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Digital Spectral Analysis
To my children : Guillaume, Aurélien, Anastasia, Virginia, Enrica
 Digital Spectral
Analysis
parametric, non-parametric and advanced methods

Edited by
Francis Castanié
First published 2011 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2011

The rights of Francis Castanié to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by him in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
____________________________________________________________________________________
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Digital spectral analysis : parametric, non-parametric, and advanced methods / edited by Francis Castanié.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84821-277-0
1. Spectral theory (Mathematics) 2. Signal processing--Digital techniques--Mathematics. 3. Spectrum
analysis. I. Castanié, Francis.
QA280.D543 2011
621.382'2--dc23
2011012246

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-277-0

Printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne.
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

PART 1. TOOLS AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Chapter 1. Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Francis CASTANIÉ
1.1. Classes of signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1. Deterministic signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2. Random signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Representations of signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1. Representations of deterministic signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.2. Representations of random signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3. Spectral analysis: position of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Chapter 2. Digital Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Éric LE CARPENTIER
2.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2. Transform properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1. Some useful functions and series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.2. Fourier transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.3. Fundamental properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2.4. Convolution sum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.2.5. Energy conservation (Parseval’s theorem) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.2.6. Other properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.7. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.2.8. Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.9. Practical calculation, FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
vi Digital Spectral Analysis

2.3. Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.4. Examples of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.1. LTI systems identification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.2. Monitoring spectral lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.4.3. Spectral analysis of the coefficient of tide fluctuation . . . . . . . . 62
2.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Chapter 3. Introduction to Estimation Theory with Application

in Spectral Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Olivier BESSON and André FERRARI
3.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.1. Problem statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.1.2. Cramér-Rao lower bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1.3. Sequence of estimators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.1.4. Maximum likelihood estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2. Covariance-based estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.1. Estimation of the autocorrelation functions of time series . . . . . . 87
3.2.2. Analysis of estimators based on cˆxx (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.2.3. The case of multi-dimensional observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3. Performance assessment of some spectral estimators . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.1. Periodogram analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.2. Estimation of AR model parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.3. Estimation of a noisy cisoid by MUSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.3.4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.4. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

Chapter 4. Time-Series Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Francis CASTANIÉ
4.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.2. Linear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.2.1. Stationary linear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.2.2. Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.2.3. Non-stationary linear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3. Exponential models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.1. Deterministic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.2. Noisy deterministic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.3.3. Models of random stationary signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4. Nonlinear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.5. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
 Table of Contents vii

PART 2. NON-PARAMETRIC METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Chapter 5. Non-Parametric Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Éric LE CARPENTIER
5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2. Estimation of the power spectral density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.1. Filter bank method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
5.2.2. Periodogram method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.2.3. Periodogram variants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.3. Generalization to higher-order spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.4. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

PART 3. PARAMETRIC METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Chapter 6. Spectral Analysis by Parametric Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ
6.1. Which kind of parametric models? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.2. AR modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.1. AR modeling as a spectral estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.2.2. Estimation of AR parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.3. ARMA modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.3.1. ARMA modeling as a spectral estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.3.2. Estimation of ARMA parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.4. Prony modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.4.1. Prony model as a spectral estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.4.2. Estimation of Prony parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.5. Order selection criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.6. Examples of spectral analysis using parametric modeling . . . . . . . . 162
6.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Chapter 7. Minimum Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Nadine MARTIN
7.1. Principle of the MV method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.2. Properties of the MV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2.1. Expressions of the MV filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.2.2. Probability density of the MV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.2.3. Frequency resolution of the MV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7.3. Link with the Fourier estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
7.4. Link with a maximum likelihood estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5. Lagunas methods: normalized MV and generalized MV . . . . . . . . . 192
7.5.1. Principle of the normalized MV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
viii Digital Spectral Analysis

7.5.2. Spectral refinement of the NMV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

7.5.3. Convergence of the NMV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.5.4. Generalized MV estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
7.6. A new estimator: the CAPNORM estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204

Chapter 8. Subspace-Based Estimators and Application to

Partially Known Signal Subspaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Sylvie MARCOS and Rémy BOYER
8.1. Model, concept of subspace, definition of high resolution . . . . . . . . 207
8.1.1. Model of signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.1.2. Concept of subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.1.3. Definition of high resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.1.4. Connection with spatial analysis or array processing . . . . . . . . . 210
8.2. MUSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.2.1. Principle of the MUSIC method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.2.2. Pseudo-spectral version of MUSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.2.3. Polynomial version of MUSIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8.3. Determination criteria of the number of complex sine waves . . . . . . 216
8.3.1. AIC criterion (Akaike information criterion). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.3.2. Minimum description length criterion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.4. The MinNorm method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.5. “Linear” subspace methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.5.1. The linear methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.5.2. The propagator method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
8.6. The ESPRIT method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
8.7. Illustration of the subspace-based methods performance . . . . . . . . . 226
8.8. Adaptive research of subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
8.9. Integrating a priori known frequencies into the MUSIC criterion. . . . 233
8.9.1. A spectral approach: The Prior-MUSIC algorithm . . . . . . . . . . 233
8.9.2. A polynomial-based rooting approach: The projected
companion matrix-MUSIC algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
8.10. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

PART 4. ADVANCED CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Chapter 9. Multidimensional Harmonic Retrieval: Exact, Asymptotic,

and Modified Cramér-Rao Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Rémy BOYER
9.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
9.2. CanDecomp/Parafac decomposition of the multidimensional
harmonic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
 Table of Contents ix

9.3. CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

9.3.1. Deterministic CRB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
9.3.2. Deterministic asymptotic CRB for the M-order harmonic
model of dimension P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
9.3.3. Asymptotic CRB for a constant amount of data . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
9.4. Modified CRB for the multidimensional harmonic model . . . . . . . . 266
9.4.1. Definition of the modified CRB for T = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
9.4.2. Modified CRB in the case of a large number of samples. . . . . . . 267
9.4.3. Generalization to time-varying initial phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
9.4.4. Analysis of the MACRB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
9.4.5. Numerical illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
9.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
9.6. Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
9.6.1. Appendix A: ACRB for the MD-harmonic model
of dimension P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
9.6.2. Appendix B: Exact CRB for the first-order harmonic model
of dimension P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
9.6.3. Appendix C: ACRB for the MD-harmonic model with multiple
snapshots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
9.6.4. Appendix D: Application to the bistatic MIMO radar with
widely separated arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
9.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Chapter 10. Introduction to Spectral Analysis of Non-Stationary

Random Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Corinne MAILHES and Francis CASTANIÉ
10.1. Evolutive spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
10.1.1. Definition of the “evolutive spectrum” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
10.1.2. Evolutive spectrum properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
10.2. Non-parametric spectral estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
10.3. Parametric spectral estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
10.3.1. Local stationary postulate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
10.3.2. Elimination of a stationary condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
10.3.3. Application to spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
10.4. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Chapter 11. Spectral Analysis of Non-uniformly Sampled Signals. . . . . . 301

Arnaud RIVOIRA and Gilles FLEURY
11.1. Applicative context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
11.2. Theoretical framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2.1. Signal model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.2.2. Sampling process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
x Digital Spectral Analysis

