SYSTEMS IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING (CODE: 102003)

PREPARED BY
Prof.L.P.Puranik
Asst.Prof. in Mechanical Engineering

Department of First Year engineering

PVG’s COET & GKPIOM, Pune
 Syllabus
Teaching Scheme:

TH : 3 hrs/week

PR : 2 hrs/week

Credits : 04

Examination Scheme:

Insem Exam (ISE) : 30 marks (unit 1(15M) &unit2 (15M)

Endsem Exam (ESE) : 70 marks (units 3, 4, 5 &6)

PR : 25 marks
 Course objectives

1. To identify the sources of energy and their conversions.

2. To explain the basic concepts of engineering thermodynamics
and its applications.
3. To understand the specifications of vehicles
4. To get acquainted with vehicle systems
5. To introduce manufacturing processes applying proper method
to produce components.
6. To be able to select and compare domestic appliances.
 Course outcomes
On completion of the course, the student will be able to
CO1: Describe and compare the conversion of energy from
renewable and non-renewable energy sources.
CO2: Explain the basic laws of thermodynamics, heat
transfer and their applications.
CO3: List down the types of road vehicles and their
specifications.
CO4: Illustrate various parts and transmission systems of a
road vehicle.
CO5: Discuss several manufacturing processes and identify
the suitable process.
CO6: Explain various types of mechanisms and their
applications.
 Course Content

Unit 1 Introduction of energy sources and its

conversion
Energy Sources: Thermal energy, hydropower
energy,Nuclear energy, Solar energy,
Geothermal energy, Wind energy, Hydrogen
energy, Biomass energy and Tidal energy.
Grades of energy.(Numerical on calculation of
efficiency of thermal power plant)
Energy Conversion devices: Introduction of
pump, compressor, turbines, wind mills etc.
(Simple numericals on power and efficiency
calculations)
 Forms of Energy
1.Thermal Energy - Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its temperature. Ex-
hot coffee

2.Chemical Energy - Energy due to directions between atoms and molecules. Ex:
Electro-chemical energy(Cell/battery), stored chemical energy in fuels etc.

3. Electrical Energy - Energy carried by moving electrons in a conductor Ex:

Lightening, flow of electricity through electric cables.

4. Mechanical energy - Energy possessed by movement or location of an object

Ex: M.E = Kinetic E + Potential E

5.Nulear Energy - Also known as atomic energy, is the energy trapped by atoms of
nuclear materials, which is released by fission process(splitting of atoms) or
fusion process(combining of atoms).

6.Gravitation Energy - Energy possessed by a body/fluid because of its elevation

with respect to some datum. Ex: Energy of water behind a dam( GPE-
Gravitational Potential Energy)
 Grades of Energy
1.High grade energy : Electrical and chemical energy are high
grade energy because they are concentrated in small space.
Molecules storing such types of energy, are highly ordered and
compact. An energy source which can be converted into all
forms of energy is called high grade energy.

2.Low grade energy: Energy like thermal / heat energy which

cannot be completely converted into work / electrical energy, is
called low grade energy. LGE have very low (typically 28 to 40%)
conversion efficiency.
 Conventional Energy Sources
( Non-renewable energy sources)
These energy sources are found/stored in nature. Ex: Coal,
water, petroleum products, natural gas and nuclear energy.
These are also called as non-renewable energy sources, because
they cannot be renewed once they are used, they are exhausted
forever.
They are reliable source, since continuous supply is ensured.
They are exhaustible and also cause environmental pollution.
 Non-conventional
(Renewable ) Energy Sources

These are obtained from sources those are essentially

inexhaustible.
Ex: Solar energy, wind energy, ocean, thermal, tidal, hydel and
geothermal energy.
These energy sources are intermittent in nature.
Some of them are region specific.
Conversion systems require high level technologies and hence
costlier.
 Thermal /Steam power plant

