Analog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Chapter 2 - Bipolar Junction Transistor Objective Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to: ‘* Determine the region of operation of BIT. ‘* Understand different configurations of B17. ‘* Determine the operating point using DC Analysis. ‘Understand Small Signal Analysis of BJT. ‘Understand different configurations of Feedback Amplifier. ‘* Determine the frequency response of a BJT Amplifier. Introduction A Bipolar Junction Transistor (aka. a BJT or Bipolar Transistor) is an active semiconductor device formed by two P-N junctions whose function is amplification of an electric current. Bipolar transistors are made from 3. sections of semiconductor material (alternating P- type and N-type), with 2 resulting P-N junctions. Schematically, a bipolar transistor can be thought of in this fashion: reese | ——_s— PAN Jusetions One P-N junction is between the emitter and the base; the other P-N junction is between the collector and the base. Note that the emitter and collector are usually doped somewhat differently, so they are rarely electrically interchangeable. While the terms “collector* and “emitter” go back to vacuum tube days, the base derives its name from the first point- contact transistors -- here the center connection also formed the mechanical base for the structure. In modern practice, the base region is made as thin as possible to achieve reasonable levels of current gain; itis often only about one millionth of a meter thick. ‘Types of BJT Configurations NPN PNP. Jk fs wy v ds Je © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 1 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). NPN Transistor has collector and emitter regions made of n-type semiconductor whereas the base region is p-type semiconductor. In PNP Transistor, the collector and emitter regions are made of p-type semiconductor whereas the base region is n-type semi-conductor. The direction of arrow in transistor is between emitter and base and is directed from p- region to n-region and thus indicates the direction of the current flow. By KCL =I, +1, In BJT, the PN junctions can be represented as diodes. n p ep n n Pp Nee Yee *¥ce=° Thus, by KVL Veg =Vop + Veg Region of Operation Depending upon the voltages at Base-Emitter and Base-Collector Junction, 8!T has different regions of operation. ot eae = © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 2 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). Different regions of operation based on junction voltages are tabulated below, Emitter Base junction Collector Base junction 1 cut-off Vgg <0.5V(RE) Vac <6 (RB) 2 Inverse active V,, <0.6V(RB) Vgc 2 0.6V (FB) 3 Active Voge =0-5V (FB) Vgc <0-6¥ (RB) 4° Saturation —_V,, = 06V(FB) Vgc = 08 (FB) In cut-off region both the junctions are reverse biased and thus high resistance is offered to the flow of current so Collector current is zero and BIT acts as a Controlled Switch in OFF it C4 c E Re Ro In Active region, emitter base region is forward biased and collector base junction is reverse biased and transistor acts as an Amplifier. In Saturation region, both junctions are Forward Biased and the Transistor acts as a Controlled Switch in ON State. In Reverse Active Region, the Emitter Base Junction is Reverse Biased but Collector Base Junction is Forward Biased and the Gain of the Transistor is less than 1 so it acts as an Attenuator. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 3 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). Steps to determine the Region of Operation Active A = ssume 1. = Bly Vag = 0.7V Based on this assumption, we prove Veg > 0.2V - For pnp Transistor, Assume |. =Bly Veg =0.7V Based on this assumption, we prove V_ > 0.2 EC Saturation. Assume Vee =0.2V and Vee =07V V, -0.7+02=V, -05V Vv, + B B sf oa Based on this assumption, we prove - forced < ractive o.7 Vy - 0.7V_ For pnp Transistor, V_. =0.2V Vv O.7V [— V, + 0.7V ‘Assume eC and EB a7 +] The emitter and collector voltage yaad ‘Are as indicated in the figure Yeo oa Based on this assumption, we prove forced < active Lov, s05v By KCL, Iesle+ly \o=Bly 1 LL =Pl Hy (B+1)g- Thus, | © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 4 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Solved Examples Problem: Calculate all the nade voltage & branch current if V,, =0.7 & f=10 +10V | 47k Ve Veo Va ae ot o7y ~}—__~+v, f {3 3.3K Solution: We follow the following steps to determine the region of operation, Step-1: Find v, 910V Vp =4-07 =33V Step-2: Find |p v,-0 5 = 33 [-———°5.3 '“S a KC Step-3: Find | Ic }__.3.3 —B_), _ 100 ae Ne (ee tot im = 0.99mA Step-4: Find V. eA7 =10--(099)(47)=53V oO Me -.BIT is in active region. Problem: Calculate all branch current & node voltage +10 © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 5 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Solution: Emitter voltage is, V.