11.3. Generation of a randomly sampled stochastic process . . . . . . . . . . 302

11.3.1. Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.3.2. Generation of the sampling times. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
11.3.3. CARMA processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
11.4. Spectral analysis using undated samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
11.4.1. Non-parametric estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
11.4.2. Parametric estimation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
11.5. Spectral analysis using dated samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
11.5.1. Masry’s work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
11.5.2. Slotting technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
11.5.3. IRINCORREL: A consistent spectral estimator . . . . . . . . . . . 311
11.6. Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
11.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Chapter 12. Space–Time Adaptive Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

Laurent SAVY and François LE CHEVALIER
12.1. STAP, spectral analysis, and radar signal processing . . . . . . . . . . 319
12.1.1. Generalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
12.1.2. Radar configuration with side antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
12.1.3. Radar configuration with forward antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
12.2. Space–time processing as a spectral estimation problem . . . . . . . . 327
12.2.1. Overview of space–time processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
12.2.2. Processing in additive white noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
12.2.3. Processing in additive colored noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
12.3. STAP architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
12.3.1. Generalities and notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
12.3.2. Pre-Doppler STAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
12.3.3. Post-Doppler STAP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
12.4. Relative advantages of pre-Doppler and post-Doppler STAP . . . . . 354
12.4.1. Estimation of adaptive filtering coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
12.4.2. Exclusion of target signal from training data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
12.4.3. Clutter heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
12.4.4. Computing load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
12.4.5. Angular position estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
12.4.6. Anti-jamming and STAP compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
12.5. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
12.6. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
12.7. Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Chapter 13. Particle Filtering and Tracking of Varying Sinusoids . . . . . 361

David BONACCI
13.1. Particle filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
 Table of Contents xi

13.1.1. Generalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362

13.1.2. Strategies for efficient particle filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
13.2. Application to spectral analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
13.2.1. Observation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
13.2.2. State vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
13.2.3. State evolution model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
13.2.4. Simulation results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
13.3. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

List of Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
 Preface

The oldest concept dealt with in signal processing is the concept of frequency,
and its operational consequence, the constant quest of frequency contents of a signal.
This concept is obviously linked to the fascination for sine functions, deriving
from the 19th Century discovery of the “magic” property of the sine functions, or
more precisely complex exponentials: it is the only function set able to cross what
we call today “linear invariant systems” without going out of this set, i.e. the output
of such a system remains in the same class as the input. The distribution of
qualifying quantities, such as power or energy of a signal over frequency, the
so-called spectrum, is probably one of the most studied topics in signal processing.
The concept of frequency itself is not limited to time-related functions, but is much
more general: in particular image processing deals with space frequency concept
related to geometrical length units, etc.

We can, with good reason, wonder on the pertinence of the importance given to
spectral approaches. From a fundamental viewpoint, they relate to the Fourier
transformation, projection of signals, on the set of special periodic functions, which
include complex exponential functions. By generalizing this concept, the basis of
signal vector space can be made much wider (Hadamard, Walsh, etc.), while
maintaining the essential characteristics of the Fourier basis. In fact, the projection
operator induced by the spectral representations measures the “similarity” between
the projected quantity and a particular basis: they have henceforth no more – and no
less – relevance than this.

The predominance of this approach in signal processing is not only based on this
reasonable (but dry) mathematical description, but probably has its origins in the
fact that the concept of frequency is in fact a perception through various human
“sensors”: the system of vision, which perceives two concepts of frequency (time-
dependent for colored perception, and spatial via optical concepts of separating
xiv Digital Spectral Analysis

power or resolution) and hearing, which no doubt is at the historical origin of the
perceptual concept of frequency – Pythagoras and the “Music of the Spheres” and
probably other proprioceptive sensors (all those who suffer from seasickness have a
direct physical experience of the frequency sensitivity).

Whatever the reasons may be, spectral descriptors are the most commonly used
in signal processing; realizing this, the measurement of these descriptors is therefore
a major issue. This is the reason for the existence of this book, dedicated to this
measurement that is classically christened as spectral analysis. The term digital
refers to today’s most widely spread technical means to implement the proposed
methods of the analysis.

It is not essential that we must devote ourselves to a tedious hermeneutic to

understand spectral analysis through countless books that have dealt with the subject
(we will consult with interest the historical analysis of this field given in [MAR 87]).
If we devote ourselves to this exercise in erudition concerning the cultural level,
we realize that the theoretical approaches of current spectral analysis were
structured from the late 1950s; these approaches have the specific nature of being
controlled by the availability of technical tools that allow the analysis to be
performed. It must kept in mind that the first spectral analyzers used optical
analyzers (spectrographs), then at the end of this archaeological phase – which is
generally associated with the name of Isaac Newton – spectral analysis got
organized around analog electronic technologies. We will not be surprised indeed
that the theoretical tools were centered on concepts of selective filtering, and
sustained by the theory of time-continuous signals (see [BEN 71]). At this time, the
criteria qualifying the spectral analysis methods were formulated: frequency
resolution or separating power, variance of estimators, etc. They are still in use today,
and easy to assess in a typical linear filtering context.

The change to digital processing tools was first done by transposition of earlier
analog approaches, adapting the time axis to discrete time signals. Second, a
simultaneous increase in the power of processing tools and algorithms opened the
field up to more and more intensive digital methods. But beyond the mere
availability of more comfortable digital tools, the existence of such methods freed
the imagination, by allowing the use of descriptors derived from the domain of
parametric modeling. This has its origin in a field of statistics known as analysis of
chronological series (see [BOX 70]), the so-called time series, which was
successfully applied by G. Yule (1927) for the determination of periodicities of the
number of sun spots; but it is actually the present availability of sufficiently
powerful digital methods, from the mid-1970s, which led the community of signal
processing to consider parametric modeling as a tool for spectral analysis, with its
own characteristics, including the possibilities to obtain “super resolutions” and/or
to process signals of very short duration. We will see that characterizing these
 Preface xv

estimators with the same criteria as estimators from the analog world is not an easy
task – the mere quantitative assessment of the frequency resolution or spectral
variances becomes a complicated problem.

Part 1 brings together the processing tools that contribute to spectral analysis.
Chapter 1 lists the basics of the signal theory needed to read the following parts
of the book; the informed reader could obviously skip this. Next, digital signal
processing, the theory of estimation, and parametric modeling of time series are
presented.

The “classical” methods, known nowadays as non-parametric methods, form part

of the second part. The privative appearing in the qualification of “non-parametric”
must not be seen as a sign of belittling these methods – they are the most used in
industrial spectral analysis.

Part 3 obviously deals with parametric methods, studying first the methods based
on models of time series, Capons methods and its variants, and then the estimators
based on the concepts of sub-spaces.

The fourth and final part is devoted to advanced concepts. It provides an

opening to parametric spectral analysis of non-stationary signals, a subject with
great potential, which is tackled in greater depth in another book of the IC2 series
[HLA 05] of space-time processing and proposes an inroad in most recent particle
filtering-based methods.

