Differential Social

Social Learning Social Control

Criteria Association Disorganization
Theory Theory
Theory Theory
Edwin H. Clifford Shaw and Albert Bandura Walter Reckless
Key
Sutherland Henry McKay (1977), Ronald (1950s), Travis
Proponent(s)
(1939) (1942) Akers (1966) Hirschi (1969)
Criminal
People naturally
behavior is Criminal
Crime arises in have a tendency
learned through behavior is
disorganized, to commit
close interaction learned through
Main unstable social crimes, but
with others who observation,
Perspective environments social control
advocate for or imitation, and
(poverty, lack of mechanisms
engage in social
cohesion). prevent this
criminal interaction.
behavior.
activities.
- Weak social
- Association - Poverty,
- Learning control
with individuals migration,
criminal values, mechanisms
Cause of or groups that residential
attitudes, and (internal:
Crime hold attitudes instability, lack of
behaviors from morals,
favorable to community
the environment. external: laws,
crime. control.
community).
- Interaction
Internal (morals,
with others who
Stable and Behavior is values) and
provide pro-
organized learned through external (laws,
Main crime
communities imitation, societal
Mechanism definitions and
control and reduce reinforcement, pressures)
reinforce
crime. and definitions. controls prevent
criminal
crime.
behavior.
- Control from
- Frequency, - Observing
family,
duration, - Poverty, behavior from
community, and
priority, and migration, the surrounding
personal
Key Factors intensity of instability, lack of environment,
responsibility
associations community reinforcing it,
(internal morals
with criminal cohesion. and adopting
and external
influences. criminal values.
pressures).
Role of Communities Weak, Communities Communities
Community determine the disorganized serve as provide external
norms and communities foster environments controls to
associations an crime. where behaviors reduce crime.
individual is (both good and
exposed to. bad) are learned
 Differential Social
Social Learning Social Control
Criteria Association Disorganization
Theory Theory
Theory Theory
and reinforced.
Individuals
learn criminal Individuals are Individuals need
Individuals learn
or non-criminal strongly to control
behaviors
Role of the behavior influenced by their themselves and
through social
Individual through living environment are subject to
observation and
exposure to (neighborhood, external controls
interaction.
others’ values community). by society.
and actions.
- Association
and learning: - Social control
- Social - Learning
The influence of mechanisms:
environment: process: How
close Internal and
Main Focus Stability or individuals
relationships on external barriers
disorganization of acquire criminal
learning to criminal
communities. behavior.
criminal behavior.
behavior.
- Prevent
- Prevent - Strengthen
- Build cohesive, individuals from
association with social controls
stable exposure to
Practical groups or (family, law
communities; negative
Application individuals enforcement,
reduce poverty and influences;
promoting and community
instability. promote positive
criminal values. efforts).
values.
- A person
- A teenager refrains from
learns - High rates of - A child learns committing a
Real-World shoplifting theft and violence theft from peers crime due to
Example techniques from in poor, unstable or adults in their fear of
peers who neighborhoods. environment. punishment or
normalize theft. strong moral
values.

Core Differences:
1. Cause of Criminal Behavior:
o Differential Association Theory: Crime is learned through associations
with individuals or groups that support criminal behavior.
 o Social Disorganization Theory: Crime arises from unstable,
disorganized communities.
o Social Learning Theory: Crime is learned through interaction,
observation, and imitation of others.
o Social Control Theory: Crime occurs when internal (morals) or external
(laws, societal pressures) control mechanisms are weak.
2. Approach:
o Differential Association Theory: Focuses on the influence of social
interactions on learning criminal behavior.
o Social Disorganization Theory: Focuses on improving community
environments to reduce crime.
o Social Learning Theory: Focuses on how behavior is acquired and
reinforced through social interactions.
o Social Control Theory: Focuses on strengthening control
mechanisms to prevent crime.
3. Role of Community:
o Differential Association Theory: Communities shape the associations
and definitions individuals are exposed to.
o Social Disorganization Theory: Weak or disorganized communities
increase crime rates.
o Social Learning Theory: Communities serve as a source of learned
behaviors (positive or negative).
o Social Control Theory: Communities provide external controls to
prevent criminal behavior.

