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The-Nervous-System

The document provides an overview of the human nervous system, detailing its two main components: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It describes the structure and function of neurons, including their parts (soma, dendrites, axon) and types (sensory, interneurons, motor neurons), as well as the major parts of the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, it outlines the functional divisions of the nervous system and the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

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12 views

The-Nervous-System

The document provides an overview of the human nervous system, detailing its two main components: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It describes the structure and function of neurons, including their parts (soma, dendrites, axon) and types (sensory, interneurons, motor neurons), as well as the major parts of the brain and spinal cord. Additionally, it outlines the functional divisions of the nervous system and the roles of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

Uploaded by

aliyahjoyengarcial563
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Science 10

by Ms. Rhea Lyle Cañezo


The Nervous
System
Two main systems of the human
nervous system

• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)


• PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
-referred to as the “center”
-comprise of the brain and the spinal cord.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
-makes up or referred to as the
“sidelines”
-composed of nerves, a collection of
many long, thin cells called
“neurons”.
Neurons
The information carried by the nervous system
travels along specialized cells called neurons, or
nerve cells. The neuron is the BASIC FUNCTIONAL
UNIT of the nervous system.

Your body contains around 25 billion nerve cells.


Regarded as the longest cells of the body.
PARTS OF A NEURON
1. SOMA (Cell Body)
The cell body is the central part of the neuron that contains the nucleus and various
organelles.
• Nucleus: Houses the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression to
control the cell's activities.
• Cytoplasm: Contains organelles such as mitochondria (for energy production), ribosomes
(for protein synthesis), and the Golgi apparatus (for processing and packaging proteins).
• Function: The soma integrates incoming signals from the dendrites and generates an
appropriate response if the signal threshold is reached.
PARTS OF A NEURON
2. DENDRITES
Dendrites are branching, tree-like structures extending from the cell body.
• Function: They receive chemical signals from other neurons or sensory
receptors and convert them into
electrical signals.
PARTS OF A NEURON
3. Axon
The axon is a long, slender projection that carries electrical
impulses away from the cell body toward other neurons, muscles, or glands.

• Myelin Sheath: A fatty layer that insulates the axon and increases the
speed of signal transmission. It is formed by Schwann cells in the
peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous
system.
PARTS OF A NEURON
• Axon Terminals (Synaptic Buttons): The endpoints of the
axon where neurotransmitters are released into the
synaptic cleft to communicate with target cells.

Synaptic Cleft is also called as Synapse


THREE TYPES OF NEURONS
• Sensory Neurons
• Interneurons
• Motor Neurons
Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons
Function: Carry Function: Act as Function: Carry signals
information from connectors or from the CNS to
sensory receptors mediators between effectors (e.g.,
(e.g., skin, eyes, ears, sensory neurons and muscles or glands) to
nose) to the central motor neurons. They initiate an action.
nervous system process and integrate
(CNS) (brain and spinal information within the
cord). CNS.
Sensory Neurons Interneurons Motor Neurons
Direction of Signal: Within the
Direction of Signal: Direction of Signal:
CNS (e.g., from one part of the
From the body toward From the CNS to the
brain to another, or from the
the CNS. body.
spinal cord to the brain).

Example: Detecting Example: Sending a


Example: During a reflex,
heat, pressure, or light signal to your arm
interneurons in the spinal cord
and sending the signal muscles to contract
process the sensory input and decide
to the brain or spinal and lift an object.
how to respond (e.g., pulling your
cord for processing. hand away from a hot surface).
How They Work Together
1. Sensory Neurons: Detect stimuli (e.g., heat, pain) and send
signals to the CNS.
2.Interneurons: Process this information and decide on a
response (e.g., reflex action).
3.Motor Neurons: Execute the response by sending signals to
muscles or glands (e.g., moving your hand).
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM


• Brain: The Central Processor
• Spinal Cord
Brain
• The brain weighs approximately 1.4
kilograms
• The center of knowledge, emotion,
learning, and awareness.
THREE MAJOR PARTS OF THE BRAIN

• Cerebrum
• Cerebellum
• Brain stem
CEREBELLUM
• The largest part of the brain.
• It is divided into two
hemispheres, the left and
the right hemispheres.
• The corpus callosum
connects the two
hemispheres.
Four Types of Lobes
• Frontal Lobe – at work when you talk, move, reason out,
plan, and solve problems.
• Temporal Lobe – allows you to hear and recognize
different sounds.
• Parietal Lobe – helps you distinguish sensations such as
touch, pain, pressure, and temperature.
• Occipital Lobe – visual processing center
• The outer layer of the cerebrum is
the cerebral cortex, which consists
of gray matter that integrates
incoming information. The cerebral
cortex contains the sensory, motor,
and association areas.
• The cerebellum is responsible for
movement and motor coordination.
• The brain stem is the posterior
part of the brain that continues
downward to the spinal cord. It is
composed of the thalamus,
hypothalamus, pons, and medulla
oblongata.
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pons Medulla
serves as a Located at the lower a small Oblongata
messenger, relaying part of the brain, the structure that
connected to the spinal
sensory and motor hypothalamus regulates connects the
cord. It regulates
impulses to the body temperature and cerebrum and
autonomic functions
central cortex. It is manages emotions and medulla
such as breathing and
also responsible for sensations such as oblongata.
heartbeat.
the regulation of thirst and hunger.
sleep and alertness.
Spinal Cord
• The spinal cord runs down the center
of the back and is connected to the
brain like an extension.
• The spinal cord is protected by the
vertebral column, which is composed
of individual vertebrae. It extends
about 45 centimeters from the base
of the brain to an inch or so below
the last rib.
Peripheral Nervous System

• It includes all the nerves that carry signals to and from


the brain and spinal cord. The PNS is composed of the 31
pairs of spinal nerves, which are connected to the
spinal cord, and 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which
connect directly to the brain.
Two Parts of PNS

• Somatic Nervous System


• Autonomic Nervous System

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