Francis CASTANIÉ
May 2011

Bibliography

[BEN 71] BENDAT J.S., PIERSOL A.G., Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures,
Wiley Intersciences, 1971.
[BOX 70] BOX G., JENKINS G., Time Series Analysis, Forecasting and Control, Holden-Day,
San Francisco, 1970.
[HLA 05] HLAWATSCH F., AUGER F., Temps-fréquence: Concepts et Outils, Hermès Science,
Paris, 2005.
[HLA 08] HLAWATSCH F., AUGER F. (eds), Time-frequency Analysis: Concepts and Methods,
ISTE Ltd, London and John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2008.
[MAR 87] MARPLE S., Digital Spectral Analysis with Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, 1987.
 PART 1

Tools and Spectral Analysis

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 Sae e yse ;
An’ made me blush wi’ speaking baudy,
’Bout what befel.
Thus auld an’ young their verdict had,
’Bout Maggy’s being brought to bed,
I thought my fill, yet little said,
Or had to say,
To reap the fruit o’ sic a trade,
On gude-yule day.
What sometimes in the mou’ is sweet,
Turns bitter in the wame;
I grumbled sair to get the geet,
At sic a merry time.

PART III.
Now Maggy’s twasome in a swoon,
A counsel held condemns the loon,
The cushle mushle thus gaed roun’,
Our bonny Clark,
He’ll get the dud an’ sarken gown,
That ugly sark.
Consider, sirs, now this his crime,
’Tis no like hers, or yours, or mine,
He’s just next thing to a divine,
An’ vow, ’tis odd,
Sic men should a’ their senses tine,
An’ fear o’ God.
’Tis strange what mak’s kirk folk sae stupit,
To mak or meddle wi’ the fuca’it,
Or mint to preach in sic a pu’pit,
The senseless fools,
Far better for them hunt the tyouchot,
Or teach their schools.
They hunt about frae house to house,
Just as a tailor hunts a louse,
Still girding at the barley-juice
An’ aft get drunk,
They plump into some open sluice,
Where a’ is sunk.
A plague upo’ that oil o’ ma’t,
That weary drink is a’ their fau’t,
It made our Dominie to hal’t;
The text fulfil,
Which bids cast out the sa’rless sa’t,
On the dunghill.
They are sae fed, they lie sae saft,
They are sae hain’d, they grow sae daft;
This breeds ill wiles, ye ken fu’ aft
In the black coat,
Till poor Mess John, and the priest-craft,
Gaes to the pot.
I tald them then, it was but wicked
To add affliction to the afflicted,
But to it they were sae addicted,
They said therefore,
Th l t b t h ld b i k d
The clout about me should be pricked,
At the kirk-door.
But yet not kirk nor consterie,
Quoth they, can ask the taudy fee,
Tell them in words just twa or three,
The deil a plack,
For tarry-breeks should ay gae free,
An’ he’s the Clark.
I then was dumb! how I was griev’d!
What would I gi’en to be reliev’d!
They us’d me waur than I had thiev’d,
Some strain’d their lungs,
An’ very loud they me mischiev’d
Wi’ their ill tongues.
Had you been there to hear and see
The manner how they guided me,
An’ greater penance wha could dree!
A Lettergae,
Wi’ sic a pack confin’d to be,
On gude Yule-day.
Young Jack wi’ skirls he pierc’d the skies,
I pray’d that death might close his eyes,
But did not meet with that surprise,
To my regret,
Sae had nae help, but up an’ cries
Het drinks to get.
This laid their din; the drink was stale,
An’ to’t they gaed wi’ tooth an’ nail,
An’ wives whase rotten tusks did fail
Wi’ bread an’ cheese,
They birl’d fu’ fast at butter’d ale,
To gie them ease.
They ca’ upon me, then dadda,
Come, tune your fiddle, play us a
Jigg or hornpipe, nae mair SOL FA,
My bonny cock;
The kirk an’ you maun pluck a craw
About young Jock.
Play up, Sae merry as we hae been,
Or, Wat ye wha we met yestreen,
Or Lass will ye lend me your leam?
Or, Lass will ye lend me your leam?
Or, Soups o’ brandy,
Or, Gin the kirk wad let’s alane,
Or, Houghmagandy.
Sic tunes as these, yea, three or four,
They call’d for, ill mat they cour,
Play, cries the cummer, wi’ a glour,
The wanton toudy,
Wha’ did the Dominie ding o’er,
Just heels o’er goudy.
O’ music I had little skill,
But as I could, I played my fill,
It was my best to shaw good will;
Yet a’ my drift,
Was best how I might win the hill
The wives to shift.
Sae leaving them to drink het ale,
I slipt awa’, an’ let them rail:
Then running till my breath did fail,
I was right glad
Frae kirk and wives to tak’ leg bail,—
Nae doubt they said.
The Lettergae has plaid the fool,
And shifted the repenting-stool.
To kirk and session bids good-day,
He’ll o’er the hills and far away.

THE SEQUEL.
Now, loving friends I hae you left,
Ye ken I neither stole nor reft,
But when I found myself infeft,
In a young Jack,
I did resolve to change the haft
For that mistak’.
An’ reasons mae I had anew,
For I had neither horse nor cow;
My stock took wings an’ aff it flew,
Sae a’ was gone,
An’ deil a flee had I was new
Except young John.
Too aft my thirsty throat to cool,
I went to visit the punch bowl,
Which makes me now wear reddish wool
Instead o’ black;
Or I must foot the cutty stool
Wi’ deil a plack.
The chappen-stoup, the pint an’ gill,
Too aft I caused for to fill,
Ay loving those wha would sit still,
An’ wet the mouth,
Ne’er minding that the Tullo-hill,
Leads people south.
O but that loving laird Kingswells
My blessings flow where his foot swells,
Lang life to him whate’er befals,
God be his guide,
He’s cured a thousand thirsty sauls,
An’ mine beside.
O had I but thae days again,
Which I sae freely spent in vain,
I’d strive some better for to ken.
What future chance
Should blaw me here out o’er the main,
An’ sae near France.
But since that ills maun ay befall
The chiel that will be prodigal;
When wasted to the very spaul
He turns his tusk,
F t ’ f t t hi l
 For want o’ comfort to his saul,
On hungry husk.
Now since I’m aff sae mony a mile,
There’s naething got without some toil,
I’ll wait; cross fortune yet may smile,
Come want, come wealth,
I’ll tak’ a pint in the mean while,
To Heilden’s health.
Sae, for a time, friends fare ye weel,
My pot companions, true and leel,
I wish ye all a merry yule,
Much mirth and glee
Nae mair young Jacks into the creel
That day for me.
Some other Yule may yet cast up,
When we again shall meet,
To drown our sorrows in a cup,
In case we live to see’t.