Below is a detailed comparison between the Differential Association Theory and

the Social Learning Theory, along with similarities, differences, and illustrative
examples.

Detailed Comparison

Differential Association
Factors Social Learning Theory
Theory
Proponent Edwin H. Sutherland Albert Bandura (further developed
 Differential Association
Factors Social Learning Theory
Theory
from Sutherland and Akers'
theories)
People learn criminal Behavior, including criminal
behavior through interaction behavior, is learned through
Core Focus
with others in a social observation, imitation, and
environment. reinforcement.
- Through exposure to norms
and values supporting crime. - Observing others' behavior
Main Learning - Learning through direct (directly or indirectly).
Mechanism communication and - Reinforced by rewards or
interaction within social punishments.
groups.
Source of
From close groups such as
Criminal Observation of family, friends, or
friends, family, and local
Behavior media (TV, social media, etc.).
communities.
Learning
When norms supporting When behavior is consistently
Motivation for
crime outweigh norms observed and reinforced (rewarded
Behavior
against crime in society. or not punished).
Crucial – direct social Important, but also includes
Role of Social
relationships determine personal factors and indirect
Environment
behavioral formation. environments.
- Explains why criminal
- Applied in education and
behavior often occurs in
rehabilitation by changing behavior
Main specific social groups.
through learning environments.
Applications - Models how peer groups
- Explains the influence of media
influence juvenile
and modern social dynamics.
delinquency.
- Struggles to explain the
- Sometimes overemphasizes
influence of individual
observation and reinforcement,
Limitations factors and mass media.
overlooking cultural values and
- Lacks detailed analysis of
structural societal factors.
the learning process itself.
- Adolescents learn theft - An individual imitates violent
Illustrative behavior from peers who behavior seen in movies or video
Examples hold values supporting games when such actions are not
crime. punished.

Similarities

1. Both emphasize that criminal behavior is learned:

 oDifferential Association Theory: Learning occurs through exposure to
criminal norms in social groups.
o Social Learning Theory: Learning occurs through observation,
imitation, and reinforcement.
2. The role of society in criminal behavior:
o Both theories agree that the social environment plays a critical role in
shaping behavior, particularly through interaction with others.

Differences

1. Learning Mechanism:
o Differential Association Theory focuses on direct communication
within social groups.
o Social Learning Theory extends to learning through observation and
the impact of media.
2. Scope of Application:
o Differential Association Theory is more focused on explaining
criminal behavior in specific social groups.
o Social Learning Theory has broader applications, ranging from
education and behavioral correction to understanding the influence of
media.

Illustrative Examples

1. Differential Association Theory:

o A group of friends frequently violates traffic laws, causing a new
member of the group to learn and mimic these behaviors.
o Reference: Sutherland, E. H. Principles of Criminology (1939).
2. Social Learning Theory:
o A young person imitates violent behavior from action movies or video
games, especially when such behavior is "rewarded" in the context of the
film or game.
o Reference: Bandura, A. Social Learning Theory (1977).

Conclusion

 Integrating the Theories: These two theories complement each other.

Differential Association Theory helps explain how criminal values are learned
 within social contexts, while Social Learning Theory provides a deeper
understanding of how behavior is reinforced and imitated in modern society.

Chương trình phòng ngừa tại địa phương

Comprehensive Analysis of Crime Prevention Strategies in Thanh Xuân District
This analysis focuses on Situational Crime Prevention (SCP), Crime Prevention
through Social Development (CPSD), Crime Prevention through Environmental
Design (CPTED), and Community Crime Prevention (CCP) as applied to Thanh
Xuân District. Real-life examples, references to decrees, and tailored solutions for
local challenges are included.

1. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP)

Successes
 Enhanced Surveillance through CCTV and Street Lighting:
Thanh Xuân District has seen reductions in theft and assault rates in areas
where CCTV and improved lighting have been installed, such as the Thanh
Xuân Bắc Ward.
o Supported by Decree No. 10/2022/ND-CP on the management of public
order, mandating the installation of surveillance in urban areas.
 Improved Police Presence in Hotspots:
Police patrols in areas like Nguyễn Trãi Street, known for frequent petty theft,
have successfully deterred criminal activities.
Shortcomings
 Crime Displacement:
Criminals relocate to less secure locations (e.g., narrow alleys in Phố Vọng
Street).
 Limited Accessibility for Low-Income Areas:
High-tech security measures like CCTV are costly and cannot be universally
implemented.
Solutions
1. Integrated Surveillance:
Expand CCTV coverage district-wide to prevent displacement. Use AI-
powered systems to analyze patterns for faster responses.
 o Collaboration with private businesses under Circular 03/2021/TT-BCA,
which encourages cooperation between private entities and police in
public safety.
2. Subsidies for Low-Income Areas:
Implement cost-sharing programs with private sector sponsors for public safety
measures in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods like Hạ Đình Ward.

2. Crime Prevention through Social Development (CPSD)

Successes
 Youth Empowerment Programs:
Thanh Xuân has collaborated with educational institutions to organize
vocational training programs for at-risk youth in collaboration with the
Hanoi Youth Union.
Example: Programs in Khương Đình Ward have reduced school dropout rates
and juvenile delinquency.
 Community Education Campaigns:
The district regularly conducts crime awareness workshops for residents,
especially in apartment complexes like Royal City and Imperial Garden.
Shortcomings
 High Costs and Slow Impact:
Long-term social development programs, like poverty alleviation or housing
support, require sustained funding and often yield results over years.
 Coordination Challenges:
Programs involve various stakeholders (schools, families, law enforcement),
making implementation inconsistent.
Solutions
1. Public-Private Partnerships:
Collaborate with local businesses like Vingroup and NGOs to fund and
expand youth programs, focusing on vocational skills and education.
2. Pilot Projects for Scalable Impact:
Start smaller initiatives, such as job fairs for unemployed youth or free evening
classes in wards with higher crime rates, such as Thanh Xuân Trung Ward.

3. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)

Successes
 Urban Redesign Projects:
Renovations of public spaces, such as Thanh Xuân Park, include better
lighting, wider pathways, and clear sightlines, enhancing safety.
o Example: Implemented under Decree No. 168/2017/ND-CP, focusing
on public safety improvements.
 Territorial Reinforcement:
Installation of clear property boundaries, such as fencing and signage, in
residential areas like Nhân Hòa street, has reduced burglary incidents.
Shortcomings
 Retrofitting Challenges:
Many older neighborhoods, like Alley 162 Khương Trung, lack the
infrastructure to integrate CPTED principles, requiring costly upgrades.
 Neglect of Social Factors:
While environmental improvements address physical safety, they do not
address underlying social causes of crime.
Solutions
1. Integrate CPTED in Urban Development Plans:
Ensure new projects, such as the development of Vinhomes Smart City,
prioritize safety in their design.
o Reference Hanoi Master Plan for Urban Development to 2030, which
encourages the inclusion of CPTED principles.
2. Funding for Retrofitting:
Seek government grants and international funding to upgrade old
neighborhoods to meet CPTED standards.

4. Community Crime Prevention (CCP)

Successes
 Neighborhood Watch Programs:
Thanh Xuân’s community patrol groups in Thanh Xuân Nam Ward have
successfully reduced petty crimes by fostering vigilance and cooperation
among residents.
o These initiatives align with Directive No. 09/2011/CT-TTg, promoting
grassroots participation in public safety.
  Local Crime Reporting Apps:
Thanh Xuân residents use platforms like "Toàn dân bảo vệ ANTQ" (All
People Protecting National Security) to report suspicious activities directly to
law enforcement.
Shortcomings
 Low Participation Rates in Low-Income Areas:
Neighborhood watch programs are less active in areas with transient
populations, such as rental zones near universities.
 Volunteer Burnout:
Community patrol members often face fatigue and lack incentives for
continued engagement.
Solutions
1. Incentivize Participation:
Offer small financial rewards or public recognition for volunteers in
community patrol groups.
2. Expand Digital Tools:
Promote mobile crime reporting apps in student-dense areas like Hà Nội
National University of Education’s surroundings to encourage broader
participation.

