Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi

Department of Civil Engineering

Disaster Resilient Infrastructure

Supervisor: Dr. Mahendra Kumar Pal

A report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of

the Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

October 31, 2024

List of Contributors

• Leader: Krish Kumar (23064014)

• Co-Leader: Kartik Sharma (23064012) Other Members:-

• Kartik Narayan (23064011)

• Khushi Jainth (23064013)

• Kanikakumari Prajapati (23064010)

• Kartikey Tanwar (23065054)

i
 Abstract

This is an undergraduate project report template and instruction on how to write a report. It
also has some useful examples to use LATEX. Do read this template carefully. The number of
chapters and their titles may vary depending on the type of project and personal preference.
Section titles in this template are illustrative should be updated accordingly. For example,
sections named “A section...” and “Example of ...” should be updated. The number of
sections in each chapter may also vary. This template may or may not suit your project.
Discuss the structure of your report with your supervisor.

Keywords: a maximum of five keywords/keyphrase separated by commas

Report’s total word count: Following the abstract, the word count must be stated.
We expect at least 10,000 words in length and at most 15,000 words (starting from Chapter 1
and finishing at the end of the conclusions chapter, excluding references, appendices, abstract,
text in figures, tables, listings, and captions), about 40 - 50 pages.

Program code should be uploaded to gitlab, and the gitlab link should be included
alongside the word count, following the abstract.

You must submit your dissertation report (preferred in a PDF file) via the “Turnitin assign-
ment” in Blackboard Learn by the deadline. If a student has resits from the taught modules,
the dissertation deadline will be extended for 3 weeks from the original dissertation deadline.

ii
 Acknowledgements

An acknowledgements section is optional. You may like to acknowledge the support and help
of your supervisor(s), friends, or any other person(s), department(s), institute(s), etc. If you
have been provided specific facility from department/school acknowledged so.

iii
Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Aims and objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Solution approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.1 A subsection 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4.2 A subsection 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.5 Summary of contributions and achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.6 Organization of the report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Design Principles of Disaster Resilient Infrastructure 4

2.1 Example of in-text citation of references in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Example of “risk” of unintentional plagiarism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Critique of the review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3 Materials and Technologies for Resilience 6

3.1 Examples of the sections of a methodology chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.1 Example of a software/Web development main text structure . . . . . 6
3.1.2 Example of an algorithm analysis main text structure . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.3 Example of an application type main text structure . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1.4 Example of a science lab-type main text structure . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Example of an Equation in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Example of a Figure in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Example of an algorithm in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 Example of code snippet in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Example of in-text citation style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.1 Example of the equations and illustrations placement and reference in
the text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.6.2 Example of the equations and illustrations style . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 Structural Systems and Innovations 13

4.1 A section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Example of a Table in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3 Example of captions style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

iv
CONTENTS v

5 Roles of Policies, Codes, and Governance 15

5.1 A section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 Significance of the findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.3 Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6 Case Studies of Resilient Infrastructure 16

6.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
6.2 Future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

7 Challenges in Implementation 17

Appendices 19

A An Appendix Chapter (Optional) 19

B An Appendix Chapter (Optional) 20

List of Figures

3.1 Example figure in LATEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

vi
List of Tables

3.1 Undergraduate report template structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Example of a software engineering-type report structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 Example of an algorithm analysis type report structure . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Example of an application type report structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Example of a science lab experiment-type report structure . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 Example of a table in LATEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

vii
List of Abbreviations

SMPCS School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences

viii
Chapter 1

Introduction

Guidance on introduction chapter writing: Introductions are written in the following parts:
• A brief description of the investigated problem.

• A summary of the scope and context of the project, i.e., what is the background
of the topic/problem/application/system/algorithm/experiment/research question/hy-
pothesis/etc. under investigation/implementation/development [whichever is applicable
to your project].

• The aims and objectives of the project.

• A description of the problem and the methodological approach adopted to solve the
problem.

• A summary of the most significant outcomes and their interpretations.

• Organization of the report.