ELEGY ON MAGGY JOHNSTON,

Who died Anno Domini, 1711
Auld Reeky mourn in sable hue,
Let fouth o’ tears dreep like May dew,
To bra’ tippeny bid adieu,
Which we wi’ greed,
Bended as fast as she could brew,
But now she’s dead.
To tell the truth now, Maggy dang,
O’ customers she had a bang;
For lairds an’ sutors a’ did thrang
To drink bedeen;
The barn an’ yard was aft sae thrang,
We took the green.
An’ there by dizens we lay down,
Syne sweetly ca’d the healths aroun’,
To bonny lasses, black or brown,
As we lo’ed best;
In bumpers we dull cares did drown,
An’ took our rest.
When in our pouch we fand some clinks,
An’ took a turn o’er Bruntsfield Links,
Aften in Maggy’s, at Hay-jinks,
We guzzl’d scuds,
Till we could scarce, wi’ hale-out drinks
Cast aff our duds.
We drank an’ drew, an’ fill’d again,
O wow! but we were blythe an’ fain:
When ony had their count mistane,
O it was nice,
To hear us a’ cry pick your bane,
An’ spell your dice.
Fou close we us’d to drink an’ rant,
Until we baith did glowr and gaunt,
An’ pish, an’ spue, an’ yesk, an’ maunt,
Right swash I trow,
Then aff auld stories we did chaunt,
Whan we were fou.
Whan we were wearied at the gouff,
Then Maggy Johnston’s was our houff,
Now a’ our gamesters may sit douff,
Wi’ hearts like lead.
D th i’ hi h’d h ff
Death wi’ his rung reach’d her a youff,
An’ sae she’s dead.
Maun we be forc’d thy skill to tine,
For which we will right sair repine?
Or hast thou left to bairns o’ thine,
The pauky knack,
O brewing ale amaist like wine,
That gar’d us crack?
Sae brawly did a pease-scon toast.
Biz i’ the quaff, and flee the frost,
There we gat fu’ wi’ little cost,
An’ muckle speed;
Now wae worth death, our sport’s a’ lost,
Since Maggy’s dead.
Ae summer night I was sae fu’,
Amang the riggs I gaed to spew,
Syne down on a green bank I trow,
I took a nap,
An’ sought a night balillilu,
As soun’s a tap.
An’ whan the dawn began to glow,
I hirsled up my dizzy pow,
Frae ’mang the corn like worry-kow,
Wi’ banes fu’ sair,
An’ kend nae mair than if a yow,
How I came there.
Some said it was the pith o’ broom,
That she stow’d in her masking loom,
Which in our heads rais’d sic a foom,
Or some wild seed,
Which aft the chappen-stoup did toom,
But fill’d our head.
But now since ’tis sae that we must,
Not in the best ale put our trust,
But when we’re auld return to dust,
Without remead;
Why should we tak’ it in disgust,
Since Maggy’s dead.
O’ wardly comforts she was rife,
An’ liv’d a lang and hearty life,
Right free o’ care or toil or strife
Right free o care, or toil, or strife,
Till she was stale;
An’ kend to be a canny wife
At brewing ale.
Then farewell Maggy, douce and fell,
O’ brewers a’ ye bore the bell;
Let a’ your gossips yelp and yell,
An’ without feed,
Guess whither ye’re in heaven or hell,
They’re sure ye’re dead.
FINIS.
 ODDS AND ENDS,
OR, A

G R O AT ’ S -W O RT H O F F U N
FOR A PENNY.
Being a Collection of the best Jokes, Comic
Stories, Anecdotes, BonMots, &c.
The Piper who was carried away for dead during the Plague
in London, but revived before interment.—See p. 22.
PRINTED FOR THE BOOKSELLERS.
 A

G R O AT ’ S -W O RT H O F F U N
FOR A PENNY.

A Sailor taking a walk in a field, observed a bull rapidly advancing

towards him—‘Helm a-lee, messmate,’ he cried out at the top of his
voice. The bull, however, probably not comprehending the
injunction, speedily levelled his adviser with the ground. ‘There, you
stupid,’ said the tar, as he raised himself, evidently more in sorrow
than in anger, on his elbow, ‘didn’t I tell you you’d run foul of me.’

The Grey Ass.—Shortly after the Battle of Waterloo, and while the
Duke of Wellington was at the height of his popularity, the Boniface
of a village inn somewhere in England, whose establishment
flourished under the name of ‘The Grey Ass,’ resolved to add to the
popularity of his house by substituting a painting of the Great
Captain, for the one which had so long dangled above his door. So
resolved, so done. A travelling artist was employed; the ‘Grey Ass’
was obliterated; and the Duke ‘reigned in his stead.’ Alas, however,
for the uncertainty of human calculations; this event, to which he
had looked forward with the certainty of its increasing his business,
and consequently his coffers, proved to our landlord a source of
bitter vexation and disappointment;—a rival in the village had
adopted his discarded sign, and as the country bumpkins were
better acquainted with their old friend the Ass, than with his new
successor, the consequence was that they followed their old
acquaintance and left the Duke ‘alone with his glory.’ This was not to
be borne; our landlord, having nothing else to do, put his brains to
steep to devise some plan to counteract his fatal error; and the
result of his cogitations appeared shortly after in an addition to his
signboard, immediately under the figure of the Duke, on which was
painted, in large letters, the significant intimation—‘This is the Old
Grey Ass.’ Whether the exhibition of the Duke of Wellington, with
such an addition to his titles, produced the desired effect, we have
not learned.
A person desiring to be witty at the expense of a Jew whom he
met, accosted him thus—‘’Tis a wonder, Isaac, that we never hear of
the death of a Jew, or a Jack-ass; how does it happen, eh?’ ‘Well,
mishter,’ replied Isaac, ‘I does’nt rightly know; but perhaps you and I
will be the first in this neighbourhood.’
The following exquisite lines, the result of a true appreciation of
the sublime and beautiful in nature, are copied from the Album kept
at a small inn on the Banks of the Windermere, in Cumberland—
I never eats no meat,
Nor drinks no beer,
But sighs and ruminates
On Windermere.
Mr. Ogilvie, minister of the parish of Lunan, in the county of Forfar,
had a great deal of eccentricity in his composition. One Sunday an
old woman, who kept a public-house in the parish, with whom Mr.
Ogilvie was well acquainted, fell asleep in the church during sermon
—not an uncommon occurrence. Her neighbour kept jogging in
order to awake her. Mr. Ogilvie observing this, cried out, ‘Let her
alane, I’ll waken her mysel’, I’ll warrant ye.’—‘Phew! phew!
(whistling) a bottle o’ ale an’ a dram, Janet.’—‘Comin’ Sir.’ was
instantly replied.—‘There now,’ says the minister, ‘I tald ye it wadna
be lang afore that I waken’d her!’

An Obedient Wife.—A Mr. P——n, of Dublin, was one morning

boasting among his friends that he had the best wife in the world,
and the reason he gave was, that she did every thing that he bid
her. ‘By Jasus,’ said one of the party, ‘I’ll bet a dinner for the present
party, that she will not boil a roasting pig.’ ‘Done,’ said the husband.
To market a messenger was despatched to buy the pig, the company
taking care that the husband should have no means of
communication with home. The pig being brought, was sent to his
house with this message, ‘that Mrs. P——n was to have the roasting
pig boiled, and sent to a certain tavern in time for dinner!’ The
messenger, on delivering the pig to cookee, was accosted with, ‘sure
now, the master is mad!—boil a roasting pig!—By Jasus, I’ll not boil
the pig! Sure and now you have made a big blunder! Boil a roasting
pig, indeed! But, however, a pig is a pig, and I’ll take it to the
mistress; and sure and now it is a big blunder! Boil a roasting pig!
Was ever such a matter as that?’ At the hour appointed came the
dish under a cover; and as cookee passed up the room to place it on
the table, ‘is the pig boiled or roasted?’ whispered every body in his
ear. Not a word spake cookee; but, on uncovering the dish, the
roasting pig was boiled sure enough; and Mrs P——n pronounced
universally ‘to be the most obedient wife in Dublin.’—(A true story, as
Pat would say.)