General Recommendations for Thanh Xuân District

1. Integrated Approach:
Combine SCP, CPSD, CPTED, and CCP to address physical, social, and
environmental factors comprehensively.
2. Target High-Crime Zones:
Focus efforts on hotspots like Nguyễn Trãi Street and neighborhoods with
higher transient populations.
3. Promote Collaboration:
Strengthen partnerships between local government, police, private businesses,
and residents to share responsibilities and resources.
4. Regular Evaluation:
Use crime data to continuously assess the effectiveness of implemented
strategies and adapt accordingly.

References
  Decree No. 168/2017/ND-CP: Public safety measures in urban development
(source).
 Directive No. 09/2011/CT-TTg: Grassroots public safety participation
(source).
 Reports from local media on Thanh Xuân's crime prevention programs
(Economy & the city).

the detailed comparison table between Situational Crime Prevention (SCP), Crime
Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), Crime Prevention through
Social Development (CPSD), and Community Crime Prevention, along with
examples illustrated from official and credible sources.

Detailed Comparison Table

SCP
CPTED Community
(Situational CPSD (Social
Factors (Environmental Crime
Crime Development)
Design) Prevention
Prevention)
Reducing
Addressing the Encouraging
opportunities
Designing spaces social and community
Main Focus for crime in
to prevent crime. economic causes participation in
specific
of crime. crime prevention.
situations.
Short-term
Medium- and Medium- and
Timeframe (immediate Long-term.
long-term. long-term.
impact).
Residential
Specific Vulnerable
Primary Physical spaces, communities or
locations or groups or
Target urban areas. local
situations. individuals.
neighborhoods.
Police,
Government, Local residents,
property Urban planners,
Key NGOs, community
owners, architects, local
Stakeholders educational organizations,
security authorities.
institutions. police.
agencies.
Security Open designs, Neighborhood
measures, natural Social programs watch programs,
Main Tools surveillance, surveillance, like education, fostering
reducing crime space job training. community
triggers. management. connections.
 SCP
CPTED Community
(Situational CPSD (Social
Factors (Environmental Crime
Crime Development)
Design) Prevention
Prevention)
Builds
Provides
Immediate community
Creates safer sustainable
effects, easy to spirit, reduces
Advantages environments in solutions by
implement on reliance on
the long run. improving living
a small scale. police
conditions.
intervention.
Addresses Relies on
Slow results,
surface-level Does not address community
requires
Disadvantages issues, does social or participation,
significant
not tackle root individual issues. prone to
investment.
causes. disruptions.
- Organizing
education and
- Establishing
- Installing - Designing parks vocational
neighborhood
CCTV in high- with clear training for
patrol groups.
risk areas. pathways and no youth.
Specific - Holding
- Using access hidden areas. - Providing
Examples community
control - Installing financial and
meetings to
systems like adequate lighting counseling
discuss local
key cards. in alleys. support to
security issues.
vulnerable
families.

Detailed Illustrative Examples

1. Situational Crime Prevention (SCP):

 Example: Installing CCTV cameras in areas with frequent theft.

 Source: According to the "Situational Crime Prevention Toolkit" by the
Wildlife Conservation Society, installing CCTV is an effective SCP measure to
reduce crime.

2. Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED):

 Example: Designing a park with clear walkways, no dense bushes, and

installing sufficient lighting to enhance visibility and reduce crime
opportunities.
 Source: As per the article "Fighting Crime through Urban Design" on Tuổi Trẻ
Online, CPTED measures in urban planning help reduce crime and create safer
environments.
3. Crime Prevention through Social Development (CPSD):

 Example: Organizing vocational training programs for youth to equip them

with skills and job opportunities, reducing their likelihood of engaging in
criminal activities.
 Source: Although no specific source was retrieved, such programs are widely
recognized as effective CPSD measures in reducing crime rates.

4. Community Crime Prevention:

 Example: Establishing neighborhood patrol groups to monitor and report

suspicious activities, enhancing collective security awareness.
 Source: Information on community-based crime prevention strategies aligns
with widely recognized neighborhood watch programs globally.

Conclusion

 Integrating Methods: For optimal results, these strategies should be

combined. For example, a neighborhood can implement SCP (CCTV cameras),
CPTED (better lighting), CPSD (youth training programs), and community-
based patrols to create a safer and more sustainable environment.
 Toward Sustainability: SCP and CPTED offer quick results but must be
paired with CPSD and community strategies to address the root causes of
crime effectively.