Thermal Energy(Heat Energy) : Energy possessed by a working

substance by virtue of its rise in temperature, is called thermal
energy.
Working principle of Thermal Power plant:
Thermal energy produced by burning of fuel is used to produce
high pressure steam in a boiler. The high pressure and high kinetic
energy possessed by steam is utilised to rotate rotor shaft of a
steam turbine, which produce mechanical energy, which is
converted into electrical energy by an electric generator, which is
coupled to the turbine shaft.
Block diagram of Thermal power plant
Process flow/Line diagram of thermal power
plant
 Working of steam/thermal power plant
Heat is evolved by burning of solid fuel (coal) in
furnace of a boiler, which utilises this heat to convert
water inside the boiler into high pressure, high
temperature steam. This steam passes through a
nozzle ( to increase its kinetic energy) and passes over
the turbine blades causing the steam to expand and
reduce its pressure. The expansion of steam causes
the turbine blades to rotate, which in turn rotates the
turbine shaft, which is coupled to generator shaft, to
rotate and generate electricity . Afte expansion
inturbine, the steam exits the turbine and condenses to
water in the condenser.
 continued…..
The condensed water is pumped back to the boiler and some makeup
water is taken from river/dam and the entire cycle is repeated.
List and function of components of thermal power plant:
1.Blower : Its function is to draw air from the surrounding and supply it
to the air preheater where it is heated for combustion of fuel.
2.Air-preheater: The function of the air preheater is to increase the
combustion air temperature by preheating it with exhaust gases from
the exhaust pipe, thereby increasing fuel efficiency.
3.Boiler furnace: It is a space where the heated air from the air-
preheater mixes with the fuel for combustion of air-fuel mixture to
produce thermalenergy.
4.Economiser: It is a heat exchanger in which the feed water is heated
by the flue/exhaust gases before entering the boiler. Economiser
reduces the energy needed for steam generation.
continued….
5.Boiler: It consists of a boiler shell, water tubes and superheater. Feedwater
supplied by the economiser is fed to the superheater where superheated steam is
produced and further it is supplied to the turbine for doing work.
6. Steam turbine and generator: High pressure superheated steam from the boiler
expands in the turbine, producing mechanical work. This mechanical work is utilised
to drive a generator which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
7. Condensate and condensate extraction pump:
After doing work in the turbine , the steam exhausts into condenser where the
steam is condensed into water, by rejecting heat to the circulating cooling water
from the cooling tower. The condensed steam is extracted from the condenser by a
condensate extraction pump which circulates this to the hot well.
8. Feed pump and cooling tower and condenser water circulating pump: The
condensate collected in the hot well along with make up water is fed back to the
boiler with the help of a feed pump which pressurises it to boiler pressure through
the economiser. The function of a cooling tower is to ensure continuous supply and
circulation of cold water to the condenser for extracting heat from the hot water
from the condenser. The pump circulates cooling water from the cooling tower to
the condenser and the heated water from the condenser back to the cooling tower.
 Advantages and disadvantages of
thermal power plant
Advantages:
1.Cheaper fuel
2.Space required is less as compared to hyro plants
3.Power generation cost and initial equipment cost is less
4. Quick response to changes in load on the plant.
 Disadvantages of thermal power plant
1.Operation and maintenance cost is high
2.Large quantity of water is required.
3. Fuel and ash handling is a serious problem
4. It causes environmental pollution
5.Pollution causes health problems to workers and habitants
near the plant.
6. Time needed for plant erection is high, before it is put to
operation.
7. Plant startup cost is high.
 Hydro power Energy

Kinetic energy of flowing water is utilised to run turbines

which generate electricity.
Hydro electric power plants utilise the potential energy of
stored water (behind the dam) which is converted into
kinetic energy of water which rotate/move hydro
turbines, which are coupled to electric generators to
produce electricity.
 Principle of operation of Hydro power plant

Water stored in reservoirs/dams, (which are initially filled with

rain water) possess potential energy. This potential energy of
stored water behind the dams is converted into kinetic energy by
releasing water through large conduits called as penstock, at the
end of which a nozzle is attached which allows high kinetic
energy water to impinge on the blades of the water / hydro
turbine which causes the turbine rotor to rotate. The turbine
shaft is coupled to an electric generator which converts
mechanical energy produced by turbine into electrical energy.
The water exiting from the turbine after doing work on the
turbine is finally discharged into the tail race of the turbine
Schematic of hydro power plant
 List of components of hydro power plant and
functions