March of Intellect.—A gentleman the other day visiting Mr. Wood’s

school in Edinburgh, had a book put into his hand for the purpose of
examining a class. The word inheritance occurring in the verse, the
querist interrogated the youngster as follows:—‘What is inheritance?’
A. ‘Patrimony.’ ‘What is patrimony?’ A. ‘Something left by a father.’
‘What would you call it if left by a mother?’ A. ‘Matrimony.’
What colours were the winds and waves the last tempest at sea?
Answer—The winds blew and the waves rose.
A gentleman walking along Parliament-street, towards the Abbey,
overtook a butcher who had a tray filled with sheeps’ heads on his
shoulder; the butcher was humming a tune, and his lightheartedness
induced the gentleman to observe to him, that he had more brains
than most men. ‘Yes, Sir,’ said the butcher, ‘I am carrying them to
the House of Lords.’ ‘Aye, aye,’ said a by-stander, they are very much
wanted there.
 Sir Isaac Newton was once riding over Salisbury plain, when a boy
keeping sheep called to him, ‘Sir, you had better make haste on, or
you will get a wet jacket.’ Newton, looking round, and observing
neither clouds nor a speck on the horizon, jogged on, taking very
little notice of the rustic’s information. He had made but a few miles,
when a storm suddenly arising wetted him to the skin. Surprised at
the circumstance, and determined, if possible, to ascertain how an
ignorant boy had attained a precision and knowledge in the weather,
of which the wisest philosophers would be proud, he immediately
rode back, wet as he was. ‘My lad,’ said Newton, ‘I’ll give thee a
guinea if thou wilt tell me how thou canst foretel the weather so
truly.’ ‘Will ye, Sir? I will then,’ said the boy, scratching his head, and
holding out his hand for the guinea. ‘Now, Sir,’ having received the
money, and pointed to his sheep, ‘when you see that black ram turn
his tail towards the wind, ’tis a sure sign of rain within an hour.’
‘What! exclaimed the philosopher, ‘must I, in order to foretel the
weather, stay here and watch which way that black ram turns his
tail?’ ‘Yes Sir.’ Off rode Newton quite satisfied with his discovery, but
not much inclined to avail himself of it or recommend it to others.

Military Manœuvre.—A few days since a gallant and distinguished

military officer, who, though unlike Falstaff in one respect, possesses
among other characteristics of that celebrated person, his facetious
disposition, and goodness of heart, was passing along Deansgate,
when he observed a crowd surrounding a shop door, and inquired
the cause. He was told that an unlucky urchin had just fractured a
pane of glass, and that the shopkeeper was detaining him in pledge
for the payment of the damage. ‘How much is it?’ inquired the son of
Mars.—‘Half-a-crown,’ was he answer.—‘Oh, is that all?’ rejoined the
officer, and thereupon unbuttoned one of his breeches’ pockets
which the unwitting shopkeeper considered as an indication that the
money was forthcoming, and with this pleasing anticipation let off
the boy, who was soon out of the way. The gallant tactician
observing the success of his plan, and having now had his hand in
his pocket a sufficient length of time, deliberately re-buttoned up his
treasure, and with suitable nonchalance laughed and rode away, to
the no small amusement of the spectators, who raised a loud shout
at the painful expense of the disappointed tradesman.
Being in company, and the ‘Tuscan grape’ producing more riot
than concord, Foote saw one gentleman so far gone in debate as to
throw the bottle at his antagonist’s head, upon which, catching the
missile in his hand, he restored the harmony of the company, by
observing, that if the bottle was passed so quickly, not one of them
would be able to stand out the evening.
A lady, seeing her lover running in great haste to meet her,
observed to him, that he must be in a very great hurry to run so
fast. ‘Madam,’ replied the lover, ‘I was following my inclination.’
THE WEEPING WIDOW.
Lady B——, who, in public, bewails her dead spouse,
While in private, her thoughts on another are turning;
Reminds us of lighting a fire with green boughs,
Which weep at one end, while the other is burning.
A Lord Lieutenant, going over to Ireland with his lady and family,
was in his passage, overtaken by so violent a storm, that the
mariners themselves gave the vessel over for lost, and expected
every minute that she would either founder or go ashore. At this
juncture a sailor observing one of the menials standing pale with
fear at the cabin door, came up to him, and asked him if ever he had
lain with the duchess. ‘No,’ says the poor fellow, frightened at such
waggery in such a dangerous time. ‘Why then,’ says the tar, ‘you
have that pleasure to come; for by G——, we shall lie with her grace
in less than half an hour.’ The duke, who overheard this, when the
storm was abated, and the danger was over, sent the fellow a
handsome present, and forgave him the impudence of the jest.

Accommodation.—The following curious notice was affixed to the

residence of a gentleman, whose premises had suffered by some
nightly depredators.—‘Notice, those persons who have been in the
habit of stealing my fence for a considerable time past, are
respectfully informed, that if agreeable to them it will be more
convenient to me if they steal my wood, and leave the fence for the
present, and as it may be some little inconvenience getting over the
paling, the gate is left open for their accommodation.

Anonymous Baptism.—The late Mr. M’Cubbin of Douglas, a most

happy humourist, and who was seldom outwitted, had his gravity
severely put to the test upon one occasion when officiating in a
neighbouring congregation, by a rustic who was no less impudent
than ignorant. After having administered the vows, and received the
satisfactory nods, the clown reached up the child towards the pulpit
to receive the initiatory sprinkling without either whispering the
name or tendering a line to that effect. The minister had for a
considerable time bent his head, and inclined his head to no
purpose; until at last his patience beginning to fail, he addressed the
sponsor in rather a surly tone, ‘Your child’s name?’ Not a syllable
from the man! Mr. M’Cubbin repeated very audibly, ‘Your child’s
name, Sir?’ ‘Ye’ve naething ado wi’ that,’ rejoined the fellow, ‘gie ye’t
its water,’ which the good man was obliged to do, to the no small
merriment of the gaping congregation.
Daniel Purcel, the Hibernian punster, going along with a great mob
of spectators assembled to see a culprit pass to his execution at
Tyburn, asked a genteel person, who was standing in the crowd,
what was the name of the fellow going to be hanged. He answered,
‘One Vowel.’ ‘Ah!’ said Purcel, ‘Do you know which of them it is, for
there are several of that name?’ ‘No,’ returned the other, ‘I do not.’
‘Well,’ said the wag, ‘this however is certain, and I am very glad of it,
that it is neither U nor I.’
When the Leith Docks were to be opened, old Gow’s band was
summoned to play some appropriate air, and Sir Walter Scott
suggested ‘Water parted from the sea.’

Military Etiquette.—During the late rebellion in Ireland, General

Berresford (now Peer and Field-Marshal) commanded a district, and,
upon one occasion, proceeded to inspect a country Corps of
Yeomanry, drawn up for that purpose. On riding up to their front,
instead of being received with ‘presented arms,’ he found the corps
‘standing at ease.’ The Captain had, in fact, on first seeing the
General, given the word ‘attention,’ to which no attention was paid—
but, pressed by the General’s rapid approach, he proceeded to the
next order of his formula, ‘shoulder arms.’ To add to his
embarrassment, however, the arms moved not. The General, with
his characteristic good-nature, suggested to the Commandant to
speak in a louder tone, who, not a little indignant, repeated with a
Stentorian voice, ‘shoulder arms,’ but all to no purpose; there stood
the corps, dogged and motionless. Such a total apparent ignorance
of the manual exercise, naturally excited the chagrin of the Captain,
and the astonishment of the General, to whom the former only a few
days before had been puffing off the discipline of his corps. At
length, the General having intimated his intention of reporting the
corps, was about to leave the field, when a Serjeant with his ‘halbert
recovered,’ stepped in front of the ranks, and addressed the General
in the following terms:—‘Plase your honour, General; don’t think the
corpse does not know its exercise as well as any sojers in the land.
There is not min in the country knows how to use their arms, aye
and their legs, too, bitter than those afore you; but since you must
know the thruth, Sir, the min and the Captain of late have not been
on spaking terms.’

