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coordinate systems polar

The document outlines the fundamentals of coordinate systems, including geoid and ellipsoid parameters, geodetic coordinates, and state plane coordinate systems. It discusses the construction of projections, the significance of standard parallels and central meridians, and the methods for direct and inverse computations in geodetic systems. Additionally, it highlights considerations for surveys that extend across multiple zones and provides references for required readings and figures.

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nebiyu
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2 views

coordinate systems polar

The document outlines the fundamentals of coordinate systems, including geoid and ellipsoid parameters, geodetic coordinates, and state plane coordinate systems. It discusses the construction of projections, the significance of standard parallels and central meridians, and the methods for direct and inverse computations in geodetic systems. Additionally, it highlights considerations for surveys that extend across multiple zones and provides references for required readings and figures.

Uploaded by

nebiyu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Coordinate

Systems
• Required readings:
• Coordinate systems:19-1 to 19-6.
• State plane coordinate systems: 20-1 to 20-5, 20-7, 20-
10, and 20-12.
• Required figures:
• Coordinate systems: 19-1, 19-2, 19-6, 19-7 and 19-8.
• State plane coordinate systems: 20-1 to 20-3, 20-10.
• Recommended, not required, readings: 19-7 to 19-11,
20-11, and 20-13.
Coordinate Systems
• Geoid and Ellipsoid, what for?
Ellipsoid Parameters
• Ellipsoid parameters (equations not required):
• semi-major axes (a), semi-minor axes (b)
• e = a 2  b 2 = first eccentricity
b2
a
• 2
N = normal length = 1 e sin 2 

• Great circles and meridians


• Two main ellipsoids in North America:
• Clarke ellipsoid of 1866, on which NAD27 is based
• Geodetic Reference System of 1980 (GRS80): on
which NAD83 is based.
• For lines up to 50 km, a sphere of equal volume can be
used
Geodetic Coordinate System
• System components, coordinates
Geodetic System Coordinates
• Definitions :
– Geodetic latitude (f): the angle in the meridian
plane of the point between the equator and the normal
to the ellipsoid through that point.
– Geodetic longitude (l): the angle along the equator
between the Greenwich and the point meridians
– Height above the ellipsoid (h)
Universal Space Rectangular System
• System definition, X, Y, Z
• Advantage and disadvantage
• X, Y, Z from geodetic coordinates
Z

X = (N+h) cosf cosl


Y = (N+h) cosf sinl
Y
Z = ( N(1-e2) +h) sinf

X
State Plane Coordinate Systems
• Plane rectangular systems, why use them?
• How to construct them: Project the earth’s
surface onto a developable surface.
• Two major projections: Lambert Conformal
Conic, and Transverse Mercator.

Coneann.gif
Secants, Scales, and Distortions
• Scale is exact along the secants, smaller than
true in between.
• Distortions are larger away from the secants
Choosing a Projection
• States extending East-west: Lambert Conical
• States extending North-South: Mercator
Cylindrical.
• A single surface will provide a single zone.
Maximum zone width is 158 miles to limit
distortions to 1:10,000. States longer than 158 mi,
use more than one zone (projection).
Standard Parallels & Central
Meridians
• Standard Parallels: the secants, no distortion
along them. At 1/6 of zone width from zone edges
• Central Meridians: a meridian at the middle of
the zone, defines the direction of the Y axis.
• The Y axis points to the grid north, which is the
geodetic north only at the central meridian
• To compute the grid azimuth ( from grid north)
from geodetic azimuth ( from geodetic north):
grid azimuth = geodetic azimuth - q
Geodetic and SPCS
• Control points in
SPCS are initially
computed from
Geodetic
coordinates (direct
problem). If
NAD27 is used the
result is SPCS27. If
NAD83 is used, the
result is SPCS83.
• Define: q, R, Rb, C,
and how to get
them.
Direct and Inverse Problems
• Direct (Forward):
• given: f, l get X, Y?
• Solution: X = R sin q + C
• Y = Rb - R cos q
• Whenever q is used, it is -ve west (left) of the central
meridian.
• q = geodetic azimuth - grid azimuth
• Indirect (Inverse): Solve the above mentioned equations
to compute R, and q. Use tables to compute f, l .
• In both cases, use a computer program whenever
is available. Wolfpack can do it, see next slide.
q = geodetic azimuth - grid azimuth
Grid N Grid N
B
Geodetic N Geodetic N
Grid Az
 Geodetic Az A

Geodetic Az Central Meridian of


the zone
Central Meridian of Grid Az
the zone

q : NEGATIVE at point A
West of the CM
q POSITIVE at point A
East of the CM
• Forward Computations: given (f, l) get (X, Y).
• Inverse Computations: given (X, Y) get (f, l)
Surveys Extending from one
Zone to Another
• There is always an overlap area between the
zones.
• When in the transition zone, compute the geodetic
coordinates of two points from their X, Y in first
zone (direct problem).
• Compute X, Y of the same points in the second
zone system from their geodetic coordinates
(inverse problem)
• Compute the azimuth of the line, use the azimuth
and new coordinates to proceed.
Review of Project 2
PI (V)

C
T

PC
Two vertical
BVC 1 curves can be set-
20
BVC 2 out at the same
time from either
BVC 1 or BVC 2.
The direction of
each of the
Centerlines curves
is shown to the
left. Assume that
the BM for
elevation is BVC
and IS NOT 20

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