Terminology

CODE OF LIFE
A bar code pattern formed from DNA
The bonds formed between amino acids
A representation of the number, shape and arrangement of all the chromosomes
in the nucleus of a somatic cell
Openings in the nuclear membrane that allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
The monomers/building blocks of proteins
The stage of protein synthesis during which mRNA forms from DNA
The organelle in the cytoplasm which is the site of protein synthesis
The name of the bond that forms between amino acids in a protein molecule
The process by which a DNA molecule makes identical copies of itself
The type of nucleic acid that carries a specific amino acid
A sudden change in the sequence/order of nitrogenous bases of a nucleic acid
The type of sugar found in an RNA molecule
The phase in the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs
Nitrogenous base found only in RNA molecules
A sugar molecule found in a nucleotide of DNA
The type of RNA containing anticodons
The organelle in a cell where translation occurs
The bonds between nitrogenous bases in a DNA molecule
The analysis of DNA samples to identify individuals that may be related
The sugar found in RNA
The nitrogenous base found in messenger RNA but not in DNA
The cell organelle to which mRNA attaches during protein synthesis
The number, shape and arrangement of all the chromosomes in the nucleus of
a somatic cell
A tangled network of DNA and protein located within the nucleus
The natural shape of the DNA molecule
 MEIOSIS
The structure responsible for pulling chromosomes to the poles of an animal
cell during cell division
A phase in the cell cycle that occurs before cell division
The name of the process when homologous chromosome pairs fail to separate
during meiosis
The point of crossing over between two adjacent chromosomes
The splitting of the cytoplasm during cell division
The structure in an animal cell that forms spindle fibres
The network of genetic material found in the nucleus during interphase
Phase of meiosis during which the chromosome number halves
A phase in cell cycle during which a cell grows and replicates its genetic
material
A cell condition in which the nucleus contains a full set of chromosomes
The production of gametes during meiosis
Chromosomes that are similar in structure and code for the same
characteristics
The phase of meiosis during which homologous chromosomes
separate and start moving towards opposite poles
The defect in cell division that leads to Down syndrome
The structure that is made up of two chromatids joined by a
centromere
The chromosome complement/condition of a body cell which contains two sets
of chromosomes
The point at which chromatids of homologous chromosomes cross over during
meiosis
A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes
A human disorder caused by non-disjunction of chromosome pair 21
The phase in the cell cycle during which cell growth occurs
 GENETICS
An allele that does not influence the phenotype when found in the
heterozygous condition
A section of a DNA molecule that codes for a specific characteristic
The production of a genetically identical copy of an organism using
biotechnology
The manipulation of the genetic material of an organism to get
desired changes
The deliberate breeding of organisms for desirable characteristics
selected by humans
An inherited disease that affects haemoglobin and changes the shape of
red blood corpuscles
The genetic make-up of an organism in respect of the alleles it possesses
The full complement of genes present in an organism
The complete set of chromosomes in the cell of an organism
The condition that results from the absence of skin pigmentation
A copy of an organism that is genetically identical to the original organism
The type of inheritance involving two alleles of a gene that are not
dominant over one other
Characteristics controlled by genes which are located on the sex
chromosomes
The type of inheritance involving alleles that equally determine the
phenotype of heterozygous offspring
Undifferentiated cells which are able to develop into any other types of cells
An allele that is expressed phenotypically only in the homozygous condition
A genetic cross involving one characteristic only
Chromosomes that carry the same set of genes
Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus
A genetic cross involving two characteristics
A genetic disorder characterised by the absence of a blood-clotting factor
The type of inheritance where the dominant allele masks the expression of
the recessive allele in the heterozygous condition
The position of a gene on a chromosome
A segment of a chromosome that codes for a particular characteristic
A diagram showing the inheritance of genetic disorders over many
generations
Undifferentiated cells that can develop into any cell type
The use of biological processes, organisms or systems to improve the
quality of human life
Type of inheritance where none of the two alleles is dominant over the
other and an intermediate phenotype is produced
An individual having two non-identical alleles for a characteristic
All the genes that make up an organism
Two or more alternative forms of a gene at the same locus
Chromosomes involved in sex determination
The non-sex chromosomes in humans
The phenomenon where two homozygous individuals are crossed and the
offspring display an intermediate form of the characteristics of the two
parents
The allele that is expressed in the phenotype in the heterozygous condition
The type of dominance where a long-tailed dog and a short-tailed dog
produces a puppy with a medium length tail
The type of dominance where both alleles of a gene are expressed
in the phenotype in the heterozygous condition
Mendel's principle which states that an organism possesses two factors
which separate so that each gamete contains only one of these factors
 EVOLUTION
The explanation that species experience long periods without
physical change, followed by short periods of rapid physical
change
An explanation for something that has been observed in nature and
which can be supported by facts, laws and tested hypotheses
The complete disappearance of a species from Earth
The ability of an organism to walk on two feet
Similar structures on different organisms that suggest they have a common
ancestor
A tentative explanation of a phenomenon that can be tested
The distribution of species in different parts of the world
Intermediate fossils showing features of both more primitive and more
advanced organisms
A diagrammatic representation showing possible evolutionary relationships
among different species
The type of vision shared by apes and humans that allows for depth
perception
The present-day distribution of organisms
A group of organisms of the same species in a specific habitat
The family to which humans belong
Structures in different organisms that have a similar basic plan which
suggests that they share a common ancestor
The type of variation in a population with no intermediate phenotypes
The variety of life forms that exist on Earth
The opening in the skull through which the spinal cord enters
A group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat at the
same time
A testable statement that can be accepted or rejected
A genetic disorder resulting in the non-production of the clotting factor in
blood
Total disappearance of a species from Earth
The ability of an organism to walk on two limbs
Explanation of an observation that is supported by facts, models and laws
The breeding of organisms over many generations in order to achieve a
desirable phenotype
Type of evolution involving long periods of time when species do not
change and short periods of rapid change
The hypothesis which supports migration of human ancestors from the
point of origin
The mineralised remains of organisms that have lived in the past
The genus of the fossil 'Little Foot'
The first Homo species to use tools
A breeding process used for the domestication of plants and animals
Type of variation within a population in which there is a range of
intermediate phenotypes
Study of fossils
Present-day distribution of living organisms across the continents
The breeding of organisms by humans to achieve a desirable phenotype
Similar structures in different species that show modification by descent
The type of evidence for human evolution that includes tool-making
The process whereby new species are formed
The type of variation in a population with no intermediate phenotypes
Genus to which Little Foot and Mrs Ples belongs
Large, pointed teeth in African apes that are used for tearing food
The part of the skull that houses the brain
Having a protruding jaw
A group of organisms that share the same gene pool and that can interbreed
to produce fertile offspring
A characteristic of primates that enables them to have precision in grip
Barriers that prevent members of two species from producing offspring