2017-18

General Agriculture

For ICAR’s EXAMS, JRF, SRF, ARS & IARI

(Based on Authorized and Current information)

Compiled by:
Seema Jat
(Asst. Professor, Agriculture Extension, DAV, College, Ajmer)
CURRENT AGRICULTURE UPDATES: (2017-018)

 The 4th ASEAN-INDIA Ministerial Meeting on Agriculture and Forestry was held on
11th January, 2018 at NASC Complex, New Delhi
 The meeting was co-chaired by India’s Minister of Agriculture & Farmers’ Welfare
Radha Mohan Singh and Thailand’s Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives
Grisada Boonrach
 Food grain production in India -275.68 Mt (2017-018)
 Total production of horticultural crops in the year 2016-2017 are 300.6 MT
 Milk production in India (Highest over World)-155.5 Mt.(2017) and 1st rank in
world.
 Milk Availability (g./person/day)- 337 (2016-17)
 Fruit production - 92 Mt (2016-17) 2nd rank
 Vegetable production -168.6 Mt (2016-17) 2nd rank
 Contribution of agriculture to GDP is- 7.68 % (2017)
 Total Number of SAUs in India-60 (2017)
 Central Agriculture Universities- 03
 Deemed Agriculture Universities- 04
ORGANIZATIONAL SETUP OF ICAR: (PRESENT SCENARIOS: 2017-018
 Union Minister of Agriculture and President of the ICAR - Sh. Radha Mohan Singh
 State Agriculture Minister - Sh Prabhu Lal Saini
 Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research & Education (DARE) Ministry of
Agriculture, Govt. of India & Director-General (DG), ICAR – the Principal
Executive Officer of the Council - Dr. Trilochan Mahapatra
 Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB), Chairman- Dr. Gurbachan singh
(Agronomy)
INFORMATICS IN AGRICULTURE:

 Indian Council of Agriculture Research (ICAR) est. in July 16, 1929, on the basis
of Royal Commission 1928
 ICAR established a section of Extension Education at its headquarters in 1971, it
renamed as Division of Agricultural Extension
 First Agriculture University as SAU, G.B.Pant AU, established in 1960,
Uttaranchal (UP)
 First Agriculture University est. in Rajasthan- SKRAU, Bikaner in 1987
 Agriculture Universities established on Land Grant College
 Directorate of Women in Agriculture- Bhuwneshwar
 IT Plan for Agriculture Sector (AGRISNET) was submitted to Ministry of
Agriculture in 1997 to establish “Indian Agriculture on-line” and revised in 2000.
 AGMARKNET-Agricultural Marketing Information Network
 NADAMS-National Agricultural Drought Advisory and Management Systems AgRIS-
Resources Information System
 E-chaupal estabilished by Indian Tobacco Comp. (ITC) at M.P.
 ICT- Information and Communication Technology
 ARIS- Agricultural Research Information System, est. by ICAR, 1995
 Intensive Agriculture Development Programme (IADP) launched in July, 1960
 IADP also known as “Package Programme”
 Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC), first started at Bhopal in- 1998-99
(by ICAR)
 ATIC also Known as “ Single Window System”
 Regional Rural Banks (RRB) was established in- 2nd Oct., 1975
 RRB known as “Small Man’s” Bank’s
 RRB were setup under the recommendation of- Narasimham Committee
 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) estb. in July 12,
1982 on the recommendation of CRAFICARD, with the chairmanship of Sivaraman
 Headquarter of NABARD at- Mumbai
 Kisan Call Centre (KCC) started in- June 22, 2004 with 22 languages
  KCC Toll free no. 18001801551 & 01771551
 National Commission on Farmers-2004 (Chairman- M.S. Swaminathan)
 National Horticulture Mission-started 2005
 National Bamboo Mission-started 2006-07
 National Food Security Mission started Rabi, 2007
 RADP- Rain fed Area Development Programme, Since 20 March, 2008
 NPMSF- National Project on Management of Soil Health & Fertilizer,
2008-09