Who and Hoo.—A little girl lately brought a volume to a Glasgow

librarian, with the following message:—‘John sent me wi’ this book,
and he wants the next ane.’ ‘And who is John,’ questioned the man
of books, to which the girl very readily answered, ‘he’s gettin better.’

A Certificate Easily Got.—As the late Mr G——, farmer at

Duddingstone, once stood at his gate, an Irish lad came up to him
and requested to be employed.
Mr. G.—Go away, sir, I will never employ any of your country
again.
Irishman.—Why, your honour? sure we are good workers? God
bless you, do give me a job.
 Mr. G.—No, sir, I wont; for the last Irishman I employed died upon
me, and I was forced to bury him at my own charge.
Irishman.—Ah! your honour, you need not fear that of me, for I
can get you a certificate that I never died in the employment of any
master I ever served.
There was no resisting. Poor Paddy got employed at once, and
remained a faithful servant until his master’s death.

A Lazy Horse.—Some time ago, a jolly farmer from D—— went to

Falkirk for ‘sax furlots o’ beans,’ which he had trysted from a Carse
farmer, near B——. After spending the day in dram-drinking and fun
with his cronies, about the going down of the sun’ he bethought
himself of stepping home. The landlord of the S—— public house,
with the assistance of his stable-boy, got the beans, and what was
more difficult still, the ‘gudeman himsel’’ on horseback. So off
Saunders got almost galloping. Unluckily, however, at a sharp
turning of the road on his route, down came our hero, beans an’ a’.
The whisky (wae be till’t) had so deranged his powers of perception,
that he mounted his bean-sack instead of his mare, that was
standing at some distance, no doubt well pleased to see her master
belabouring the bean-sack instead of her own bony protuberances.
At this moment up comes one of his neighbours, who had, like
himself, staid too long in Falkirk, and seeing a man riding on a sack
in the middle of the road, at that time of the night, made a solemn
pause. After listening a while, he began to conjecture who it was,
and venturing a little nearer he exclaims,—‘Preserve us, what are
you doing here?’—‘What am I doing here!’ says Saunders, ‘I’ve been
fechtin’ this twa hours wi’ that stupid mare o’ mine, and deil ae fit
she’ll lift yet.’
MY SHIRT.
As Bayes, whose cup with poverty was dash’d,
Lay snug in bed, while his one shirt was wash’d;
The dame appeared, and holding it to view,
Said, ‘If ’tis washed again, ’twill wash in two.’
‘Indeed,’ cried Bayes; then wash it, pray, good cousin,
And, wash it, if you can, into a dozen!’
 A farmer who regularly attends Devizes market, some short time
since, (finding the article unsaleable) gave another farmer 100
bushels of potatoes, which he was to send for, and on meeting
there, the following dialogue took place:—‘How did the ’taties turn
out?’ ‘Oh, main, good; I never eated better uns for the time o’ year,
and they are pretty nigh gone.’ ‘Well, thee may ha’ some more on
um if thee likest.’ ‘Why if I do, thee and me must ha’ a fresh
agreement.’ ‘Fresh agreement! why dint I gie thee the ’taties?’ ‘Ah,
but I can’t afford to ha’ ony more if thee don’t pay one of the pikes!’
The waggon had to pass two turnpike gates, the toll at one was 4d.
and the other 4½d.

The Bane and Antidote.—The town bellman of Kirriemuir having

received a written advertisement to that effect, proclaimed in the
midst of the assembled multitude, on a fair day, in that ancient
burgh of regality or barony, as follows:—‘Notish—All persons driving
their cattle through the lands of Logie, to or from the market, will be
prosecuted with the utmost rigour of law.’ And, immediately after, by
way of sedative to the natives, exclaimed—‘Ye needna mind a’ this,
lads; it’s only a haver o’ the grieve’s!’
A simple Highland girl, on her way home for the north, called, as
she passed by Crieff, upon an old master with whom she had
formerly served. Being kindly invited by him to share in the family
dinner, and the usual ceremony of asking a blessing having been
gone through, the poor girl, anxious to compliment, as she
conceived, her ancient host, exclaimed, ‘Ah, master, ye maun hae a
grand memory, for that’s the grace ye had when I was wi’ you seven
years ago.’