=6-07=53V mm E VYe-0 53 Emitter currents, Ip = —S5—= S3=1.6mA ea) 100 3 Collector Current is, |. = =P}, = 100 4.6 xmxt0-3 =1.58414, 53K Co Tp "E101 Collector Voltage is, V_ =10-4.7k(|_)=10-4.7K(1.58) =2.57V L Since, V_> pe pei Note: if the base potential increases then BJT will go to saturation. In order to maintain in active region & decreases the base potential we go for voltage divider bias, self-bias or universal bias. Self-Bias or voltage divider bias or universal bias In this configuration the collector voltage source itself supplies The base current and hence it is called as Self-Bias. This circuit can be simplified as shown below, +Vec On the base side we can determine the Thevenin Equivalent as shown below, By KVL at input loop VR R+R, Wen Rune Yee * Ree © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 10 www. kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) \ e Vth “Pin gea * Yee *Fele Rtn Min lel pia Re | ee VR. Where, Vy, =o 2 1h RuRy (B+1)(Ry +R) Choose Re >» Meck +R, ‘BE R +R, which is constant To eliminate the drift problem we can use the circuit given below, vr. CC 2 07407 RR zn gr o G R Dc is o7v .|_Ye+0.7 Vz =Vy +07-07=Vy ar yt vy Nec Nock J ; we * fe and | Ate L L ¥ e fe Re pc Re It is necessary that both the transistors should have same temperature coefficient. Note: Biasing a BJT with op ~ amp in negative feedback will totally eliminate the problem of +V=45V Ww © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. W www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa The drift problem is eliminated as illustrated in the cycle below, Note: Current sources with NPN transistor have floating load whereas current sources with PNP transistors have grounded load. 7 load (NPN = floating load) 1. (PNP -»Groundedload) (oc) © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 12 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Solved Examples Problem: Find all the node voltages and branch current if B=50 +9V Solution: Thevenin Equivalent is given by, 9 Ven 5p9 3 3Y 6x3 _ th 3+6— Emitter current is given by, Vin “pe _ 3-0.7 th ak +S Retpay 5 DC Collector current, |, R 2 127mA 50 Je (F2) 127m) = 1.104m~ “pe KVLat output loop: 9 IC (1K) + Veg +e (2K) Veg =5.642V Veg =Ve~V, =7:85-2.3=5.55V Problem: Considering B = =, calculate all node voltages & branch current. a 0k 3 a “2 oe ska © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 13, www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Solution: By Potential divider, neglecting base current as = 2k M2 - 3 8k Veg =3-0.7 =23V = 19 =3V Similarly, 6 Xe ae Veg = ‘ea ‘ea fey Vp ~53-2.3=3V (active) v.,=9 14 (5)=7050 Veg = Ve —Vq = 7.85-5.3=2.55V Problem: Find the load current |, if B is very high. b) Find the minimum value of R, if transistor Q, is in saturation if V_ =0.2V o+12v This is the circuit of Voltage Programmable Current Source with grounded load. Solution: Different currents and voltages are given by, © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 14 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Given V_ =0.2V ‘cE(sat) Veo —Neeo “18 4-02 _— =1420 min 26.67 Problem: Find the region of operation of BIT if B= 99 & V, =O.7V Find V &L if V =2V oO in +5V4 Solution: V,_ range is 0 to SV Even for small positive input V,.,, the output is positive, As the emitter terminal is connected to -15V, the transistor is certainly not in cut — off & the emitter — base junction is definitely forward bias, v, range = 0 t0 5V Vee Yo Me = 5 Min Veg tange = 10 to 15V (positive) .. BIT is in active region. Vin 715) 2415 17 ag on A Vg -O7+Ve = y, = fo 100 150 Vv =5.25V ° © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 15 www-kreatryx.comWr j Analog Electronics (8/1). ‘Advantage of R, 1) Stability of |< _ independent of DC 2) Thermal stability. 