1.Reservoir : A reservoir is provided to store water behind the dam

in rainy season and supply the same during dry season. Water from
the reservoir is used to run hydro turbines.
2.Dam: It is a structure built across the reservoir whose function is
to store water and supply the working head of water for the plant.
3. Trash rack: These are made of steel bars, which prevents entry of
debris into the penstock, which may damage turbine runners or
nozzles of the turbine.
4. Forebay : It is a temporary regulating reservoir situated between
the main reservoir and entry to penstock, which takes cares of the
variations of load on the plant, and also absorbs flow variations.
 continued….

5. Surge tank : The function of surge tank is to protect the penstock

due to sudden variation of flow/velocity of water, it is situated near
the power house on high ground.
6. Penstock: A concrete pipe of diameter 1 to 2m that carries water
from the reservoir to the turbine house.
7. Anchors : These are concrete blocks that support the penstock.
8. Power house : A power house consists of hydraulic and electric
equipments where hydraulic power is converted into electrical power.
9. Hydraulic turbine: It is a device/equipment that converts kinetic
energy of flowing water into mechanical energy.
10. Draft tube: A passage that connects the discharge of the turbine
to the tail race where the water is finally discharged.
11. Tail race : A tail race is a water way which leads the water
discharged from the turbine to the river.
 Advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants

Advantages: Low operational and generation cost, non polluting,

high life expectancy, highly efficient over wide range of electrical
loads, can be used for irrigation and flood control.
Disadvantages : Power developed depends on availability of
water. Since located away from load centres, have high cost of
transmission lines. Time required for development of plants is
high.
 Nuclear Energy and Nuclear power plant

Nuclear energy : It is the energy in the nucleus/core of an atom,

which can be released from the atom to produce enormous
amount of heat energy. This is either possible by two different
reactions called as nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Nuclear fission is the process of dividing/splitting of the atoms
of a nuclear fuel which initiates a chain reaction releasing
enormous amount of heat energy, whereas Nuclear fusion is the
process of combining atoms.
Most popular nuclear fuels are Uranium and Thorium and
artificially produced Plutonium.
 Working principle of nuclear power plant

Nuclear power plants utilise the thermal energy produced by

nuclear reaction, to convert water into steam, which is further
utilised to run steam turbines. The steam turbines , in turn, are
mechanically coupled to electric generators in which mechanical
energy/power produced by turbines is finally converted into
electrical energy/power.
In these power plants, heat energy is produced inside nuclear
reactors, which is absorbed by a coolant circulated through the
reactor. The heat absorbed by the coolant is exchanged with
water circulating through a heat exchanger, which acts like a
boiler, in which water is converted into steam, which is further
used to run steam turbines.
Block diagram of nuclear power plant
Components of a nuclear power plant and their
functions
1. Nuclear reactors: In a nuclear reactor, the energy released by
nuclear fission reaction of radioactive materials such as
Uranium, Thorium, Plutonium etc, is captured by primary
coolants such as carbon dioxide, helium or liquid metals like
sodium, potassium and their alloys.The nuclear reactors consists
of Moderator, Control rods and external shield.
a)Moderators: The moderators slow down the neutrons
(responsible for bombardment of nuclear fuel atoms), thus
increasing the effectiveness of fission reaction.
b)Control rods: Control rods made of boron or cadmium control
the rate of heat release, due to fission reaction.
c)External shield : The function of the external shield is to
provide physical safety for the operating personnel from the
harmful effects of radiation.
continued…..
2. Heat exchanger : The heat exchanger basically acts like a boiler where the heat absorbed by
the coolant from the reactor is exchanged with the water flowing through the exchanger to
convert water into high pressure steam.

3. Steam turbine: The high pressure steam exiting from the heat exchanger is fed to the steam
turbine, where it expands in the turbine, and produces mechanical power.

4. Generator : The turbine shaft is mechanically coupled to the generator, which converts the
mechanical power into electrical power.