SOME IMPORTANT YEARS:

 2004-International year of rice
 2005-International year of micro credit
 2006-International year of desert and desertification
 2007-International year of water (theme-more crop per drop)
 2008-International year of potato
 2009-International year of fiber
 2010- International year of Biodiversity
 2011- International Year of Forests and International Year of Youth
 2012-International Year of Cooperatives and International Year of Sustainable Energy
for All
 2013-International Year of Water Cooperation
 2014-International Year of Family Farming
 2015-International Year of Light and Light-based Technologies
 2015-International Year of Soils
 2016- International Year of Pulses
 2017-International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development

SOME IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONS IN INDIA

S.N Revolution Product related Father/Person associated

 with
1. Protein Revolution Higher Production Coined by PM Narendra
(Technology driven Modi and FM Arun Jaitely.
2nd Green revolution)
2. Yellow Revolution Oil seed Production Sam Pitroda
(Especially Mustard and
Sunflower)
3. Black Revolution Petroleum products
4. Blue Revolution Fish Production Dr. Arun Krishnan.
5. Brown Revolution Leather / Cocoa / Non-
Conventional Products
6. Golden Fiber Jute Production
Revolution
7. Golden Revolution Fruits / Honey Production / Nirpakh Tutej
Horticulture Development
8. Grey Revolution Fertilizers
9. Pink Revolution Onion Production / Durgesh Patel
Pharmaceuticals / Prawn
Production
10. Evergreen Revolution Overall Production of Started in 11th 5 year Plan
Agriculture.
11. Silver Revolution Egg Production / Poultry Indira Gandhi
Production
12. Silver Fiber Cotton
Revolution
13. Red Revolution Meat Production / Tomato Vishal Tewari
Production
14. Round Revolution Potato
15. Green Revolution Food Grains Norman Borlong
M.S. Swaminathan (India)
 William Goud (UK)
16. White Revolution Milk Production Verghese Kurien
(or, Operation Flood)

POINTS NEED TO REMEMBER

 World Green Revolution:
 The term "Green Revolution" was first used in 1968 by former USAID director-
William Gaud.
 The International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center- CIMMYT , Mexico
 Father of the Green Revolution- Norman Ernest Borlaug
 Father of the Green Revolution in India- M. S. Swaminathan (Mankombu Sambasivan
Swaminathan
 Father of the Ever Green Revolution in India (1995) - M. S. Swaminathan
 First laureate of the “world food’ prize- Dr. Swaminathan
 Father of hybrid rice production- Yuvan long ping
 Rice breeders: Dr. H. M. Beachell (in India, Dr. Gurdev singh khush)
 Father of Hybrid rice in India- Dr. E.A. Siddiqe
 PUFA content is highest in –Sunflower Pseudocereal-Buckwheat
 Leather Pulse crop doesn’t fix N-Rajma
 Nanotechnology is coined by-Nario Taniguichi (1974), at Univ. of Tokyo, Japan
 MSP given by CACP
 CACP stands for - Commission on Agriculture Cost and Prices
 Swajaldhara is – drinking water project, 2002
 Hariyali- watershed development program est. 2003
 NAREGA, (w.e.f. 2005) changes to MAREGA (Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment
Guaranty (w.e.f. 2009)
Act)
 The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights (PPV&FR) Authority, established
in Nov., 2005 at New Delhi (Chairman- S. Nagrajan)
 National Project on Management of Soil Health & Fertility (NPMSF), has been
introduced in 2008-09
 NAFED -National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Limited
 CCI- Cotton Corporation of India
 Indian Farmer’s Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO)
 Krishak Bharti Cooperative (KRIBHCO)
 National Food Security Mission (NFSM) has been launched from the rabi 2007-08 to
enhancing the production of rice, wheat and pulses by 10, 8 and 2 million tonnes
respectively by the end of the Eleventh Plan
 Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCC) was introduced in August 1998
 Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) - launched in August 2007
 National Bamboo Mission (NBM)- commenced in 2006-07
 National Horticulture Mission - 2005
 National Committee on Plasticulture Applications in Horticulture (NCPAH)
 National Dairy Development Board (NDDB), established in 1965 with the chairmanship
of Dr. V. Kurien (first NDDB chairman)
 Present NDDB, Chairman- Sh. Dilip Rath
 Planning Commission first formulated in- 15 March, 1950
 Planning Commission replaced by a new institution named as – National Institution for
Transforming India (NITI) Aayog, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015
 Headquarter- New Delhi
 First chairman of Planning Commissions- Pdt Jawahar Lal Nehru
 Present chairman, Planning Commissions- Narendra Modi
 Chairman of National Commission for Farmers - Dr. M.S. Swaminathan
 The major constituent of poultry feed – Maize
 Which of the equipment is used to turn over the soil- Mould bould plough
 NBFGR-National Bureau for Fish Genetic Resource is situated at- Lucknow
 The nutrient helps in Biological Nitrogen Fixation? Mo
 Operation flood- 1970-1996
 CIMMYT works on-Maize and wheat
 The highly salt tolerant fruit crop- Date palm
 Price fixed by government for agricultural products Minimum Support Price (MSP)
given by CACP
 CACP stands for - Commission on Agriculture cost and Prices
 If farmer has only one irrigation is available for wheat crop, at which stage it is
recommended - CRI
 Disease occurring regularly in the same area is called as - Endemic
 The essential component of nucleic acid and protein is- N
 Which crop in India has maximum area under irrigation- Rice
 Which of the following is not found in plant cell- Glycogen
 Certified seed is produced from - Foundation seed
 Average annual Rainfall in India- 1195 mm
 Average annual Rainfall in Rajasthan- 200-400 mm