Consult your supervisor to check the content of the introduction chapter. In this tem-
plate, we only offer basic sections of an introduction chapter. It may not be complete and
comprehensive. Writing a report is a subjective matter, and a report’s style and structure
depend on the “type of project” as well as an individual’s preference. This template suits the
following project paradigms:
1. software engineering and software/web application development;

2. algorithm implementation, analysis and/or application;

3. science lab (experiment); and

4. pure theoretical development (not mention extensively).

Use only a single font for the body text. We recommend using a clean and electronic
document friendly font like Arial or Calibri for MS-word (If you create a report in MS word). If
you use this template, DO NOT ALTER the template’s default font “amsfont default computer
modern”. The default LATEX font “computer modern” is also acceptable.
The recommended body text font size is minimum 11pt and minimum one-half line
spacing. The recommended figure/table caption font size is minimum 10pt. The footnote1
font size is minimum 8pt. DO NOT ALTER the font setting of this template.
1
Example footnote: footnotes are useful for adding external sources such as links as well as extra information
on a topic or word or sentence. Use command \footnote{...} next to a word to generate a footnote in LATEX.

1
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Background
Describe to a reader the context of your project. That is, what is your project and what its mo-
tivation. Briefly explain the major theories, applications, and/or products/systems/algorithms
whichever is relevant to your project.
Cautions: Do not say you choose this project because of your interest, or your supervisor
proposed/suggested this project, or you were assigned this project as your final year project.
This all may be true, but it is not meant to be written here.

1.2 Problem statement

This section describes the investigated problem in detail. You can also have a separate
chapter on “Problem articulation.” For some projects, you may have a section like “Research
question(s)” or “Research Hypothesis” instead of a section on “Problem statement.’

1.3 Aims and objectives

Describe the “aims and objectives” of your project.
Aims: The aims tell a read what you want/hope to achieve at the end of the project.
The aims define your intent/purpose in general terms.
Objectives: The objectives are a set of tasks you would perform in order to achieve the
defined aims. The objective statements have to be specific and measurable through the results
and outcome of the project.

1.4 Solution approach

Briefly describe the solution approach and the methodology applied in solving the set aims
and objectives.
Depending on the project, you may like to alter the “heading” of this section. Check with
you supervisor. Also, check what subsection or any other section that can be added in or
removed from this template.

1.4.1 A subsection 1
You may or may not need subsections here. Depending on your project’s needs, add two or
more subsection(s). A section takes at least two subsections.

1.4.2 A subsection 2
Depending on your project’s needs, add more section(s) and subsection(s).

A subsection 1 of a subsection
The command \subsubsection{} creates a paragraph heading in LATEX.

A subsection 2 of a subsection
Write your text here...
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3

1.5 Summary of contributions and achievements

Describe clearly what you have done/created/achieved and what the major results and their
implications are.

1.6 Organization of the report

Describe the outline of the rest of the report here. Let the reader know what to expect ahead
in the report. Describe how you have organized your report.
Example: how to refer a chapter, section, subsection. This report is organised into
seven chapters. Chapter 2 details the literature review of this project. In Section 3...
Note: Take care of the word like “Chapter,” “Section,” “Figure” etc. before the LATEXcommand
\ref{}. Otherwise, a sentence will be confusing. For example, In 2 literature review is de-
scribed. In this sentence, the word “Chapter” is missing. Therefore, a reader would not know
whether 2 is for a Chapter or a Section or a Figure.
Chapter 2

Design Principles of Disaster

Resilient Infrastructure

A literature review chapter can be organized in a few sections with appropriate titles. A
literature review chapter might contain the following:

1. A review of the state-of-the-art (include theories and solutions) of the field of research.

2. A description of the project in the context of existing literature and products/systems.

3. An analysis of how the review is relevant to the intended application/system/problem.

4. A critique of existing work compared with the intended work.

Note that your literature review should demonstrate the significance of the project.