3) Increase input resistance. + Voc Cone?) Cascade Current Source Cascade current source for improved current stability on load variation. ot10v This structure eliminates early effect. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 16 www-kreatryx.com—\fa Analog Electronics (8/1). For different values of Load Resistance the Collector Emitter voltages of two transistors are given as, load | Veep | Veer 1k | oav | 72V 2k | oav | 62 3k | oav | 52 4k | oav | 42 sk | ov | 32 The output characteristics of the transistor based on this data can be plotted as shown below, +10V Load 1k to 5k slope The following circuits can also be used to eliminate the early effect a a) where |V,| Early voltage [pS Lav @ Ta, VY ae © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 7 wow. kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (B/D) Current Source The following circuit is used to create a current source which is independent of supply. It has the following advantages: independent of supply. 2) No early effect. But the disadvantages are: Yee Vag dependent on term [Drift problem] I = BE Spe 7000 *BI The same functionality can be achieved by the following Circuit: +10v av Peal. wR | Ban ow +f —os.7v Load Configurations of BJT ‘Common Base Configuration This circuit can be used as Current Controlled Current Source and Current Buffer. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 18 www. kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (B/D) —\fa Common Collector Configuration Vee A; = 100 This configuration is used as Voltage Controlled Voltage Source and Voltage Buffer. Common Emitter Configuration Zin = 1K HI Z, =50kQ 200 100 In Common emitter configuration, A, i.e. power gain is very high. It is most commonly used configuration as an Amplifier. ‘Small signal analysis of BJT This is the most general form of BIT as a Common Emitter Amplifier. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 19 www. kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa The purpose of RR, and the coupling capacitor at the input is to clamp small signal V,, Vera eRe called biasing resistors. The purpose of R,. isto stabilized |. at the de of such that the transistor operates in active region. Ry &R, are also independent of B. R- also (oc) Maer BRE gives thermal stability. The purpose of o/p capacitor is to block de & allow AC signal. Ro &R are load resistors. The effect of including emitter resistance is, For DC analysis it stabilizes | i.e, makes it independent of c(oc) In AC analysis it reduces the gain. For AC Analysis, the without Cr equivalent circuit looks like, Purpose of bypass capacitor C_ + G, behaves as open circuit for DC signals and it allows R_ to play its role in establishing B independent DC collector current. * G_ behaves as short circuit for AC signals eliminating the gain reducing emitter resistor Re. 50 the gain is increased. DC Analysis Replace capacitor by open circuit. Ve =Vee-le “pe SF Spe S Nocke _y © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 20 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). fe AC Analysis Capacitors are replaced by short circuit. Lt ® @~o “@@ ~O~ Combining identical nodes into one node, the equivalent circuit becomes, From the above circuit, A I Vv RR, C output voltage, V, =-i.[RIR, | AC input voltage, V, = VBE ac) Voltage gain (A,,) Ro | Mec) A 4, IR I a | To determine the Transconductance, we make use of the DC Analysis > Vo Va © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 21 www-kreatryx.com\ j Analog Electronics (8/1) The non-linear characteristic in the first curve can be approximated by the linear characteristics in the second curve as shown, AY _ lane) &% Moeiac) slope =4,,_(trans-conductance) 1 =e cs Thus, Trans-conductance can be expressed as, lipey | ‘c(pc)_c(oc) vy, 2smv 95, or Since, Ip ceo I Thus, t= 2 =; D(Dc) Foe AC analysis, replace BJT by its equivalent circuit vo, © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 22 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Small signal model a = at —<— 0) Gree = Bly Small signal AC model <— k 4» pr, Small signal DC model © Solved Examples Problem: Find the DC collector current if V, =0.7 & fi is very large. Find the voltage gain B Vi [Myf My =25mV Solution: For DC Analysis, Capacitors are replaced by Open Circuit 3k 3k ov zo «9 = xO 3k +k ~~ 9k \ 3k Phe L. = ImA (from the figure) ¢(Dc) a 3V \ (0c) __ma Ex 