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

 Extension Education is the process of bringing desirable changes in human behavior

 The term ‘Extension’ have originated from - Latin roots
 The Latin roots for the word ‘extension’ is - ex and tension
 The term ‘Extension’ originated in - UK (1966)
 The term Extension Education was first used in – 1873
 The word Extension was first used by- Vorhees
 The person considered as father of extension- James Stuart
 The person considered as father of Extension Education- J.P. Leagans
 The father of Extension Education in India- K.N. Singh
 The Extension Education process: there are Five essential steps given by- Leagans
Situation (what it is now) Objectives (what is should be) Teaching (what to
teach and how to teach) Evaluation (what has been the result)
Reconsideration (what next to do)
 Steps of Extension Teaching: Six steps given by Wilson & Gallup
AIDCAS
  Attention
 Interest
 Desire
 Conviction
 Action
 Satisfaction
 Philosophy of extension education is to teach people “How to think” not What to think
(given by Kelsey & Hearne)
 Philosophy is the - Pursuit of Wisdom
 Principles of extension given by- Mildred Horton (1952)
 Extension Education started on the basis of- Morril Act 1862
 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) first established in 1974 (Pondicherry, TNAU), with
the recommendation of Mohan Sinha Mehta Committee
 First KVK in Rajasthan estb. in 1976 at Fathpur Sekawati, Sikar (SKRAU)
 Total number of KVK’s in India- 692
 KVK in Rajasthan- 43
 Training and Visit System (T & V), started in - 1974 by Daniel Benor
 Participatory Approaches in Rural Development
 Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), started late- 1970-80
 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), started in late- 1980-90
 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
 Entrepreneur is derived from “French” word Entreprendre means To Undertake
 The word ‘communication’ comes from the Latin word Communis, its meaning is
Common
 The word sociology derives from both Latin and Greek, from the Latin: socius,
meaning "companion" and Logos, meaning "the study "
 Father of Sociology- Auguste Comte

MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 The extension scientist J. Paul Leagans (1961) has told the following elements for an
effective communication process–
 Communicator → Message → Channel → Treatment → Audience → Feedback