2.1 Example of in-text citation of references in LATEX

The references in a report relate your content with the relevant sources, papers, and the works
of others. To include references in a report, we cite them in the texts. In MS-Word, EndNote,
or MS-Word references, or plain text as a list can be used. Similarly, in LATEX, you can use
the “thebibliography” environment, which is similar to the plain text as a list arrangement like
the MS word. However, In LATEX, the most convenient way is to use the BibTex, which takes
the references in a particular format [see references.bib file of this template] and lists them in
style [APA, Harvard, etc.] as we want with the help of proper packages.
These are the examples of how to cite external sources, seminal works, and research
papers. In LATEX, if you use “BibTex” you do not have to worry much since the proper use
of a bibliographystyle package like “agsm for the Harvard style” and little rectification of the
content in a BiBText source file [In this template, BibTex are stored in the “references.bib”
file], we can conveniently generate a reference style.
Take a note of the commands \cite{} and \citep{}. The command \cite{} will write like
“Author et al. (2019)” style for Harvard, APA and Chicago style. The command \citep{}
will write like “(Author et al., 2019).” Depending on how you construct a sentence, you need
to use them smartly. Check the examples of in-text citation of sources listed here [This
template recommends the Harvard style of referencing.]:

• Lamport (1994) has written a comprehensive guide on writing in LATEX [Example of

\cite{} ].

4
CHAPTER 2. DESIGN PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE 5

• If LATEX is used efficiently and effectively, it helps in writing a very high-quality project
report (Lamport, 1994) [Example of \citep{} ].

• A detailed APA, Harvard, and Chicago referencing style guide are available in (University
of Reading, 2023b).

Example of a numbered list:

1. Lamport (1994) has written a comprehensive guide on writing in LATEX.

2. If LATEXis used efficiently and effectively, it helps in writing a very high-quality project
report (Lamport, 1994).

2.2 Example of “risk” of unintentional plagiarism

Using other sources, ideas, and material always bring with it a risk of unintentional plagiarism.
MUST: do read the university guidelines on the definition of plagiarism as well as the guidelines
on how to avoid plagiarism (University of Reading, 2023a).

2.3 Critique of the review

Describe your main findings and evaluation of the literature.

2.4 Summary
Write a summary of this chapter
Chapter 3

Materials and Technologies for

Resilience

We mentioned in Chapter 1 that a project report’s structure could follow a particular paradigm.
Hence, the organization of a report (effectively the Table of Content of a report) can vary
depending on the type of project you are doing. Check which of the given examples suit your
project. Alternatively, follow your supervisor’s advice.

3.1 Examples of the sections of a methodology chapter

A general report structure is summarised (suggested) in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 describes that,
in general, a typical report structure has three main parts: (1) front matter, (2) main text,
and (3) end matter. The structure of the front matter and end matter will remain the same
for all the undergraduate final year project report. However, the main text varies as per the
project’s needs.

3.1.1 Example of a software/Web development main text structure

Notice that the “methodology” Chapter of Software/Web development in Table 3.2 takes a
standard software engineering paradigm (approach). Alternatively, these suggested sections
can be the chapters of their own. Also, notice that “Chapter 5” in Table 3.2 is “Testing and
Validation” which is different from the general report template mentioned in Table 3.1. Check
with your supervisor if in doubt.

3.1.2 Example of an algorithm analysis main text structure

Some project might involve the implementation of a state-of-the-art algorithm and its per-
formance analysis and comparison with other algorithms. In that case, the suggestion in
Table 3.3 may suit you the best.

3.1.3 Example of an application type main text structure

If you are applying some algorithms/tools/technologies on some problems/datasets/etc., you
may use the methodology section prescribed in Table 3.4.

6
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 7

Table 3.1: Undergraduate report template structure

Title Page
Abstract
Acknowledgements
Frontmatter Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Methodology
Main text Chapter 4 Results
Chapter 5 Discussion and Analysis
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 7 Refection

References
End matter
Appendices (Optional)
Index (Optional)

Table 3.2: Example of a software engineering-type report structure

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Methodology
Requirements specifications
Analysis
Design
Implementations
Chapter 4 Testing and Validation
Chapter 5 Results and Discussion
Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work
Chapter 7 Reflection

3.1.4 Example of a science lab-type main text structure

If you are doing a science lab experiment type of project, you may use the methodology section
suggested in Table 3.5. In this kind of project, you may refer to the “Methodology” section
as “Materials and Methods.”