5.Condenser: Exhaust steam from the turbine is fed to the condenser ( a heat exchanger) where
the steam rejects heat to the circulating cooling water in the condenser, and get condensed to
water.

6. Feed pump: The condensate formed in the condenser is extracted and fed back to the heat
echanger with the help of feed pump.

7. Cooling tower: Cooling water from the cooling tower is circulated into the condenser and
absorbs heat from the exhaust steam of the steam turbine in condenser. The heated cooling
water from the condenser is sent back to the cooling tower for cooling and reusing.

8. Condenser water circulating pump : This pump circulates the cooling water from the cooling
tower to the condenser and the heated water from the condenser back to the cooling tower.
 Advantages and disadvantages of nuclear
power plant

Advantages:
1.Large amount of energy is released from small amount of
fuel.
2. It does not cause air pollution.
3. It needs less space compared to conventional thermal
power plants.
4. Performance of these plants is high.
 Disadvantages of nuclear power plant

1. Capital cost is high.

2. Needs trained and skilled manpower to operate the
plant.
3. Disposal of radioactive waste is problematic.
4. High degree of safety is required for the persons
working in the plant, because of the danger of
radiation from the radioactive material.
 Solar Energy

Basic source of solar energy is Sun. Energy is produced by nuclear

fusion reaction, in which 2 atoms of deutorium combines to form one
atom of helium and during the process it releases large quantum of
energy , which reaches earth through electromagnetic radiation.
Limitations of solar energy :
1. This energy is dilute and spread out.
2. Average power available is only 1kW/m2 of area in hottest region,
hence large collection area is required.
3. Intensity of radiation is weather dependent
4. It is intermittent source of energy since it is not available at night.
5. Seasonal variations affects the intensity of radiation.
6. The requirement of energy storage devices are heavy in order to
cater the energy during the hours of non-availability of solar energy.
Advantages and disadvantages of solar energy

Advantages:
1. It is a renewable and inexhaustible form of energy, which is
available in abundance.
2. It does not cause any pollution.
3. It has low operating and maintenance cost.
4. It can be directly converted into electrical energy using
photovoltaic cells.
Disadvantages : It is a dilute source of energy. Its availability varies
widely with time of day, month and during the year. It involves high
storage cost during non-availability of sunshine hours. It needs very
large collector area to harness solar energy involving high
 Solar Collectors
Solar collector is a device for collecting or absorbing the solar
radiations on a surface called absorber and transfer of a part of
radiant energy to fluid like water or air in contact with it. The
surface of the absorber is designed for high absorption and low
emission.
Types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate collectors
2. Concentrating type of collectors:
a) Cylindrical Parabolic collectors
b) Parabolloid mirror arrays
Flat plate collectors:
 Flat plate collectors

These collectors are used for low temperature applications in

the range from ambient temperature upto 100 degC

If the working fluid is liquid, these collectors are called as

liquid flat plate collectors.
These types of collectors are used for low temperature
applications such as solar water heating, space heating,
low temperature power generation.
 Concentrating type collectors
These are also called as focussing collectors and these are used
for medium to high temperature applications. These are of two
types:
Cylindrical parabolic collector:
Cylindrical parabolic collectors are suitable for the
application in the range of 100 - 300 degC.
These collectors are used for vapor engines and
turbines, process heating in industries, refrigeration and
cooking.
Parabolloid mirror arrays:
These are specifically designed for use above 300 degC.
These are suitable for thermo-electric power generation.
Power generation from Solar Energy
 Principle of working and components of solar
power plant

Solar energy falls on the array of solar concentrating cells where

heat is absorbed by the coolant passing through the solar
concentrating array. The heat absorbed by the coolant is
transferred to water in the heat exchanger/steam generator.
Water is converted into steam in the steam generator, from
which the steam is fed to the steam turbine for power
generation. The steam turbine is coupled to a generator which
absorbs mechanical energy produced by the turbine and
converts it into electrical energy. The exhaust steam from the
turbine is passed through the condenser where it is condensed
to hot water (condensate). The condensate is fed back to the
steam generator by the feed pump, which feeds water to the
steam generator.
 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cell panel power plant

