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MMW-Lesson-6

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its two main branches: descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains key concepts such as population, sample, parameters, and statistics, along with common sampling techniques and types of variables. Additionally, it covers levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and measures of relative position.

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mayerscamahalan
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2 views

MMW-Lesson-6

The document provides an overview of statistics, including its two main branches: descriptive and inferential statistics. It explains key concepts such as population, sample, parameters, and statistics, along with common sampling techniques and types of variables. Additionally, it covers levels of measurement, measures of central tendency, and measures of relative position.

Uploaded by

mayerscamahalan
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATA MANAGEMENT

GEM 111- Mathematics in the Modern World


Statistics
Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, and drawing conclusions
from data. It is a mathematical discipline to collect and summarize data.

Two Branches of Statistics:


• Descriptive Statistics – describing data via graphs, tables, or other
statistical measures. Applicable when you have a lot of data and want to
summarize it appropriately.
• Inferential Statistics – inferring/estimating population characteristics from
sample data. If a sample represents a given population accurately, then
analyzing the sample can lead to significant conclusions about the
population as a whole.
Population and Sample
Population – the entire group that a statistical sample is drawn. This
refers to all the items (infinite or finite) that we are interested in. It
consists of the totality of the observations, individuals, or objects in
which the investigator/researcher is interested in.

Sample – a set of data collected from a specific population by a defined


procedure. It involves looking only at some items selected from a
population.
Population and Sample
Parameter and Statistic
Parameter- is a measure that describes a characteristic of a
population. For example, the population mean, median, and standard
deviation are all parameters. Parameters are used to describe the
population.

Statistic- is a measure that describes a characteristic of a sample. For


example, a sample's mean, median, mode, and standard deviation are
all statistic. It is used to summarize and describe the sample data.
Parameter and Statistic
Common Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling

• Simple Random – every member has an


equal chance of being selected. Random
number generators or draw lots can be
performed.

• Systematic – every member of the


population is listed with a number and
individuals are chosen at regular intervals..
Common Sampling Techniques
Probability Sampling

Stratified – dividing the population into


subpopulations (strata) that may differ in
important ways, based on relevant characteristics.
Random or systematic sampling is then employed
to select a sample from each subgroup.

Cluster – dividing the population into subgroups


that have similar characteristics to the whole
sample. The entire subgroup is then selected.
Common Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling

Convenience– the individuals who happen to be


the most accessible to the researcher.

Purposive – also known as judgment sampling,


involves the researcher to use their expertise in
selecting a sample that is most useful to the
research.
Common Sampling Techniques
Non-Probability Sampling

Snowball – recruit participants via other


participants.

Quota – relies on the non-random selection of a


predetermined number or proportions of units
known as quota. The population is divided into
mutually exclusive subgroups (strata) and then
recruit samples until the quota is reached.
Variable
A Variable is a characteristic of interest about an object under investigation
that can take on different possible outcomes, such as age, hair, color, height,
weight, and religious preference.
Two kinds of Variables

Qualitative Variables- These are variables that can be placed into distinct
categories, according to some characteristics or attributes.

Quantitative Variables- These are numerical and can be ordered or ranked.


Also, these consist of two types: Discrete and Continuous.
Variable
Discrete- are frequencies, obtained by means of counting.
Continuous- are represented by measurement values.
Primary and Secondary Data

Primary Data- refers to the information gathered directly from the original
source or which are based on direct or first hand experience.
Ex: surveys, interviews, observations, registrations, autobiographies, etc.)

Secondary Data- refers to the information which are taken from published or
unpublished data which are previously gathered by other individuals or
agencies.
Ex: books, magazines, internet, newspapers, etc.
Levels of Measurement
Levels of measurement, also called scales of measurement, tell you how
precisely variables are recorded. In scientific research, a variable is anything
that can take on different values across your data set (e.g., height or test
scores).

There are 4 levels of measurement:

Nominal : the data can only be categorized


Ordinal: the data can be categorized and ranked
Interval: the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced
Ratio: the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural
zero.
Measures of Central Tendency
Used to find the central value of the set of data. It represents the entire
population.

Three measures of central tendency:

1. Mean – average of all data


2. Median – middlemost value in the ordered arrangement of values in the
dataset
3. Mode – most frequently occurring item/value in a dataset.
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Central Tendency
Exercise 1

A student listed 10 of his classmates’ scores in GEM 111 midterm exam:

34, 42, 27, 34, 45, 32, 31, 44, 33 and 31

Calculate the following:


a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
Measures of Central Tendency
Exercise 2

Given the following grades in GEM 111:

89, 79, 87, 97, 94, 80, 85

Calculate the following:


a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
Measures of Relative Position
• The significance of one observed value in a data set strongly depends on
how the value compares to other observed values in a data set.
• The data must be ordered from smallest to largest.
• Three measures of relative position:

1. Percentiles – divides ordered data into hundredths


2. Quartiles – data set divided into quarters
3. Deciles – data is separated into 10 groups
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Relative Position
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability
Measures of Dispersion/Variability

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