3.2 Example of an Equation in LATEX

Eq. 3.1 [note that this is an example of an equation’s in-text citation] is an example of an
equation in LATEX. In Eq. (3.1), s is the mean of elements xi ∈ x:
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 8

Table 3.3: Example of an algorithm analysis type report structure

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Methodology
Algorithms descriptions
Implementations
Experiments design
Chapter 4 Results
Chapter 5 Discussion and Analysis
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 7 Reflection

Table 3.4: Example of an application type report structure

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Methodology
Problems (tasks) descriptions
Algorithms/tools/technologies/etc. descriptions
Implementations
Experiments design and setup
Chapter 4 Results
Chapter 5 Discussion and Analysis
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 7 Reflection

Table 3.5: Example of a science lab experiment-type report structure

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 3 Materials and Methods
Problems (tasks) description
Materials
Procedures
Implementations
Experiment set-up
Chapter 4 Results
Chapter 5 Discussion and Analysis
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work
Chapter 7 Reflection

N
1 X
s= xi . (3.1)
N
i=1

Have you noticed that all the variables of the equation are defined using the in-text maths
command $.$, and Eq. (3.1) is treated as a part of the sentence with proper punctuation?
Always treat an equation or expression as a part of the sentence.
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 9

3.3 Example of a Figure in LATEX

Figure 3.1 is an example of a figure in LATEX. For more details, check the link:
wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions.
Keep your artwork (graphics, figures, illustrations) clean and readable. At least 300dpi is a
good resolution of a PNG format artwork. However, an SVG format artwork saved as a PDF
will produce the best quality graphics. There are numerous tools out there that can produce
vector graphics and let you save that as an SVG file and/or as a PDF file. One example of
such a tool is the “Flow algorithm software”. Here is the link for that: flowgorithm.org.

Main

Input

False True
If

Call

End

Figure 3.1: Example figure in LATEX.

 CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 10

3.4 Example of an algorithm in LATEX

Algorithm 1 is a good example of an algorithm in LATEX.

Algorithm 1 Example caption: sum of all even numbers

Input: x = x1 , x2 , . . . , xN
Output: E v enSum (Sum of even numbers in x)

1: function EvenSummation(x)
2: E v enSum ← 0
3: N ← length(x)
4: for i ← 1 to N do
5: if xi mod 2 == 0 then ▷ Check whether a number is even.
6: E v enSum ← E v enSum + xi
7: end if
8: end for
9: return E v enSum
10: end function

3.5 Example of code snippet in LATEX

Code Listing 3.1 is a good example of including a code snippet in a report. While using code
snippets, take care of the following:

• do not paste your entire code (implementation) or everything you have coded. Add
code snippets only.

• The algorithm shown in Algorithm 1 is usually preferred over code snippets in a techni-
cal/scientific report.

• Make sure the entire code snippet or algorithm stays on a single page and does not
overflow to another page(s).

Here are three examples of code snippets for three different languages (Python, Java, and
CPP) illustrated in Listings 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 respectively.
1 import numpy as np
2
3 x = [0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5] # assign values to an array
4 evenSum = evenSummation ( x ) # call a function
5
6 def evenSummation ( x ) :
7 evenSum = 0
8 n = len ( x )
9 for i in range ( n ) :
10 if np . mod ( x [ i ] ,2) == 0: # check if a number is even ?
11 evenSum = evenSum + x [ i ]
12 return evenSum
Listing 3.1: Code snippet in LATEX and this is a Python code example

Here we used the “\clearpage” command and forced-out the second listing example onto
the next page.
 CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 11