 Berlo (1960) proposed six elements–

Source→ Encoder→ Message→ Channel→ Decoder→ Receiver

 Shannan C. & Weaver (1949) have told that there are five elements-
Source → Transmitor → Signal→ Receiver→ Destination

 Schramm (1954) has analyzed 6 elements-

Source→ Encoder→ Message→ Signal→ Decoder→ Receiver

 Aristotle has told Three important elements for communication process–

Speaker → Speech → Audience

 Lasswell (1963) has analyzed these elements of communication process that

Who → what → by which channel → to whom → under what circumstance → with
effect
 Credibility- means Trustworthiness and Competence
 Fidelity- the faithful performance of communication process
 Diffusion - Diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated through
certain channels over time among the members of a social system. There are four
elements in diffusion process.
1. An innovation
2. Communication Channels
3. Time
4. Social system
 Innovation: An innovation is an idea, practice or object perceived as new by an
individual or other unit of adoption.
A good innovation should have following five attributes:
 Relative advantage
 Compatibility
  Complexity
 Trialability
 Observability
 Re-invention- is the degree to which an innovation is changed or modified by a user in
the process of its adoption and implementation.
 Heterophily: It is the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are different in
certain attributes, such as beliefs, education, social status and the like.
 Homophily: It is the degree to which pairs of individuals who interact are similar in
certain attributes such as beliefs, education, social status and the like.
 The steps in Innovation Decision Process are: KPDID
1. Knowledge
2. Persuasion
3. Decision
4. Implementation
5. Confirmation
 Stages of Adoption: AIETA
1. Awareness
2. Interest
3, Evaluation
4. Trial
5. Adoption
 Adopter Categories:
(i) Innovators: Innovators are also known as ‘venturesome’. There are 2.5 percent
innovators in a social system.
(ii) Early Adopters: Early Adopters are also known as ‘respectable’. There are 13.5
percent Early Adopters in a social system.
(iii) Early Majority: Early Majority are also known as ‘deliberate’. There are 34
percent Early Majority in a social system.
(iv) Late Majority: Late Majority are also known as ‘skeptical’. There are 34 percent
Late Majority in a social system.
(v) Laggards: Laggards are also known as ‘traditional’. There are 16 percent Laggards in a
social system.

RURAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

S.NO. Name of the Programme Started by Year

Pre independence (1866-1947)

1. Gurgaon Experiment F.L.Brayne 1920

2. Sriniketan Project Shri Rabindra Nath 1921

Tagore

3. Marthandam Project Dr.Spencer Hatch 1921

Post independence(1947-53)

1. Firka Development Shri. Prakasam 1947

(Then Chief Minister
of Madras)

2. Etawah Pilot Project Albert Mayor 1948

3. Nilokheri Experiment S.K.Dey 1948

4. Sarvoday Programme Shri Vinoba Bhave 1948-49

4. Community Development Government of India 1952
Programme (CDP)

5. National Extension Service (NES) Government of India 1953

RURAL DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS / PROGRAMMES AFTER INDEPENDENCE