A Last Century Anecdote.—Mr. Ross, Pitcalnie, an ingenious

humourist, who spent his latter years chiefly in Edinburgh, was one
night (about the year 1780) reeling home in a state of intoxication
through St. Andrew-Square, when his fancy suggested to him the
following amusing hoax upon Sir Lawrence Dundas. It occurred to
his remembrance, on seeing Sir Lawrence’s fine house (now the
office of the Royal Bank of Scotland), that that gentleman was then
known to be engaged in the laudable business of prevailing upon the
members of the town council of Edinburgh to elect him their
representative in parliament, and that he had already secured the
approbation of so many of these worthy trustees of the public
interest that, but for one recusant deacon, he was certain of his
election. It was known that Sir Lawrence had tried every possible
means to bring over this dissentient voice, but hitherto without
success; and there was some reason to apprehend that, after all the
pains he had expended upon the rest, the grand object would not
eventually be accomplished. Pitcalnie bethought him to assume the
name of the deacon, to enter the house of the candidate, call for
what entertainment he pleased, and, finally, as Sir Lawrence was
confined to bed with gout, to go away without being discovered. No
sooner had he settled the plan in his own mind than he proceeded
to put it in execution. Reeling up to the door he rung the bell with all
the insolent violence which might have been expected from so
consequential a person as the individual he wished to personate,
and presently down came a half-dressed lacquey, breathing curses,
not loud but deep, against the cause of this unseasonable
annoyance. ‘Tell your master,’ said Pitcalnie, ‘that Deacon ——
(mentioning the name of the important elector) wishes to see him.’
When the man went up, and told Sir Lawrence that Deacon —— had
come drunk to the door, wishing to see him, the heart of the old
gentleman leapt within him, and he instantly sent down his
compliments to his respected visitor, begging him to excuse his non-
appearance, which was only owing to extremity of illness, but
entreating that he would enter, and in every respect use the house
as his own. Pitcalnie grunted out an assent to the last part of the
message, and, being shown into a room, began to call lustily about
him. In the first place he ordered a specimen of Sir Lawrence’s port,
next of his sherry, then of his claret, and lastly of his champagne.
When he had drunk as much as he could, and given a most
unconscionable degree of trouble to the whole household, he
staggered off, leaving it to Sir Lawrence to come, next day, to the
best explanation he could with the deacon.
 ‘If Britannia rules the waves,’ said a qualmish writing-master, going
to Margate in a storm, ‘I wish she’d rule them straighter.’
An Irishman having a looking glass in his hand, shut his eyes, and
placed it before his face; another asking him why he did so, ‘Upon
my soul,’ says Teague, ‘it is to see how I look when I am asleep.’
A lady that had married a gentleman who was a tolerable poet,
one day sitting alone with him, said, ‘come my dear, you write upon
other people—prithee, write something for me: let me see what
epitaph you’ll bestow on me when dead.’ ‘Oh! my dear,’ replied he,
‘that’s a melancholy subject! don’t think of it.’ ‘Nay, upon my life, you
shall,’ says she; ‘come, I’ll begin: Here lies Bid.’ To which he
answered, ‘Ah! I wish she did.’
Mr. O’Connel, who is remarkable for the successful verdicts he
obtains, having been lately robbed of his wardrobe, replied to a
friend that was lamenting his loss, ‘Never mind, my dear Sir; for
surely as I have gained so many suits, I can afford to lose a few.’
The late Mr. Murray, who was of a very credulous disposition, was
telling a very strange and improbable story, when he observed
Fawcett cast a very doubtful eye. ‘Zounds, Sir,’ says he, ‘I saw the
thing happen.’ ‘If you did,’ says Fawcett, ‘I must believe it; but by
—— I would not have believed it if I had seen it myself.’
A countryman busy sowing his ground, two smart fellows riding
that way, one of them called to him with an insolent air, ‘Well, honest
fellow,’ said he, ‘’tis your business to sow, but we reap the fruits of
your labour.’ To which the countryman replied, ‘’Tis very like you
may, for I am sowing hemp.’
Lady Carteret, wife of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, in Swift’s
time, said to him, ‘the air of this country is good.’ ‘For God’s sake,
Madam,’ said Swift, ‘don’t say so in England; if you do, they will
certainly tax it.’
When Mr. Wilberforce was a candidate for Hull, his sister, an
amiable and witty young lady, offered the compliment of a new
gown to each of the wives of those freemen who voted for her
brother, on which, she was saluted with a cry of ‘Miss Wilberforce for
ever!’ when she pleasantly observed—‘Thank you, gentlemen, but I
cannot agree with you, for, really, I do not wish to be Miss
Wilberforce for ever.’
An elderly man, from the Braes of Athol, who had never seen
either a ship or sea in his life, once chanced to be crossing from
Kinghorn to Leith on a very stormy day, and as the vessel heeled
terribly, he ran to the cords and held down with his whole vigour, to
keep her from upsetting. ‘For to sake of our lhives, shentles, come
and hold town!’ cried he; ‘or if you will nhot pe helping mhe, I’ll lhet
you all go to te bhottom in one mhoment. And you ploughman tere,
cannot you kheep te howe of te furr, and no gang ower te crown of
te rhiggs avaw? Heich?’ The steersman at this laughing aloud, the
Highlander was irritated, and with one of the levers he ran and
knocked him down. ‘Nhow! laugh you nhow?’ said he; ‘and you weel
deserve it all, for it was you who put her so mhad, kittling her thail
with tat pin.’
There is but one instance known, in which King James II. made a
reply of wit and humour. After King William had landed, it was
announced to James II.: ‘Sire, such a great lord has left you, and
has gone over to King William.’ Prince George of Denmark,
exclaimed, ‘est il possible!’ Again it was announced to James, that
another great lord had gone over to William: ‘est il possible!’ again
exclaimed Prince George: and so he did always—exclaiming, ‘est il
possible!’ upon every new defection. At last, Prince George himself
went over to William; and when his defection was announced to
James II., ‘What,’ said the King, is ‘est il possible’ gone too.
A Highlander from the small isles, who had never been in a
church, or heard a sermon in his life, came over to a sacrament on
the mainland, and the service being in his native tongue, he paid
great attention till the psalm was given out, for he had missed the
first one. When the precentor fell a-bawling out, Donald could not
comprehend that, and called to some to stop him; but how was he
astounded, when the whole congregation fell a-gaping and bawling
with all their energy! Donald, conceiving it altogether a fit of
madness, of which the precentor was the primary cause, bustled up
to him, and gave him a blow on the side of the head, till the book
dropped from his hand. ‘What do you mean, sir,’ said the clerk.
‘Humph! pe you taking tat,’ said Donald; ‘for you was te pekinner of
tis tamn toohoe!’
George the Fourth, when Prince of Wales, meeting Mr. Colman at
a convivial party, composed of the first wits of the day, gaily
observed, that there were two George the Youngers in company.
‘But,’ continued his royal highness, ‘I should like to know who is
George the Youngest?’ ‘Oh!’ replied Colman, very happily, ‘I could
never have had the rudeness to come into the world before your
royal highness.’
Foote and Carrick were at a tavern together, at the time when the
gold coin was regulated. Foote taking out his purse to pay his
reckoning, asked Carrick what he should do with a light guinea.
‘Pshaw! it is worth nothing,’ said Carrick; ‘so fling it to the devil.’
‘Well, David,’ said Foote, ‘you are an ingenious fellow, as I always
thought you; ever contriving to make a guinea go farther than any
other man.’
One day Bannister was obliged to take shelter from the rain in a
comb-maker’s shop, in Holborn, where an old man was at work. ‘I
am sorry,’ said he, ‘that a person of your time of life should suffer so
much pain.’ ‘Pain! I have no pain, thank God!’ said the man. ‘Surely
you must,’ said the wit, ‘are you not cutting your teeth?’
Coming into a coffee-house one stormy night, Bannister said, ‘I
never saw such a wind in my life.’ ‘Saw a wind,’ said a friend; ‘pray
what was it like?’ ‘Like,’ answered Bannister, ‘like to have blown my
hat off.’
EPIGRAM.
‘Is my wife out of spirits,’ said Sir John, with a sigh;
(For he fear’d that a tempest was forming:)
‘Quite out, sir, indeed,’ said her maid in reply,
‘She finished the brandy this morning.’
 One day going to Holland House, by the Hammersmith stage,
Rogers was mortified to find that by the delay of the coachman he
had missed meeting with the noble proprietor. ‘Why, bless my heart,’
said he, looking at his watch, ‘you have been considerably more than
an hour bringing me here! What do you call your coach?’ ‘The
Regulator, Sir,’ said the man. ‘The Regulator!’ replied Rogers; ‘it is a
very proper title—for all the other stage coaches go by it.’
A lady observing Mr. Jekyll directing some letters, one of which
was addressed to ‘Mr. ——, Solicitor;’ and another to ‘Mr. ——,
Attorney;’ inquired what was the difference between an attorney and
a solicitor. ‘Much the same, my dear Madam,’ replied the wit, ‘as
there is between a crocodile and an alligator.’

Poor Laws.—A man in the last stage of destitution, came before

the sitting Magistrate, at Lambeth Street, and stated that having by
the operation of the new Poor Laws, been suddenly deprived of
parish assistance, he was reduced to such extremity, that if not
instantly relieved he must be driven to do a deed that his soul
abhorred. The worthy Magistrate instantly ordered him five shillings
from the poor-box, and after a suitable admonition against giving
way to despair, asked him what dreadful deed he would have been
impelled to, but for this seasonable relief; ‘To work,’ said the man
with a deep sigh as he left the office.

Scotch Frugality.—A commercial traveller having got a settlement

of his account with a shopkeeper in Falkirk, invited him to dinner at
the inn. ‘Na, na,’ said he, ‘I never gang to an inn; I’ll no gang. But
just tell me how muckle it would cost you gi’eing me my dinner at
the inn as ye ca’d?’ ‘Oh! never mind that,’ said the traveller. ‘Aye, but
I want to ken—just tell me,’ added he behind the counter. ‘Oh,’ said
the traveller, ‘perhaps six or seven shillings.’ ‘Very weel, then,’ replied
the curmudgeon, ‘just gi’e me the seven shillings.’