Solar PV cells are used to convert solar energy directly into

electrical energy. Typically, each solar cell is of 3W (0.5V, 6 amp
current) which can be connected in series/parallel to form an
array to produce a large power output.
This power can be used either directly as DC or AC by using
an inverter.
Such solar energy devices can be used for lighting, pumping
of water, rural electrification, where grid is not available.
Block diagram for power generation using solar
PV cells
 Working of a PV solar plant

PV cells array receives solar radiations and directly convert

them into electrical energy (DC power) through a charge
controller.
If we wish to have AC power then the electrical energy is sent to
a storage battery through a charge controller. DC power can be
converted into AC power, by using an inverter to take up AC
loads.
During non sunshine hours, the current flows from the battery
to the charge controller but it does not allow the current to flow
back to the solar arrays.
Advantages and disadvantages of Solar power
plant
Advantages:
Source of energy is free of cost.
It is a steady, consistent and inexhaustible source of energy.
It is a clean and non-polluting source of energy.
It has low running and maintenance cost.
Disadvantages/Limitations: It is an intermittent source of energy,
which is weather dependent. It is dilute and spread out.
Storage of solar energy is expensive.
Initial cost of solar power plant is high.
 Tidal power plant

Tidal Energy :
It is a type of hydro energy which is available due to rise and fall
of tides ( also called as high tides and low tides) which occur
twice a day. Basically, high and low tides are formed due to
gravitational attraction of moon on the rotating earth.
The highest level of tidal water is known as high tide whereas
the lowest level of tidal water is known as low tide. The
difference between high tides and low tides is called as tidal
range. Tidal range varies from time to time and season to
season. The maximum tidal range occurs at the time of new and
full moon called as spring tides.
 Limitations of tidal energy