S.No. Year Name of the Programme after independence

1. 1947 GMFC Grow More Food Campaign
2. 1950 JMPC Japanese Method of Paddy Cultivation
3. 1952 CDP Community Development Programme
4. 1952 GMFEC Grow more food enquiry committee
4. 1953 NES National Extension Service
5. 1960 IADP Intensive Agriculture Development Programme
6. 1963 ANP Applied Nutrition Programme
7. 1964-65 IAAP Integrated Agricultural Area Programme
8. 1964 ICDP Integrated Cattle Development Programme
9. 1965 NDP National Demonstration Project
10. 1966 ODP Oilseed Development Programme
11. 1965-66 HYVP High Yielding Varieties Programme (for Wheat and
Paddy)
12. 1966 FTEP Farmers Training and Education Programme
13. 1966 FTC Farmers Training Centre
14. 1966 MCP Multiple Crop Programme
15. 1970 DPAP Draught Prone Area Programme
16. 1970 DFAP Dry Farming Area Programme
17. 1971 ICDP Integrated Cotton Development Programme
18. 1971 WVDP Whole Village Development Programme
19. 1971 SFDA Small Farmers Development Agency
20. 1971 MFAL Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Agency
21. 1971-72 TADP Tribal Area Development Programme
22. 1973 HADP Hill Area Development Programme
23. 1974 T&V Training and Visit System
24. 1974 KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra (first was in Pondicherry, TNAU)
25. 1974 TDB Tribal Development Block
1975 RRB Regional Rural Bank
26. 1975 CADP Command Area Development Programme
27. 1976 IRDP Intergraded Rural Development Programme
28. 1976 ORP Operational Research Project
30. 1977 DDP Desert Development Programme
31. 1978 LLP Lab-to-Land Programme
32. 1978 NARP National Agricultural Research Project
33. 1979 TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
34. 1980 NREP National Rural Employment Programme
35. 1980 DRDA District Rural Development Agency
37. 1981 RLEGP Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme
1982 NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
38. 1982 DWCRA Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas
39. 1984-85 NAEP National Agricultural Extension Project
40. 1986-87 NWDP National Watershed Development Project
41. 1989 JRY Jawahar Rojgar Yojana
42. 1990-91 NWDPRA National Water Development Project for Rain fed Areas
1995 IVLP ICAR started IVLP (Institute village linkage programme
43. 1998 NATP National Agricultural Technology Project
44. 1998 ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency
2003 PURA Providing Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
2005 NRHM National Rural Health Mission
2005 NHM National Horticulture Mission
45. 2005-06 NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project

Panchayat Raj System

 Panchayat Raj System (PRS), Balwant Roy Mehta committee, introduced PRS
 3Tier, Dist->, Block->, Village by B.R. Mehta committee (first in Rajasthan)
 2 Tier by Ashok Mehta committee (first in Karnataka)
  “Panchayat Raj”, the state of Madras tried this as a pilot project as early as 1957.
 It was the state of Rajasthan which became the pioneer to bring the whole state under
democratic decentralization on October 2, 1959.
 Community Development Project (CDP) was started in 1952, by Balwant Roy Mehta
committee
 Fundamental objective of CDP was- Destination Man
 National Extension Service (NES) -1953
Farm Journalism
 Journalism is one of the four permanent pillars of democracy.
 The first newspapers appeared in Europe in the 17th century. Printed periodical was
Mercurius Gallobelgicus; written in Latin, it appeared in 1594 in Cologne, now Germany.
 The first daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, appeared in 1702.
 Journalism had its nascent birth in India in Bengal in the year 1780 when Bengal
Gazette published first Indian news paper in English language (but later began to publish
in its mother tongue in Bengali) started by James Augustus Hickey in 1780.
 In Hindi language, the first newspaper “Udant Mortand” had published in Calcutta on
30th May, 1826 by Shree Mugal Kishore Shukla of Kanpur (U.P.).
 First Radio Station was started in 1927 at Bombay and Calcutta
 All India Radio (AIR) was established in 1936. (Name has changed as Akashvani in
1957).
 Television broadcast started from 1959.
 The Press Trust of India (PTI) was established in 27th August, 1947.
 Agricultural Research Information Centre (ARIC) was established by the ICAR in 1967.
Now the name has changed to Directorate of Information and Publications of Agriculture
(DIPA).
 ARIS was established by the ICAR in 1995.
 Mass media support to Agriculture Extension Scheme launched in April 2005.