A Man of Family.—A decent highlander in Badenoch called lately

upon the minister of the parish, and making his bow, hoped ‘that Mr
—— would look in at his house some day and christen a few bairns
for him.’ ‘A few bairns!’ exclaimed the minister, ‘what way is that to
speak, Donald; how many have you got?’ ‘Why, sir,’ replied the other,
‘there were three when I left the house, but I canna tell how many
there may be since.’

Blessings of Primogeniture.—A countryman whose master had two

sons, being asked one day whether the youngest was married?
replied, ‘Yes.’ ‘Is the oldest married too? ‘Na,’ said the sagacious
servant, ‘ye ken he’s the young laird; he canna get a wife till his
father dies.’
A certain worthy divine from the north, who visits the general
assembly of the kirk of Scotland every year, has for time immemorial
taken up his annual abode in a certain tavern in Edinburgh. This
healthy mountaineer has an instinctive horror at all deleterious
mixtures in human food, whether solid or liquid; and the reason he
assigned for frequenting the above tavern was, that he could always
command the luxury of fresh eggs to breakfast. These he always
boiled himself, and would take none except he found them hot from
the nest. This year he appeared as usual, like the bittern at her
appointed time; but, unfortunately, he laid his forepaw on a couple
of plump eggs, but quite cold, and apparently not laid yesterday.
The man of the church waxed wroth, and summoned the waiter.
Betty assured him they were fresh, but could not explain why they
were cold. The landlady was next taken to task, and threatened with
the loss of a customer unless this suspicious phenomenon was
satisfactorily cleared up. ‘’Deed, sir,’ replied the hostess, ‘I am unco
sorry for’t; but to tell Gude’s truth, sir, I couldna get the cat to sit on
them this morning.’

A Sailor’s Notion.—A Sailor, seeing some of our domestic slave-

traders driving coloured men, women, and children on board a ship
for New Orleans market, shook his head and said, ‘Jim, if the devil
don’t catch them fellows, we might as well not have any devil.’
An American paper says—‘Travellers should be careful to intrust
their baggage to proper persons only, as a gentleman a few days
since, on alighting from a stage-coach, intrusted his wife to a
stranger, and she has not been heard of since.’

Montaigne retained during the whole of his life an elderly female in

his service, who had been the nurse of his childhood, and to whom
he was in the habit of reading his compositions, on the principle that
if she could understand them everybody else must. On one occasion
the philosopher, whilst sipping his morning dish of coffee, accosted
her as follows:—‘Nurse, I have made a deep discovery this morning.’
‘Indeed,’ replied the old lady; ‘what is that?’ ‘Why, nurse, you need
not tell any one, but I have actually found out what no one else
could suspect.’ ‘And what is that, Sir.’ ‘Why, that I am an old fool.’ ‘La!
Sir! is that all?’ observed the good woman; ‘if you had but asked me
I could have told you that 20 years ago—I have seen it all along.’

The Bagpiper.—During the great plague of London, carts were sent

round the city each night, the drivers of which rung a bell, as
intimation for every house to bring out its dead. The bodies were
then thrown promiscuously into the cart, conveyed to the suburbs,
and buried. A piper had his constant stand at the bottom of Holborn,
near St Andrew’s Church. He became well known about the
neighbourhood. A certain gentleman, who never failed in his
generosity to the piper, was surprised, on passing one day as usual,
to miss him from his accustomed place:—upon inquiry, he found that
the poor man had been taken ill in consequence of a very singular
accident. On the joyful occasion of the arrival of one of his
countrymen from the Highlands, the piper had in fact made too free
with the contents of his keg; these so overpowered his faculties, that
he stretched himself out upon the steps of the church, and fell fast
asleep. He was found in this situation when the dead cart went its
rounds; and the carter, supposing that the man was dead, made no
scruple to put his fork under the piper’s belt, and hoisted him into
his vehicle, that our Scottish musician should share the usual brief
ceremonies of interment. The piper’s faithful dog protested against
this seizure of his master, jumped into the cart after him, to the no
small annoyance of the men, whom he would not suffer to come
near the body; he further took upon himself the office of chief
mourner, by setting up the most lamentable howling as they passed
along. The streets and roads by which they had to go being very
rough, the jolting of the cart, added to the howling of the dog, had
soon the effect of awakening our drunken musician from his trance.
It was dark; and the piper, when he first recovered himself, could
form no idea either of his numerous companions, or his conductors.
Instinctively, however, he felt for his pipes, and playing up a merry
Scottish tune, terrified in no small measure the carters, who fancied
they had got a legend of ghosts in their conveyance. A little time,
however, put all to rights;—lights were got, and it turned out that
the noisy corpse was the well known living piper, who was joyfully
released from his awful and perilous situation. The poor man fell
badly ill after his unpleasant excursion, and was relieved during his
malady by his former benefactor, who, to perpetuate the
remembrance of so wonderful an escape, resolved, as soon as his
patient recovered, to employ a sculptor to execute him in stone. The
statue represents a bagpiper in a sitting posture, playing on his
pipes.

Puffing in Style.—A few days ago a hawker, while cheapening his

haberdashery wares, was bawling out, ‘Here’s the real good napkins;
they’ll neither tear, wear, ruffle, nor rive; throw in the washing, nor
go back in the pressing. All the water between the rocks of Gibralter
and the Cape of Good Hope will not alter the colour of them. They
were woven seven miles below ground by the light of diamonds; and
the people never saw day-light but once in the seven years. They
were not woven by a brosy clumsy apprentice boy, but by a right
and tight good tradesman, who got two eggs, and a cup of tea, and
a glass of whisky to his breakfast; and every thread is as long and
strong as would hang a bull, or draw a man-of-war ship into
harbour.’

Highland Simplicity.—A poor simple Highlander, who last week

made his appearance at Stirling shore and purchased a cart of lime,
met with an adventure sufficiently untoward. Donald had no sooner
got his cart well filled, than he turned his own and his horse’s head
to his own dear Highland hills. He had not, however, got far beyond
Stirling bridge, when a smart shower of rain came on. The lime
began to smoke. Donald, who was sitting on the front of his cart, at
first supposed it to be nothing but a whiff of mountain mist, but at
last becoming enveloped in the cloud, and no longer able to see his
way before him, he bethought him it was time to cast a look behind,
and was not a little amazed to discover that the whole cause of the
annoyance proceeded from his cart of lime. It was on fire, but how
was beyond his comprehension. He stopt his horse and stood still, in
hopes the rain would quench the intruding element, but remarking
no abatement, he next drove his cart to a stream at a short
distance, and taking his shovel, began busily to throw water upon
his smoking load. This speedily brought Donald’s difficulties to a
crisis, for his steed, unaccustomed to the heat which threatened to
deprive aim of his tail, began now to exhibit symptoms of open
rebellion. Besides, seeing that his cart was in danger of being burnt
to a cinder, and not knowing but the horse might take it into his
head to commence burning too, he was resolved the bewitched load
and ‘the puir beast and braw bit cart’, should instantly be disunited.
He accordingly unyoked the impatient animal, and immediately
buried the smoking lime in the stream, triumphantly exclaiming as
the hissing mass yielded to the overpowering element, ‘the deil’s in
her if she’ll burn noo.’
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