1. It is site specific and can be recovered where the tidal range

is more than 5 meters.
2. Availability of tidal energy is variable, thus power generation
using tidal waves is highly fluctuating in nature.
3. Turbines which can operate under fluctuating tidal conditions
are needed.
4. Sea water is corrosive and can damage turbine blades.
5. In order to handle large volume flow rates of tidal water at
low operating heads, several turbines are needed to be
connected in parallel.
 Tidal power generation
Working principle:
Tidal range( above 5m) is utilised to operate hydraulic turbines
which in turn is used to run generators to produce electricity.
In case of power generation by tides, the water during high tide is
first trapped in an artificial basin and then it is allowed to escape
during the period of low tides. The water while escaping is
utilised to run a hydraulic turbine which is coupled to a
generator, to produce electricity.
Components of a Tidal power plant:
i) The power house
ii) The dam (barrage) to form basin
iii) Sluice ways from the basin to the sea and vice versa.
Working of different components of tidal power plant
1. Dam: The function of the dam is to form a barrier between
the sea and the basin.
2. Sluice ways: The sluice ways are used either to fill the basin
during high tide or empty the basin during the low tide.
Operation of a tidal power plant :
A tidal power plant based on single basin system is as shown in
fig ( refer previous two slides). The power house is situated at
the mouth of the basin. The hydraulic turbine in the power house
only operates during the discharge of water from the basin
during low tide ( also called as ebb tide). During the high
tide(also known as flood), the basin is again filled with water.
Thus the main disadvantage is that the system’s operation is
intermittent in nature.
However we have double cycle system in which the power
generation is affected during the low tide as well as during high
tides.
The direction of flow through the turbine during the low tide and
high tide alternates and generation of power is accomplished,
both during the emptying and filling cycle of basin. Though the
double cycle has only short duration interruptions in turbine
generator operation, but the continuous power generation is still
not possible. Further, the power generation coincides
occasionally with the peak power demands.
 Geothermal energy
It is a renewable source of energy having high energy density.
Geothermal energy is available in the form of heat/thermal
energy which can be utilised economically and efficiently for
power generation.
Geothermal energy is available in the following forms:
1. Hot water springs
2. The geysers( hot water and steam together) and fumaroles
(hot steam and hot gases) released periodically in the
volcanic region or geothermal fields.
3. Volcanic eruptions of geothermal energy in the large
quantities released in the form of hot lava, rocks, boiling mud
etc.
The sites where the thermal energy can be extracted are called as
geothermal fields, which are available at a depth of 0.3 to 3 km below
earth surface. The geothermal energy is extracted in the form of hot
water, steam and brines, by drilling holes in the thermal fields.
Advantages of geothermal energy:
1. Reliable source of energy, since available throughout the year.
2. It is independent of weather conditions.
3. No thermal storage facility is required.
4. No pollution.
5. Capital and generation cost is low as compared to other plants.
Disadvantages/limitations of geothermal energy:
1. It is a low grade energy, since temperatures are limited to
150 degC.
2. Corrosion problems in the plant, because of presence of
salts.
3. Plant life is low as compared to conventional power plants.
4. Cause noise pollution because of use of exhausts,
centrifugal separators, blow down etc.
Applications:
1. Space heating and cooling
2. Generation of electric power
3. Extraction of minerals from geothermal fluids
Working Principle: It is the energy which lies embedded within
earth. It is in the form of thermal energy is a renewable form of
energy having high energy density. Geothermal energy is extracted
in the form of hot water, steam and brine by drilling a hole in
thermal field.
Construction and Working:
1. Primary heat exchanger: The hydrothermal resources are
available in the temperature range of 900C to 1700C. This
temperature is not sufficient for production of two phase
mixture of steam. So an organic compound of low boiling
temperature like isobutane is used under pressure in
primary heat exchanger. The geothermal fluid is re-injected
into ground after extracting heat.
Vapour Turbine: The isobutene vapour so generated is passed
through a turbine where it expands.
3. Generator: The mechanical power of turbine is converted
electrical power by generator.
4. Regenerator/ Heat exchanger: The exhaust of turbine is
passed through a regenerator where is cooled and then
condensed. The return condensate is heated in the regenerator by
exhaust vapour of the turbine.
Advantages :
1. Scaling and corrosion problem is avoided since geothermal
fluid does not come in contact with the plant.
2. No pollution since geothermal fluid is re injected into ground
and it is circulated in a heat exchanger
Wind power plant (Horizontal axis type)
 Working principle, construction and working of
various parts of a wind turbine power plant
Working principle : Planetary winds are generated because of unequal heating of
atmosphere by the sun, because of which air currents are produced. The kinetic
energy of wind ( 8 to 40 kmph) can be utilised to produce shaft power by directing it
over a wind turbine, which in turn, can be used to drive an electric generator.
The turbine shown in the diagram is a propeller type wind turbine generator. Its
main components are:
1. Rotor with blades: This is the part which absorbs kinetic energy of the wind.
The energy absorbed by the rotor blades rotates the shaft of the rotor, thus
producing mechanical power.
2. Gear box: The function of a gear box provided at the end of the propeller shaft,
is to increase the rotational speed of the shaft sufficiently to rotate the
generator, which is mechanically coupled to the gear box.
3. Electric generator: The function of the electric generator is to convert
rotational energy( i.e., mechanical energy) into electrical energy.
4. Supporting structure ( tower) : It is a structure which supports the weight of
the entire power plant.
 Energy Conversion devices

Introduction of pump, compressor, turbines, windmills etc.

Simple numerical on power and efficiency calculations.
 Pump and its classification

Pump is a device which is used to lift a liquid from lower

level and supply it to a higher level/elevation and also to
transfer from one place to another.
Classification of pumps:
Pumps are broadly classified as :
1. Positive displacement pumps (Ex: Reciprocating
pump)
2. Rotodynamic pumps (Ex: Centrifugal pump)
 1.Reciprocating pumps

In reciprocating pumps, the pressure energy of a fluid increases

due to positive displacement of its piston. Such type of pumps
are used for low discharge and high pressure applications.
Working principle:
A reciprocating pump is a positive displacement pump in which
the liquid is actually sucked and then displaced by a piston
cylinder arrangement, which is driven “to and fro” by a crank
and connecting rod mechanism, which results into lifting of
the liquid to a required height.
Construction, components and working of a
reciprocating pump
 Components of a reciprocating pump

The various components of a reciprocating pump are as follows:

1. Crank and connecting rod mechanism : Crank is mounted on
crankshaft which is driven by an electric motor or an engine.
The crank is connected to the piston through connecting rod,
thus converting rotary motion of the crank into reciprocating
motion of the piston.
2. Piston and cylinder: The piston reciprocated inside the
cylinder.
3. Suction pipe: It is the pipe that is connected to the suction of
the pump. Through this pipe, the liquid will be sucked from
the sump. It is provided with a non-return valve called suction
valve.
4. Delivery pipe: It is connected to the discharge end. It carries
liquid at high pressure at some height. It is provided with a non-
return valve called as delivery valve.
5. Sump: It is the reservoir of liquid through which water will be
pumped.
Applications of a reciprocating pump:
Feed water pump in a boiler, hydraulic jacks, kerosene pumps,
small hand operated pumps, pressure washing in service
stations, fire fighting applications.
 Centrifugal pump ( rotodynamic pump)

Working principle:
Centrifugal pump works on the principle that when a certain
mass of liquid is made to rotate along the impeller about the
central axis of rotation, a centrifugal head is imparted to the
liquid. It causes the liquid to move radially outward at higher
velocity. This velocity head/ energy is converted into pressure
head/energy by the involute casing.
Components of a centrifugal pump:
1. Impeller
2. Casing
3. Suction pipe with strainer and foot valve
4. Delivery pipe
 Components of a Centrifugal pump
1. Impeller : An impeller is a rotor having a series of
backward curved vanes or blades. The impeller is
mounted on the pump shaft, which is mechanically
coupled to an electric motor.
2. Casing : The impeller is enclosed in a watertight casing,
with delivery pipe on one side and with an arrangement
on suction side called eye of an impeller. Casing has to
perform two functions: i) it guides water from entry to
exit of the impeller and ii) the casing is so designed that
it helps in partly converting the kinetic energy of the
liquid into pressure energy.
3. Suctionpipe with strainer and foot valve : The pipe which
connects the sump to the eye of the impeller is called as
suction pipe. The sump carries the liquid to be lifted by the
pump. The suction pipe at its inlet is provided with a strainer
and a foot valve. The function of the strainer is to prevent
the entry of any debris into the pump, while the function of
the foot valve , which acts as a non return valve, allows the
flow of water only in upward direction.
4. Delivery pipe: The pipe which connects the outlet of the
pump to the delivery point, is called as the delivery pipe. A
valve is provided in the delivery pipe, called as delivery valve,
whose function is to regulate the flow / supply of liquid from
the pump to the delivery pipe.
Applications of a centrifugal pump:
Centrifugal pumps are suitable for high discharge rate and
low head applications. Some of the important applications of
the pump are:
i) To pump water from source to fields for irrigation purposes.
ii) In petroleum installations to pump oil.
iii) In steam and diesel power plants to circulate cooling
water.
iv) For pumping of water in residential housing societies.
 Air Compressors

Introduction: An air compressor is a device( power absorbing

device), which sucks air from atmosphere and compresses it to
a pressure higher than the atmosphere in its cylinder, at the
expense of external power supplied by an electric motor.
Terms associated with an air compressor
1. Pressure ratio: It is simply defined as the ratio of delivery
pressure to suction pressure.
2. Free air delivery: It is the actual volume of surrounding air
sucked by the compressor and delivered at discharge
pressure. It is measured in cubic meters per min.
 Applications of an air compressor
1. To operate pneumatic tools like drill, hammers, riveting machine
etc.
2. For spray painting
3. In refrigeration and air-conditioning industry
4. For supercharging of I.C engines
5. For conveying lighter materials along a pipe line
6. In blast furnaces
Classification of reciprocating air compressors:
Reciprocating air compressors are classified as :
1. Single acting reciprocating air : In this type, air is allowed for
suction and compression on only one side of the piston.
2. Double acting reciprocating air compressor: In this type suction
and compression of air takes place on both sides of the piston.
Construction and Working of single stage,
single acting reciprocating air compressor
 Construction and components