Publication
 1837- First agricultural journal Transactions of the Agricultural and Horticultural
Society of India
  1873 – Indian Forestry (Imperial Forest Research Institute)
 1914 – Krishi Sudhar (Agra, Independent effort)
 1931 – Agriculture and Livestock in India (ICAR)
 1931 – Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences
 1940 – Indian Farming
 1947– Indian Livestock, Pashudhan, Indian Horticulture, Animal Sciences, Kheti Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
Publication (English)
 The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (Monthly)
 The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences (Monthly)
 Indian Horticulture (Bi-monthly)
 Indian Farming (Monthly)
 ICAR News (Quarterly)
 ICAR Reporter (Quarterly)
Hindi
 Kethi (Monthly)
 Phal Phool (Bi-monthly)
 Krishi Chayanika (Quarterly) Ministry of Agriculture
 Journal of Veterinary Science and Animal management in India
 Agricultural Journal of India
 Journal of Tropical Veterinary Science
 Gaon Samvardhan
 Intensive Agriculture
 Unnat Kheti

STATISTICS

1) AVERAGES:
No Average Definition Uses
1. Arithmetic Sum of all values/No. of To calculate average yield,
Mean values SD, and correlation and
 regression coefficients.
2. Harmonic I When deal with Rate, price
Mean (1/x1+1/x2+…+1xn) (1/n) and speed
3. Geometric (X1*X2*…*Xn)1n When deal with relative
Mean changes
Ex. Bacterial growth, cell
division
4. Median Middle most item of all values For open ended class data’s
Intelligence, Ability and
Efficiency.
5. Mode Most frequently occurred item Typical soil type, cropping
pattern in a
locality, and shoe and shirt
size in
business

 Symmetrical distribution: Mean = Median = Mode

 Moderately skewed distribution: Mean – Mode = 3 (Mean – Median)
2) MEASURES OF DISTRIBUTION:
 Coefficient of variation = (SD/ mean) X 100
3) SKEWNESS:
 Lack of symmetry β1 = m2 3/m3 2. Y1= b1
 Symmetrical distribution Y1=0
 Negatively skewed Y1= -Ve
 Negatively skewed Y1= +Ve
KURTOSIS
 A Measure of peakedness or convexity β2= μ4/μ3 2 Y2=β2-3
 Normal distribution - Y2 = 0
 Platykurtic - Y2= -Ve
 Leptokurtic - Y2= +Ve
4) REGRESSION AND CORRELATION
 a) Correlation: To study the association between two or more variables
 Properties of correlation coefficient:
1. It lies between –1 to +1 if it is 0; There is no relationship between variables
2. Independent of change of scale and origin of the variables.
3. It is geometric mean of two regression coefficients.
4. The degree of relationship between two variables is symmetric i.e. r xy = ryx
b) Regression: To measure the average relationship between two of more variables.
 Properties:
1. It gives the nature of relationship between two variables.
2. It gives the cause and effect of relationship
3. Regression coefficients are not symmetric, bxy ≠ byx
4. It is independent of change of origin but not of scale
5) PROBABILITY
 Probability ranges from 0 to 1
No of favorable cases
 Probability = ---------------------------------------
Total no of equally likely cases
 Probability of an event uncertain to occur is 0
Eg. Probability of 7 in throwing a die – 0
 Additive theorem
(I) Mutually exclusive events
P (A or B) =P (A) +P(B), where P(AB)=0
(II) Not mutually exclusive events
P (A or B)=P (A) +P (B)-P (AB)
 Multiplication theorem
(I) P (A and B)=P (A) X P(B)
6) DISTRIBUTION
a) Binomial Distribution (BD)
 Random variable of BD is a discrete one
 BD has Bernoulli trials containing two outcomes (i.e. success, failure)
 The BD is
 P (X)=n Cxpxqn-x
Where
n = no of trials
p = probability of success
q = probability of failure
x = no of successes in ‘n’ trials
 Mean (np) ≠ variance (npq)
 If n is large and if neither p of q is too close to 0, then BD approaches normal
distribution.
 When n> 20; p<0.05, BD approaches Poisson distribution.
b) Poisson Distribution (PD) (the law of improbable events)
 PD – discrete probability distribution

e-mmx
P(x) = --------------
X!
Where
x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5……
e = 2.7
m = mean (np)
 Mean (np) = variance (npq) p 0; q 1
 Uses of PD