1 public class EvenSum {

2 public static int evenSummation ( int [] x ) {
3 int evenSum = 0;
4 int n = x . length ;
5 for ( int i = 0; i < n ; i ++) {
6 if ( x [ i ]%2 == 0) { // check if a number is even ?
7 evenSum = evenSum + x [ i ];
8 }
9 }
10 return evenSum ;
11 }
12 public static void main ( String [] args ) {
13 int [] x = {0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}; // assign values to an array
14 int evenSum = evenSummation ( x ) ;
15 System . out . println ( evenSum ) ;
16 }
17 }
Listing 3.2: Code snippet in LATEX and this is a Java code example

1 int evenSummation ( int x []) {

2 int evenSum = 0;
3 int n = sizeof ( x ) ;
4 for ( int i = 0; i < n ; i ++) {
5 if ( x [ i ]%2 == 0) { // check if a number is even ?
6 evenSum = evenSum + x [ i ];
7 }
8 }
9 return evenSum ;
10 }
11
12 int main () {
13 int x [] = {0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5}; // assign values to an array
14 int evenSum = evenSummation ( x ) ;
15 cout < < evenSum ;
16 return 0;
17 }
Listing 3.3: Code snippet in LATEX and this is a C/C++ code example

3.6 Example of in-text citation style

3.6.1 Example of the equations and illustrations placement and reference in
the text
Make sure whenever you refer to the equations, tables, figures, algorithms, and listings for the
first time, they also appear (placed) somewhere on the same page or in the following page(s).
Always make sure to refer to the equations, tables and figures used in the report. Do not
leave them without an in-text citation. You can refer to equations, tables and figures more
them once.

3.6.2 Example of the equations and illustrations style

Write Eq. with an uppercase “Eq“ for an equation before using an equation number with
(\eqref{.}). Use “Table” to refer to a table, “Figure” to refer to a figure, “Algorithm” to refer
to an algorithm and “Listing” to refer to listings (code snippets). Note that, we do not use
CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR RESILIENCE 12

the articles “a,” “an,” and “the” before the words Eq., Figure, Table, and Listing, but you
may use an article for referring the words figure, table, etc. in general.
For example, the sentence “A report structure is shown in the Table 3.1” should be written
as “A report structure is shown in Table 3.1.”

3.7 Summary
Write a summary of this chapter.

Note: In the case of software engineering project a Chapter “Testing and Validation”
should precede the “Results” chapter. See Section 3.1.1 for report organization of such project.
Chapter 4

Structural Systems and Innovations

The results chapter tells a reader about your findings based on the methodology you have
used to solve the investigated problem. For example:

• If your project aims to develop a software/web application, the results may be the
developed software/system/performance of the system, etc., obtained using a relevant
methodological approach in software engineering.

• If your project aims to implement an algorithm for its analysis, the results may be the
performance of the algorithm obtained using a relevant experiment design.

• If your project aims to solve some problems/research questions over a collected dataset,
the results may be the findings obtained using the applied tools/algorithms/etc.

Arrange your results and findings in a logical sequence.

4.1 A section
...

13
CHAPTER 4. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS AND INNOVATIONS 14

4.2 Example of a Table in LATEX

Table 4.1 is an example of a table created using the package LATEX“booktabs.” do check
the link: wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables for more details. A table should be clean and
readable. Unnecessary horizontal lines and vertical lines in tables make them unreadable and
messy. The example in Table 4.1 uses a minimum number of liens (only necessary ones).
Make sure that the top rule and bottom rule (top and bottom horizontal lines) of a table are
present.

Table 4.1: Example of a table in LATEX

Bike
Type Color Price (£)
Electric black 700
Hybrid blue 500
Road blue 300
Mountain red 300
Folding black 500

4.3 Example of captions style

• The caption of a Figure (artwork) goes below the artwork (Figure/Graphics/illus-
tration). See example artwork in Figure 3.1.

• The caption of a Table goes above the table. See the example in Table 4.1.

• The caption of an Algorithm goes above the algorithm. See the example in Algo-
rithm 1.

• The caption of a Listing goes below the Listing (Code snippet). See example listing
in Listing 3.1.

4.4 Summary
Write a summary of this chapter.
Chapter 5

Roles of Policies, Codes, and

Governance

Depending on the type of project you are doing, this chapter can be merged with “Results”
Chapter as “ Results and Discussion” as suggested by your supervisor.
In the case of software development and the standalone applications, describe the signifi-
cance of the obtained results/performance of the system.