It consists of a piston which reciprocates inside a cylinder. The

piston is driven through a connecting rod and crank. The crank
shaft is driven by an electric motor.
The suction and delivery valves are mounted on the cylinder head.
These valves open and close automatically because of the
pressure difference across the valves.
A flywheel is mounted on the crankshaft in order to ensure
uniform turning moment over the cycle.
The cylinder is either cooled by air or a water jacket is
provided inside the cylinder. This reduces running cost.
 Working of air compressor
1. Suction stroke : During the suction stroke , the delivery valve
is closed. Downward movement of the piston produces
suction/vacuum inside the cylinder, which makes the
suction/inlet valve to open and air rushes inside the cylinder,
until the piston reaches the B.D.C (Bottom Dead Center).
2. Compression stroke and delivery of air: When the piston
starts moving upwards, the suction valve is closed and the
air trapped inside the cylinder is compressed by the piston
until the piston reaches the T.D.C ( Top Dead Center). The air
pressure increases when it is compressed by the piston.
When the air pressure inside the cylinder reaches the
pressure on the delivery side ( i.e receiver tank pressure), the
delivery valve opens and the compressed air is discharged to
the receiver tank. The above cycle repeats on its own.
 Hydraulic Turbines
Introduction : A hydraulic turbine is a machine(a power producing
machine), which converts kinetic energy of water ( also called as
hydraulic energy ) into mechanical energy. Such turbines are also
called as water turbines. The mechanical energy produced by the
turbine is further converted into electrical energy by an electric
generator which is mechanically coupled to the turbine.
Hydraulic turbines are efficient and have low wear and tear and ease
of maintenance. But however, their capital cost is high.
Classification of hydraulic turbines: Hydraulic turbines are classified
as impulse turbines and reaction turbines :
An impulse turbine works on the principle of impulse i,e., pressure
energy / head of water is first converted into kinetic/ velocity energy,
by means of a nozzle, and high velocity water jet issued from the
nozzle, is used to impact on the blades fixed on the periphery of a
rotor wheel/ runner, which causes the wheel to rotate, because of
change of momentum, and finally produce mechanical energy.
Examples of impulse turbines are:
Pelton wheel turbine, Girard Turbine and Turgo turbine etc
Reaction turbine: In these turbines, part of the pressure energy is
converted into kinetic energy before supplied to the runner /
rotor. Thus, water possessing both pressure and kinetic energy
and both these energies are simultaneously reduced while
passing over the runner and thus produce mechanical energy. As
these turbines operate above atmospheric pressure, these are
required to be completely filled with water, at all times and in all
conditions.
Examples of reaction turbines are:
Francis Turbine, Kaplan turbine, Propeller Turbine etc.
Pelton Wheel Turbine
 Construction and working of Pelton Wheel
Turbine

The main components of a Pelton wheel are:

1. Nozzle and spear assembly

2. Casing
3. Deflector
4. Runner and buckets
5. Braking jet
1. Nozzle and spear assembly :
The needle spear is provided in the nozzle to regulate the flow
through nozzle. A spear is a conical needle which can be moved
in the axial direction by operating the wheel either manually or
automatically. The forward movement of the spear decreases
the flow while the backward movement of the spear increases
the flow of water to the turbine. The nozzle converts potential
energy of water into kinetic energy. Pressure at the nozzle exit
is atmospheric pressure.
1. Casing :
Even Though the casing does not have any hydraulic function to
perform , it is needed to prevent splashing of water and lead the
water to the tail race, and to safeguard the operators against
any accidents.
3. Deflector:
A deflector is provided and hinged to the casing to deflect the
jet of water away from striking the buckets, in case the load on
the turbine suddenly reduces. It also prevents the runner from
attaining unsafe speeds called as runaway speeds.
4. Runner and buckets:
The turbine rotor, called as runner , is a circular discs fixed with
buckets. It carries cup shaped buckets which are more than 15
in number, which are mounted on the circular periphery of the
runner, and are spaced at equal distances. The shape of each
bucket is of double hemispherical cup or bowl and each bowl of
the bucket is separated by a wall called as splitter or ridge.
5. Braking jet :
It acts as a hydraulic brake for reducing the speed of the runner
and to stop it completely.