- Printing errors in a book

- No of deaths in a district in a given period

- Arrivals of trucks aeroplanes at terminals

- Telephone calls
c) Normal Distribution (ND)
 ND – continuous probability distribution
 Standard deviation of a sample = ơ Tv
Where,
 s = SD of population
n = sample size
 The normal curve is bell shaped and symmetrical
 Mean = median = mode
 Area under standard normal curve = 1; mean = 0; SD = 1
7) EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
 Experimental error : the variation due to uncontrolled factors
 Treatment : the objects of comparison
 Replication : allocation of treatments to the different experimental units
by a random process
 Local control : the principle of making use of greater homogeneity in groups
of experimental units for reducing experimental error
 Critical difference : (standard error) diff. X t value for error df at 5% or 1% level
S.N. Type of Type of experimental Error degrees of freedoms
Design material
1. CRD Homogeneous N-n
2. RBD Variation in one direction (n-1) x (r-1)
3. LSD Variation in two directions (n-1) x (n-2)
Where,
N = total no. of observations
n = no of treatments
r = no. of replications
 Split Plot Design: To study effects of 2 or more factors requiring different plot sizes
E. g. to study agronomic practices with fertilizer treatments
 Factorial experiments: To study the effects of two or more factors and their inter
Relationships
8) TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
 Hypotheses : assumption about a population parameters
 Null hypothesis : Ho (No significant difference between two parameters)
 Altemative hypothesis : Ha (significant difference between two parameters)
  Errors:
- Type I error: hypothesis is true but our test rejects it
- Type II error: hypothesis is false but our test accepts it
9) TESTS OF SIGNEFICANCE (Small sample < 30)
S.N. Type of Test Uses
1. Students t test Small samples
2. Z test Large samples
3. F test To test the proportions and variances
4. CHI2 Test of independence, test of goodness of fit, test
homogeneity

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

 Australia has the maximum arable land per person

 The Indian Food grains storage management and Research Institute is located at
HAPUR, UP
 The world first agricultural census was conducted in 1930
 The headquarters of Directorate of marketing and Inspection (DMI) established in
1935 is located at – Faridabad, Haryana
 The Agricultural produce (Grading and Marking) Act was passed in – 1937
Minimum support price
 The most limiting factor of production in Indian agriculture is – capital
 The govt. Determines the support prices of crop products on the recommendation of
- Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
 The demand for agricultural products in general is - Inelastic
 The apex body for institution finance for agriculture in India is - National Bank For
agriculture and Rural Development
 The earlier name of WTO was GATT
 AGMARK is an indicator of – Purity. Established in 1937
 The govt. Of India set up planning commission in march, 1950
 The price below which the producers are not ready to sell is known as – Reserve price
 NABARD was set up in – July 1982
 The highest per capita income of farmers is in – Punjab
 The scheme of Regional Rural banks (RRBs) was launched in India on – 2nd October,
1975
 The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Act for its establishment was passed in the year – 1934
 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) establishment in 1st April 1935 by the - British colonial
government
 The first inaugural office holder of RBI was the British banker - Osborne Smith
 The present governor of Reserve Bank of India is - Urjit Patel
 The Kisan Credit Card Scheme (KCCS) was introduced in - 1998-99
 The national Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) was introduced in the country
from : Rabi 1999-2000
 The net capital ratio is given by - Total assets / Total liabilities
 The minimum wages act was enacted by the govt. of India on- 1948
 Farm machinery and equipments are an example of - Working assets
 NABARD was established on 12th July, 1982 on the recommendation of - Shivaraman
Committee
 Cooperative movement in India was started in – 1904
 The headquarters of Asian Development Bank (ADB) is at - Manila
 The National Agriculture Policy (NAP) was announced on – 28th July, 2000
 The Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP) recommends the
minimum Support Prices for 24 important crops.
 The chairman of National Development Council (NDC) is Prime Minister
 Value added tax (VAT) is a Direct and Indirect tax