23M So 25m ~ 25m 23k | L=1ma Ayo [ReAR | : © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 23 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa 1 9, = 5g 34113] A =-60 v Problem: Find the voltage gain V/V, if B~99,Vy ~0.7 & Vy = 25mA +12V Solution: For DC analysis, capacitors are replaced by open circuit. By KVL, ~4 +1, (100k) +0.7 +1. (2k)=0 +12v ike 1k B~B+1 100 100k Substitute (2) in (1) > 4-07 _ * u 2k “00 L * ‘eoe) -(Ble-(B)or0 ' g, = £109) _1.089.10- " 2smv 25x10 * B99 am (2) =0,043mA /V 25 AC equivalent: 100k + 1kQ Vv. Vin © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 24 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa ‘Small Signal Model of the Transistor thus looks like, 100k ® © V,, =ib[100k + 2.2k] — in Vo =(-99ib) 1k —— \ =99(1k) VV 100K + 2.2k 0.96 Since, Gain is close to unity. This circuit is acting as buffer. Problem: Given (5 =100. Find the voltage gain V, /Y,,, if Vy = 25m. poiov' Solution: For DC Analysis, open circuit the capacitors For Qt, Vp, = -0.7V -0.7 -(-10) ey = ga MARI Veq = 10-1m(9.3k) = 0.7V © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 25 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa For Q2, fey = Vey ~0.7 = 0.7-0.7 =0V Veg -(-10) C2 = kg =e MARI 10 —2m(2k) = 6V 2) %o 25 Ybeo |* Vye2 “35 hye [93K 25k] Nin “Yoo © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 26 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa 2 f-1 3 = sf (xy) 1 =64x1 Voltage gain| Fea[ Zea 25k](1) =6.4%10 sev, =7052(¥,) Problem: For the emitter follower circuit given, calculate the voltage gain, input resistance R, , 8 output resistance R.. Given B=100 ay, 100k y ve [4H— v. I c 1 Solution: For DC Analysis, the circuit looks like as shown below, Voc Mpe 12-07 Re gy , 100k 8 ak+ oy e p41 26mA (B_), -1 426% c(oc) “(Bale 101120" 1 o.- (Oc) 125 ™ 25mV 0 25, B 100 Gn 135) 25 AC Analysis 2k 100k © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 27 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Input Resistance v, =(101i,) Mn i, (2k) +1011, (8k) Vy __(101)8k Vin 2+ (107)8k Again, since Gain is approximately 1 it acts as Voltage Buffer. Nin, Yin, Min in 700k © b 100k 2k + (101)8k 2RV,_ +101x8kxV,_ + 100k V, in in in | " 100k| 2k + 108k Mi 1 ain _ | 7 1 100k * 2k +(101)8k =0.997 (00k || [2k + (101) 8k] in 8kO Output Resistance Input has been shorted and we apply a source of 1V at the output to determine the output resistance, © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 28 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa By KCL, i, +100), +h, le (1 i 101){ -2 J41, = cont x) aK 1101 ek 2k ential Amplifier In this configuration, the output voltage is difference of Collector voltage of two transistor and hence it is called as Differential Amplifier. Here, both transistors are assumed to be identical. The input voltage is divided among the base emitter, junction of two transistors as shown below, ® mem ® ,y, For Transistor 1, More a8 Moet For Transistor 2, © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 29 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) The equivalent circuit of Differential Amplifier is, rae ER Bel 26°, Pus a + Ve AC Equivalent DC Equivalent For DC Analysis, \ -Vv.,-Vv--2 Vor = Nea = Yee a Re No = Mer * The need for R, Ro and coupling capacitor in CE amplifier is eliminated in differential amplifier by biasing with negative supply. + The need for bypass capacitor is eliminated with two symmetrical circuit. The need for output capacitor to block DC is eliminated by differential measurement. Hence differential amplifier is a direct coupled amplifier without capacitor. It is @ basic building block of analog IC design. Solved Examples Problem: Find the differential gain of differential amplifier shown below. ead © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. wow. kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Solution: Collector current of each transistor is, ama lpg <2 oe a1. co) 2 "2 \ og, S(C) 15 n D5mv 25 Differential gain v a0 8 AVS aK = - 120 Baryon OR Ze em Problem: Find the differential gain of differential amplifier. ™ aw Solution: Assuming that current gain of transistor is very high so we can neglect base current of Transistor. By KVL, o-(-12) 3k +9 -07 = =V=4 O71 =-31V =>V,=-31V Ve-(2)_ 37412 ok 3k TEMA © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 3 