5.1 A section
The Discussion and Analysis chapter evaluates and analyses the results. It interprets the
obtained results.

5.2 Significance of the findings

In this chapter, you should also try to discuss the significance of the results and key findings,
in order to enhance the reader’s understanding of the investigated problem

5.3 Limitations
Discuss the key limitations and potential implications or improvements of the findings.

5.4 Summary
Write a summary of this chapter.

15
Chapter 6

Case Studies of Resilient

Infrastructure

6.1 Conclusions
Typically a conclusions chapter first summarizes the investigated problem and its aims and
objectives. It summaries the critical/significant/major findings/results about the aims and
objectives that have been obtained by applying the key methods/implementations/experiment
set-ups. A conclusions chapter draws a picture/outline of your project’s central and the most
signification contributions and achievements.
A good conclusions summary could be approximately 300–500 words long, but this is just
a recommendation.
A conclusions chapter followed by an abstract is the last things you write in your project
report.

6.2 Future work

This section should refer to Chapter 4 where the author has reflected their criticality about
their own solution. The future work is then sensibly proposed in this section.
Guidance on writing future work: While working on a project, you gain experience and
learn the potential of your project and its future works. Discuss the future work of the project
in technical terms. This has to be based on what has not been yet achieved in comparison
to what you had initially planned and what you have learned from the project. Describe to a
reader what future work(s) can be started from the things you have completed. This includes
identifying what has not been achieved and what could be achieved.
A good future work summary could be approximately 300–500 words long, but this is just
a recommendation.

16
Chapter 7

Challenges in Implementation

Write a short paragraph on the substantial learning experience. This can include your decision-
making approach in problem-solving.
Some hints: You obviously learned how to use different programming languages, write
reports in LATEXand use other technical tools. In this section, we are more interested in what
you thought about the experience. Take some time to think and reflect on your individual
project as an experience, rather than just a list of technical skills and knowledge. You may
describe things you have learned from the research approach and strategy, the process of
identifying and solving a problem, the process research inquiry, and the understanding of the
impact of the project on your learning experience and future work.
Also think in terms of:

• what knowledge and skills you have developed

• what challenges you faced, but was not able to overcome

• what you could do this project differently if the same or similar problem would come

• rationalize the divisions from your initial planed aims and objectives.

A good reflective summary could be approximately 300–500 words long, but this is just a
recommendation.

Note: The next chapter is “References,” which will be automatically generated if you
are using BibTeX referencing method. This template uses BibTeX referencing. Also, note
that there is difference between “References” and “Bibliography.” The list of “References”
strictly only contain the list of articles, paper, and content you have cited (i.e., refereed) in
the report. Whereas Bibliography is a list that contains the list of articles, paper, and content
you have cited in the report plus the list of articles, paper, and content you have read in order
to gain knowledge from. We recommend to use only the list of “References.”

17
References

Lamport, L. (1994), LATEX: a document preparation system: user’s guide and reference
manual, Addison-wesley.

University of Reading (2023a), ‘Avoiding unintentional plagiarism: Guidance on citing refer-

ences for students at the university of reading’. (accessed June 6, 2023).
URL: https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/avoidingplagiarism

University of Reading (2023b), ‘Different styles & systems of referencing: Guidance on citing
references for students at the university of reading’. (accessed June 6, 2023).
URL: https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/citing-references/referencingstyles

18
Appendix A

An Appendix Chapter (Optional)

Some lengthy tables, codes, raw data, length proofs, etc. which are very important but not
essential part of the project report goes into an Appendix. An appendix is something a reader
would consult if he/she needs extra information and a more comprehensive understating of
the report. Also, note that you should use one appendix for one idea.
An appendix is optional. If you feel you do not need to include an appendix in your report,
avoid including it. Sometime including irrelevant and unnecessary materials in the Appendices
may unreasonably increase the total number of pages in your report and distract the reader.

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Appendix B

An Appendix Chapter (Optional)

...

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