Program : Diploma

Subject Name: Control System & Industrial Automation

Subject Code: EC-512 Semester: 5th
Q1. What is control system explain it?
A Control System is a combination of elements, arranged in a planned manner wherein each element
causes an effect to produce a desired output. This cause and effect relationship is governed by a
mathematical relation. If this relation is linear, control system is called linear control system.
Control systems are systems that are used to maintain a desired result or value. For example, driving a car
along a road involves the brain of the driver as a controller comparing the actual position of the car on the
road with the desired position and making adjustments to correct any error between the desired and
actual position.
A control system consisting of interconnected components is designed to achieve a desired purpose. To
understand the purpose of a control system, it is useful to examine examples of control systems through
the course of history. These early systems incorporated many of the same ideas of feedback that are in use
today. Modern control engineering practice includes the use of control design strategies for improving
manufacturing processes, the efficiency of energy use, advanced automobile control, including rapid
transit, among others.
System – An interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.
Control System – An interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a
desired response.
Process – The device, plant, or system under control. The input and output relationship represents the
cause-and-effect relationship of the process.

Q2. Explain the type of control system ?

Classification of Control System:

(a) Open Loop Control System:
These are the systems in which the control action is independent of the output. In an Open Loop Control
System the output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison with the input. Faithfulness of an
Open Loop Control System depends on the accuracy of input calibration.

Input Output
Contro
Set Value l Required
System Value

Figure 1.1.1: An open-loop control system

Examples of Open Loop Control System are hand drier, automatic washing machine, electric lift, traffic
signal, cold drink bottling coffee server etc.

Advantages of Open Loop Control System are

1) Simple in construction,
2) Economic in operation,
3) No stability problem.

Disadvantages of Open Loop Control System are

1) These are inaccurate,
2) Un reliable
3) Effect of parameter variation and internal disturbances are present in Open Loop Control System.
Q3. what are the advantage of Close Loop system?
(b) Close Loop Control System:
Figure below shows the general form of a basic closed-loop system.
Output
Input + Error Correction Action

Measuring Element

Figure 1.1.2: Basic elements of a closed-loop control

In case of close loop control systems the output of the system depends upon input and previous output
itself, or we can say the control action depends upon output of the system. The control action is actuated
by an error signal, which is the difference between the input signal and the output signal. This process of
comparison between input and the output maintains the output at a desired level through the control
action.

The following are the functions of the constituent elements:

(i). Comparison element
This element compares the required value of the variable being controlled with the measured value of
what is being achieved and produces an error signal:
Error = reference value signal - measured actual value signal
Thus if the output is the required value then there is no error and so no signal is fed to initiate control.
Only when there is a difference between the required value and the actual values of the variable will there
be an error signal and so control action initiated.
(ii). Control law implementation element
The control law element determines what action to take when an error signal is received. The control law
used by the element may be just to supply a signal which switches on or off when there is an error, as in a
room thermostat, or perhaps a signal which is proportional to the size of the error. With a proportional
control law implementation, if the error is small a small control signal is produced and if the error is large a
large control signal is produced.
(iii). Correction element
The correction element or, as it is often called, the final control element, produces a change in the process
which aims to correct or change the controlled condition.
(iv). Process
The process is the system in which there is a variable that is being controlled, e.g. it might be a room in a
house with its temperature being controlled.
(v). Measurement element
The measurement element produces a signal related to the variable condition of the process that is being
controlled. For example, it might be a temperature sensor with suitable signal processing.
 Examples of the close loop control systems are:
1) Automatic Electric Iron,
2) RADAR tracking system,
3) DC speed control,
4) Water level indicator,
5) Auto pilot system.

Advantages of the close loop control systems are:

1) It is accurate and reliable,
2) Effect of parameter variation and internal disturbances is reduced,
3) High bandwidth,
4) Reduces effects of non linearities.

Disadvantages of close loop control systems are:

1) Complex and costly,
2) Instability margin increases i.e. if any open loop control system which is stable and when we feedback
the output, then the close loop control system becomes the unstable.

Q4. What is the different between Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems?