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Problem: Find the differential gain for differential Amplifier. cm Ee Solution: Voltage across two diodes, V, =14V=07 +1, (350) ny ‘0 © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 32 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Problem: Find the input resistance R;_ for the amplifier given with f= 100 & V,. = 25mV +12 sa2v 2000 2000 2maA raz For AC analysis we have to short DC sources, [+ + [+ = H ; = r “WWW WW 0! R, = 2000+2000= 4000 By KVL, ig, (25k) + 101 j, (400) —j,, (2.5) =0 © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 33 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) 25k +2.5k +101 (400)] Vv, Fe eee selinn ato asaien 1 Emitter resistor R,. increases the input resistance. Ratt (T4 BYR r R, ior L r R R R, Rig -2[rme+(1 +B)Rg |= 2(2.5+(101)200) = 43.4kQ Cascaded Configurations Advantages 1) Wider bandwidth due to impedance mismatch between two stages. This structure eliminates miller effect 2). Large output resistance as the structure eliminates early effect. 3) The overall trans-conductance of the cascade amplifier is equal to the larger trans conductance of common emitter amplifier. ® «© © of t ea jo, HH®@ 8 ve R, (load) 8 © © —® 2 tH © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 34 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) The AC equivalent of the above configuration is shown below, ig a i_(AC) 7 VQ (AC) Vy =I R= Re vy AiR, = “GeRe ‘be Due to Miille’s Effect the equivalent capacitance is, C=C 4+C[1+A] Thus, equivalent capacitance increases. 14 WET RC, So, Bandwidth reduces due to Miller's Effect. Due to Cascaded Configuration, equivalent resistance reduces and thus Bandwidth increases, Common Emitter with Common Collector ve © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 35 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa 3 i (ac) i, (ac) 7” Vv. in iR. Re Mo “eRe Vin Min Thus, the voltage gain is Ay, =—9,R- Common Base with Common Collector Ves Ver Thus, AC equivalent circuit of above configuration is, Ac) i (AC i(Ac) i, (Ac) Sm i YelAC) Vi,/2 W* + g,_i,(AC) —— 2 IN SoS > Se + v, v.C 0 RW = 9m ~ aa Darlington Pai In Darlington Pair, two transistor are cascaded in Common Emitter configuration so that the gain is increased as well as Input Resistance is increased. This configuration is used as Amplifier. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 36 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) I =(B+1)l, (+0 My (+1, Q 4 kale is less, |, is more) 4 L Problem: Calculate all the node voltages and branch currents if, 10v Solution: To determine the input voltage the circuit is, 10049 10V, o— s10v 1000 30010 PK = 1000 Thevenin Resistance, “ Ri, =508 ve Now the circuit looks like as shown below, sd Apply KVL at input loop. 5+50lg +0.7+0.7 +1, (10) = ma) Subtract (2) in (1) 5-14 I = 0.3454 1040 a1 © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 37 www-kreatryx.comfe Collector-Emitter Voltage for both Transistors is, Veg Veg ~ Veg = 10H, (10) = 10-3.45 Veg #97 Vege Vee = Mogg 0.7 = 6.55-0.7 = 5.85V Problem: Given the trans conductance of transistor Q, is gq, for Q, overall trans-conduetance |, /V,, 55V Overall Trans-conductance Comparison between different transistor models Analog Electronics (8/1). itis g,,. Find the +> v =o [h] © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 38 wow. kreatryx.comI “ Analog Electronics (BJT) tht 2% nahh Vy [Short Circuit Input Resistance] [Open Circuit reverse voltage ratio] {Short Circuit forward current gain] [Open Circuit output admittance] a=Fie Por =Rte M2 —Me 22 Poe Vy = Poa *Pyals > Moe Rep tMeVeq (KVL, Thevenin) he bh +h le =heb +h Mea (KCL, Norton) since BJT does not have reverse transmission fe neglected. i, hi, +o it Neglect Practically, hre = 10“ © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 39 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa h-model of the Transistor is, OC) i} where,g, = S22) The “T - Model” of the Transistor is shown, Moe Moe _ 1 © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 40 www-kreatryx.com—\fa Feedback Amplif Analog Electronics (B/D) The general configuration of negative feedback is shown below, Mixer a xs) > = x(0) Sampler & v (Register) In most of the amplifiers Ap is far greater than one. IAB >>1 Then, = A= 1 Tapp Gain with feedback x0) _g -A_ x(3) T+AB B is designed with passive components (resistors) which are predictable, stable and accurate. Hence the advantage of negative feedback is to establish very accurate and stable gain. ‘Amplifier Rin | Ro | Types of Feedback Voltage High | low | Series—shunt Current, Low | High | Shunt—series Trans conductance | High | High | Series — series Trans resistance Low | tow | Shunt — shunt Voltage Amplifier [VCVS, series - shunt feedback] By KVL, -V, +V,,+¥ =0 Min Ys M Hence, this is a negative feedback configuration. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 4 wow. kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Vs Vv Vv 1) A= Min Ys- Mp vy 4 2 B= No 3) Ap= TeAB Trans-conductance amplifier [VCCS, series ~ series feedback] ae ry By KVL, -V, +V,, +Vp =O Nin “Ys “Ye Hence, this is @ negative feedback configuration. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 42 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Current Amplifier [CCCS, shunt series feedback] L 1, i Is i i B : i By KCL, I, =I, int i<+ Kw B © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 43 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (B/D) —\fa 3) B= Tap Solved Examples Problem: Given |, = 10}, |, = WA, |, = 100mA for the feedback network shown, Find AB closed loop gain Ag. 3 10010 222 1010-6 -7x10- O7m = 70. Voltage amplifier (series - shunt feedback) th Ra (load) (load) ES oY The following configuration is used to implement Voltage Amplifier in Series-Shunt Feedback Configuration. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 44 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). VR, vy =o 5 RAR, The same amplifier can be realized using an Op-Amp wf Thus, a negative feedback Op-Amp acts as Voltage Amplifier. Similarly, it can be realized using FET. u(r R, . To determine the output of amplifier, the following quantities should be equated to zero. BJT: Voe=0 and In=0 Op-Amp: Va=0 and |s=0 FET: Vge=0 and p= The basic rule of the feedback for different BUT terminals is, Base Terminal acts as Shunt Terminal Collector Terminal acts as Shunt Terminal Emitter Terminal acts as Series Terminal Since in above configuration feedback is from collector terminal of one transistor to emitter terminal of the other transistor and thus, the feedback is Series-Shunt Feedback. Vv. R Voltage gain: A, = 2-14 £1 TOV, R, 8B © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 45 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (B/D) —\fa Trans-conductance Amplifier This configuration acts as Voltage Controlled Current Source. It can be realized using BJT as well as Op-Amp as shown below, +Vec Since feedback here is from emitter terminal of one Transistor to emitter terminal of other transistor. Hence, it acts as Series-Series Feedback. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 46 www-kreatryx.comWy - Analog Electronics (BJT) From the above figure, s oR, ga (trans conductance) The voltage gain can be calculated as, Yo =i (Re) Vip t+ BR, No Re PR Va (HBR, (FBR in For CE Amplifier (with bypass capacitor, the voltage gain was derived to be A =-g,R- L sas c(0c) FE B= Fey For CE Amplifier (without bypass capacitor), the circuit looks like as shown below, =I, = ZR. Due to absence of bypass capacitor the gain is reduced. Current amplifier (shunt - series) Vee © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 47 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (B/D) Current Amplifier can be realized using the two configurations shown above. Since, the feedback is from emitter terminal of one transistor to base terminal of the other, this configuration acts as Shunt Series Feedback. The feedback loop for BJT configuration can be drawn as shown below, L 1) Current gain TER -L, I, ra 1, Ww ov Ss RR Similarly, with Op-Amp the feedback loop can be drawn We as shown, R, Solved Examples Problem: Determine the voltage gain of the circuit shown below, Vee =~ 5,5 = WW Solution: For AC analysis we short-circuit the collector supply voltage, Thus, Vo 1gRe I= Ns Ss Ro Therefore, | Ry © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 48 www-kreatryx.com—\fa The voltage gain can be expressed as, Hence, the relation between voltage gain and current gain is A vARL R, in wut and output resistance of a feedback amplifier The circuit of a Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier is shown below, Input Resistance of a Non-Feedback