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dc generator

The document provides a comprehensive overview of D.C. generators, detailing their construction, operation, and types. It explains the principle of electromagnetic induction, the role of various components such as the yoke, armature, and commutator, and presents the EMF equation. Additionally, it discusses the applications of different types of D.C. generators, including separately excited, shunt, series, and compound generators.

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tusharshukla2102
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© © All Rights Reserved
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4 views

dc generator

The document provides a comprehensive overview of D.C. generators, detailing their construction, operation, and types. It explains the principle of electromagnetic induction, the role of various components such as the yoke, armature, and commutator, and presents the EMF equation. Additionally, it discusses the applications of different types of D.C. generators, including separately excited, shunt, series, and compound generators.

Uploaded by

tusharshukla2102
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D.C.

GENERATOR
D.C. GENERATOR-CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION

 DC Generators
 Principle of operation
 Action of Commutator
 Constructional details of DC Machine
 Types of DC generators
 EMF Equation
DC Generator
D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

 DC generator converts mechanical energy into


electrical energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic
field in such a way conductors cuts across a magnetic flux
of lines and e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is
defined by faradays law of electromagnetic induction
e.m.f. causes current to flow if the conductor circuit is
closed.
Simple loop generator
Simple loop generator
with slip ring
Generators
 Basic operation of the
generator
 As the loop rotates, the
magnetic flux through it
changes with time
 This induces an e.m.f and a
current in the external circuit
 The ends of the loop are
connected to slip rings that
rotate with the loop
 Connections to the external
circuit are made by
stationary brushes in
contact with the slip rings
Constructional Details Of DC Machine

 Yoke:
 Rotor:
 Stator:
 Field electromagnets:
 Pole core and pole shoe:
 Brushes:
 Shaft:
 Armature:
 Coil:
 Commutator:
 Bearings:
Main parts of a 4-pole D.C generator
Practical DC Generator
1)YOKE
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)

Large DC machine Small DC machine


2)POLE CORES AND POLE SHOES
2)Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed
steel (Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
2)POLE CORES AND POLE SHOES
2)Field Magnets:-
c) Field coils (Magnetizing coils):- -- Provide excitation
(exciting coils) I . e field flux
--Number of poles depends speed of armature on and the output for which the
machine designed
--Frame to used for design for exciting coils
Different types of fields
i) Separately Exciting
ii) Self Exciting
3)ARMATURE CORE
3)Conductor system:-
a) Armature core (Armature):-
--To support armature windings
--To rotate conductors in a magnetic field
-- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built
--Made of high permeability silicon steel stampings (of 0.5 mm thick)
-- Each stamping is separated from its neighboring one by thin varnish as
insulation
--Laminated to reduce eddy current losses
--A small air gap between pole pieces and armature so that no rubbing
between them
--High grade silicon steel used to reduce
i) Hysteresis loss
ii) Eddy current loss
--Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate heat to dissipate heat generated
by above losses

b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
--windings are insulated each other
4)COMMUTATOR
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each other by mica
segments (insulation)
--Between armature & External circuit
--Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
5&6 BEARINGS AND BRUSHES
5)Brushes and brush gear:-
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current from commutation
(in case of Generator)

6)Shaft and bearings:-


Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature
Bearings– For free rotation
DC Generator Construction
DC Generator Construction

Rotor of a dc generator
DC Generator Construction

Cutaway view of a dc generator


Armature windings
Generated EMF or EMF Equation of a generator
Let  = flux/pole in Weber
Z =Total number of armature conductors
=No. of slot × No. of conductors/slot
P= No. of generator poles
A =No. of parallel paths in armature
N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
Generated e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel paths
i.e E
Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d  volt
dt
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d  = P wb
No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PN volts
dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A

E.M.F generated/path=  PN × Z Volts


60 A
Generate E.M.F, Eg= Z N × P Volts
60 A
For
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A = P
Classifications of Generators
SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATORS

Ia=IL
E=Vt+ IaRa +BCD
SHUNT WOUND
SERIES WOUND
COMPOUND WOUND
long shunt short shunt
L
L

G
VL
G VL

L L
CONDITIONS FOR VOLTAGE BUILD-UP OF A
SHUNT GENERATOR
The necessary conditions for voltage build-up in a shunt generator are:

(i) There must be some residual magnetism in generator poles.

(ii) The connections of the field winding should be such that the field current
strengthens the residual magnetism.

(iii) The resistance of the field circuit should be less than the critical resistance. In
other words, the speed of the generator should be higher than the critical
speed.
APPLICATIONS OF D.C GENERATORS

Separately excited generators

i) These are used for speed control of D.C motors over a large range.
ii) These are used in areas where a wide range of terminal voltage is required

Self excited generators

i) shunt generators :-
i) These are used as exciters for exciting the field of synchronous machines and separately
excited D.C generators
ii) These are used for battery charging because it’s terminal voltage are almost constant or
can be kept constant.
iii) Commonly used in ordinary lighting purposes and power supply purposes.
ii) series generators:-
i) These are used for series arc lighting
ii) As a series booster for increasing the voltage across the feeder to compensate
the resistance drop of the line. because of their rising characteristic.
iii) Special purposes such as supplying the field current for regenerative
breaking of D.C locomotives (railway service).
iv) Constant current for welding.

iii) compound generators:-


i) Compound generators are used where constant terminal voltages have to be
maintained for different loading conditions.
ii) Cumulatively compound generators:-These are for domestic lighting
purposes and to transmit energy over long distance and for heavy power
service such as electric railways.
iii) Differential compound generator:- The use of this type of generators is very
rare and it is used for special application like arc welding.
PREPARED BY S N
KHALAS

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