and liquid phases of different compositions, each of which is
removed individually. In some cases, heating (evaporation) or pressure
reduction (expansion) may be necessary to cause the formation of
vapor.
12. Distillation-This is a separation based upon differences in boiling
points, obtained by repeated vaporization and condensation steps.
LEI M. LOPEZ January 20, 2025

BSChE-3
13. Liquid-Liquid Extraction-Two immiscible liquid phases are brought
into contact, and the substances to be separated dissolve to different
extents in the different phases.
14. Sublimation-The transfer of a species from the solid to the gaseous
state without formation of an intermediate liquid phase.
15. Leaching-Used in the metallurgical, natural product, and food
industries. To promote rapid solute diffusion out of the solid and into
the liquid solvent, particle size of the solid is usually reduced.
16. Osmosis-involves transfer, by a concentration gradient of a solvent
through a membrane into a mixture of solute and solvent.
17. Dialysis-is the transport by a concentration gradient of small solute
molecules, sometimes called crystalloids, through a porous membrane.
18. Microfiltration-refers to the retention of molecules from 0.02 to 10
mm.
19. Ultrafiltration-refers to the retention of molecules that range from 1
to 20 nm.
20. Chromatography-separates gas or liquid mixtures by passing them
through a packed bed.
21. Ion exchange-resembles adsorption in that solid particles are used
and regenerated; however, a chemical reaction is involved.

REFERENCES:
“Most Common Separation Processes – ChemEngGuy.”
Chemicalengineeringguy.com,
chemicalengineeringguy.com/the-blog/general/most-common-
separation-processes/.
Henley, Ernest J, et al. Separation Process Principles. 3rd ed., Hoboken, N.J.
Wiley, 2011.
C Judson King. (2013). Separation processes. Dover Publications.
Harvey, David. “7.6: Classifying Separation Techniques.” Chemistry
LibreTexts, 5 July 2019,
chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chem
LEI M. LOPEZ January 20, 2025

BSChE-3
istry_2.1_(Harvey)/
07%3A_Obtaining_and_Preparing_Samples_for_Analysis/
7.06%3A_Classifying_Separation_Techniques.

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