Amplifier is, R, (Basic amp) =I R,, (feedback) YM Mn PM =n * Ag Analog Electronics (8/1). Configuration Input Output. Feedback Resistance Resistance. Series-Shunt Ri [1+ Ap] Ry Voltage-Series or h- TAB feedback Shunt-Series in Ro [1+ AB] Current-Shunt or g- A ef feedback Series-Series R, [1+ 4B] Ro [1+AB] Current-Series or z- feedback Shunt-Shunt in R, Voltage-Shunt or Y- TAB TAB feedback © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 49 www.kreatryx.comWe j Analog Electronics (BJ) In feedback amplifier using Op-Amp, Gain with feedback, A, =“ + TEAR dA, tence SAL 1 AB-AB IA (1+ AB)? dA (1 apy? GA/AT iy (1+Ap) Thus, in terms of percentage change we can write, % change in A 1+ AB Thus, the effect of feedback on parameters of Op-Amp is D AB dA, = da, A, change in A, = 1) Differential Gain, Dy = N 1+ Ap 3) Bandwidth, BW, = Bw[1+ AB] 2) Noise Gain, Ny 4) Input Resistance, Ry =R,, [11+ AB | for series feedback R. >fL Procedure for low frequency analysis Replace V__ with short circuit and capacitor by its impedance model —- or. Transistor is ‘cc 80° joc © & draw bode's plot. replaced with its two port equivalent. Find the transistor function <7 in Effect of coupling on low frequency response:- : RC Step-1: Short-circuit the DC supply © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 6 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Step-2: Draw the small signal model of the transistor without load capacitance. Ht }-—o+ + VW 5* 7 >) Er v, e] ¥ step-3: V, =i, 1 Min blPo“'s “ae] Me [prc]s ts vi tesc[R, +r] est ‘The magnitude of Transfer Function has the following values for different values of 's’ BRC beet — frequency When, f > fl 1 aa[R, +r, Je Thus, C> f> anf, +2] © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 62 www-kreatryx.comWe “ Analog Electronics (BJT) Time Constant =R,c-[a, +7 Je 1 Cok 8, Go, m Ow) ER vy Ol 1 = = Effect of bypass capacitor on low frequency response Mec Ee ‘At Low Frequency, by pass capacitor is open circuited. At High Frequency, by pass capacitor is short circuited. © © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 63 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). ‘arblal (cet Mo} BRe[1+sC.R.] BR. tisca,_|_ [st] Vig) fet B)Re +8CRt, r +(T+B)R.| 4, SCRE 14ST, r+ (14B)R, = @y is cut— off frequency. For Low Pass Filter at high frequencies, Gait © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 64 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). Unity Gain Frequency The frequency at which the gain of amplifier becomes unity is termed as unity gain frequency. In terms of h-parameters a Melly thee i PoMe ni \ ce=0 There, B is Short Circuit forward current gain. ‘Small Signal Model, under short circuit is OQ; ay. By KCL, tice BoM, v,[sc,] + i, 90M. Hence, i, =[9,, -sC]V, i, -v, [se] “+v.[sq,] fe{esc] [o, -«, fc ip tsr.[C.+¢,] Usually, we neglect C, as it is a very small value. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 65 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). 1 ok lc a Inf Kk ipg bp tes,[C.+¢,] tesr[c,+c,] 14ST Here, Gain(K) g,,r, adb Bandwidth( fxd) = nT a 82 ar, [C.+C, ] -—_9n GainxBW = weg] Hence, AK bap unity gain frequency =DC gain. 3db Bandwidth Note: If two transistors have the same unity gain frequency then the one with low value of B will have the wider bandwidth. [Less the gain + more will the bandwidth] © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 66 www-kreatryx.comAnalog Electronics (8/1). —\fa Note: For a N-stage amplifier, 1 (Low Pass Filter) (High Pass Filter) Solved Examples Problem: An op - amp has a unity gain frequency of 200MHz with a gain of 80dB, Find the 3db bandwidth. Solution: Since Gain-Bandwidth product is same as unity gain frequency, 200MHz = 80dB x 348 Bandwidth 80 = 20 log Gain Gain = 104 *.200%10© = 104 x3dB bandwidth faq = 20KHe Hence, the gain-frequency plot looks like, 0 fre 20KHz 200Mz 4 If gain increases bandwidth will fall down. Multi vibrator using 555 Timer Figure shows a block-diagram representation of the 555 timer Circuit. The Circuit consists of two comparators, an SR flip-flop and a transistor that operates as a switch. One power Supply Vcc is required for operation. A resistive voltage divider, consists of three equal resistors establishes the reference (threshold) voltages for the two comparators as shown. © Kreatryx. All Rights Reserved. 67 www-kreatryx.com