Comparison between Open Loop and Closed Loop Control Systems:

The differences between the Open loop control system and closed loop control system are as under in the
table:

S. No. Open Loop Control Systems Closed Loop Control Systems

01 Accuracy depends upon the calibration As the error signal is continuously measured,
of the input signal. these work more accurately.
02 Simple to construct. Complex
03 Cheap Costly
04 Operation affected due to non linearity The effects of non linearity present in its
of the elements. elements are adjusted.
05 No change in input with change in Change in output affects the input.
output.
06 Error correction is not possible. Possible
07 Small bandwidth Large bandwidth

Transfer Function of a Control Systems:

The transfer function of a control system is defined as the Laplace transform of the output signal to the
Laplace transform of the input signal with assuming all initial conditions to be zero.
The transfer function can also be expressed as the ratio of output quantity to the input quantity.
Suppose that we have a system as shown below:
Input or Excitation function R(s) Transfer Function G(s) Output or response C(s)

Figure 1.3.1 An open loop control system

The term gain is used to relate the input and output of a system with gain G = output/input. When we are
working with inputs and outputs described as functions of s we define the transfer function G(s) as [output
C(s)]/input R(s)] when all initial conditions before we apply the input are zero:

Here transfer function 𝐺(𝑠) 𝐶(𝑆)

= 𝑅(𝑆)
(a) Transfer function of open loop control system
Suppose that we have an open loop control system as shown in figure 1.3.1

𝐶(𝑠)
Then the transfer function of this open loop control system is given by:

𝐺(𝑠) =
𝑅(𝑠)
A transfer function can be represented as a block diagram (Figure) with X(s) the input, Y(s) the output and
the transfer function G(s) as the operator in the box that converts the input to the output. The block
represents a multiplication for the input. Thus, by using the Laplace transform of inputs and outputs.

(b) Transfer function of close loop control system

Suppose that we have a closed loop control system as shown in the figure 1.3.2
Input + Output
X(s) G(s)
- Y(s)
Error

H(s)

Figure 1.3.2 A closed loop control system

For systems with a negative feedback loop we can have the situation shown in Figure where the output is
fed back via a system with a transfer function H(s) to subtract from the input to the system G(s). The
feedback system has an input of Y(s) and thus an output of H(s)Y(s). Thus the feedback signal is H(s)Y(s).

𝐸𝑟𝑟o𝑟(𝑠) = X(𝑠) − 𝐻(𝑠)𝑌(𝑠)

The error is the difference between the system input signal X(s) and the feedback signal and is thus:

Overall transfer function of the closed loop system will be:

𝐶(𝑠) 𝐺(𝑠)
=
𝑅(𝑠) 1 + 𝐺(𝑠)𝐻(𝑠)
Q5. Explain block reduction techniques ?
Block Diagram Reduction Techniques:
The Block diagram Reduction rules are explained as under:

(a) Blocks in series

Below drawn Figure shows the basic rule for simplifying blocks in series.

X Y X Y
G1 G2 G1 G2

(b) Moving take-off points

As a means of simplifying block diagrams it is often necessary to move takeoff points.
The following figures give the basic rules for such movements.

(i) Moving a takeoff point to beyond a block

G
G

1/G

(c) Moving a summing point

As a means of simplifying block diagrams it is often necessary to move summing points. The following
figures give the basic rules for such movements.

(i) Rearrangement of summing points

+
+ +
X1 X1
-
+ -
X3
X2
+ + X3 X2
(ii) Interchange of summing points
+ + + +
X1 X1
+ + + +

X2 X3 X3 X2

(iii) Moving a summing point beyond of a block

+
+ X G +
X + G

Y G
Y

(iv) Moving a summing point ahead of a block

+
+ X G
X G +
+

Y 1/G
1/
Y

Q6. Using the block diagram reduction technique, find the transfer function of
the control system represented by the following block diagram.
Answer:
We have to find out the Transfer function of the Control System using Block Diagram Reduction Technique.

Step:1
Shifting the summing point after
block G1 to before block G1.

Step:2
Solving G1 and G2 in series.

Step:3
Interchanging the two summing
points.

Step:4
Solving the feedback formation.

Step:5
Solving the blocks in series.
Step:6
Solving the blocks in feedback.

Step:7
Solving the blocks in feedback
again.
Therefore the transfer function of the control system will be as under