Skill Development Training

VBU, Hazaribagh, Jharkhand

Study Reference Material

For Student

By Mentor
Er. Sandeep Singh, M.Tech (Robotics)
Research Scholar, Robotics Division, LPU,
INDIA
 Chapter 1: Introduction to Fundamentals of Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field that integrates mechanical engineering, electrical

engineering, computer science, and other disciplines to design, build, and operate robots.
Robots are programmable machines capable of carrying out tasks autonomously or semi-
autonomously.

What is Robotics?

Robotics involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. Robots are
often designed to perform tasks that are dangerous, repetitive, or require precision.

Key Features of Robots:

1. Autonomy: Ability to perform tasks without human intervention.

2. Sensing: Use of sensors to perceive the environment.

3. Actuation: Components like motors or hydraulic systems enable movement or

actions.

4. Computation: Integration of algorithms and computing systems for decision-making

and control.

Components of a Robot

1. Mechanical Systems

 Structure: The physical framework of a robot.

 Joints and Links: Enable movement and flexibility.

 End Effectors: Tools or devices (e.g., grippers, welding tools) at the robot's end.

2. Sensors

 Detect changes in the environment and provide feedback.

 Examples: Cameras, proximity sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes.

3. Actuators

 Convert energy into motion.

 Examples: Electric motors, hydraulic cylinders, pneumatic actuators.

4. Control Systems

 Coordinate the robot's actions.

 Includes microcontrollers, processors, and control algorithms.

5. Power Supply

 Provides energy to the robot.

 Examples: Batteries, fuel cells, solar panels.

6. Software

 Programming languages and algorithms to control robot behavior.

 Examples: C++, Python, ROS (Robot Operating System).

Types of Robots

1. Industrial Robots

 Used in manufacturing and production.

 Examples: Robotic arms for welding, assembly, and painting.

2. Service Robots

 Perform tasks for humans.

 Examples: Vacuum cleaners (e.g., Roomba), delivery robots.

3. Mobile Robots

 Capable of moving in the environment.

 Examples: Autonomous vehicles, drones.

4. Humanoid Robots

 Designed to mimic human appearance and behavior.

 Examples: ASIMO, Sophia.

5. Medical Robots

 Used in healthcare.

 Examples: Surgical robots, rehabilitation robots.

Applications of Robotics

1. Manufacturing: Automation in production lines.

2. Healthcare: Surgical assistance, rehabilitation.

3. Logistics: Autonomous delivery, warehouse management.

4. Exploration: Space exploration (e.g., Mars rovers), underwater research.

5. Defense: Drones, bomb disposal robots.

6. Entertainment: Animatronics, interactive robots.

Advantages of Robots

1. Efficiency: Robots can work faster and more accurately.

2. Safety: Reduce human involvement in hazardous tasks.

3. Precision: Perform tasks requiring high accuracy.

4. 24/7 Operation: Operate without fatigue.

Challenges in Robotics

1. Cost: High initial investment and maintenance.

2. Complexity: Designing robots involves intricate systems.

3. Ethics: Concerns about job displacement and autonomy.

4. Energy Consumption: Powering robots efficiently is challenging.

Future Trends in Robotics

1. Artificial Intelligence (AI): Smarter robots capable of learning and decision-making.

2. Collaborative Robots (Cobots): Robots working alongside humans.

3. Soft Robotics: Flexible and adaptable robots.

4. Swarm Robotics: Multiple robots working together as a system.

5. Edge Computing: Processing data locally to reduce latency in robotic systems.

 Exercise Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is the primary function of sensors in a robot?

o a) Power the robot

o b) Sense the environment

o c) Provide computation

o d) Actuate movement

2. Which type of robot is used for space exploration?

o a) Industrial robots

o b) Mobile robots

o c) Humanoid robots

o d) Service robots

3. What does an end effector do?

o a) Powers the robot

o b) Senses the environment

o c) Performs tasks like gripping or welding

o d) Processes data

Practical Exercises

1. Design a conceptual layout of a robot for a specific task (e.g., cleaning, surveillance).

2. Research a real-world robot and write about its components, functionality, and
applications.

3. Create a block diagram of a robot’s control system, highlighting the flow of

information between components
 Chapter 2: Basic Fundamentals of Arduino and Its Uses
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform designed to simplify the process of creating
interactive electronic projects. It combines easy-to-use hardware and software, making it a preferred choice
for beginners, hobbyists, and professionals alike.

What is Arduino?

Definition

Arduino is a microcontroller-based development platform that enables users to build electronic

systems capable of sensing and controlling their environment.

Key Features:

1. Open-Source: Hardware and software designs are freely available.

2. User-Friendly: Simplifies programming and circuit building.

3. Versatile: Compatible with numerous sensors and actuators.

Arduino Components

1. Arduino Boards

Popular models include:

 Arduino Uno: Beginner-friendly and versatile.

 Arduino Mega: More memory and input/output pins.

 Arduino Nano: Compact size for small projects.

2. Arduino IDE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is used to write, compile, and upload code to
Arduino boards. It supports the C/C++ programming languages.

3. Power Supply

Arduino boards can be powered via USB or an external power source.

4. Pins

 Digital Pins: Used for input/output (e.g., LEDs, buttons).

 Analog Pins: Used to read varying voltage levels from sensors.

 Power Pins: Provide 3.3V, 5V, and GND connections.

5. Microcontroller

The heart of the Arduino board that processes instructions and interacts with connected components (e.g.,
ATmega328P on Arduino Uno).

How Does Arduino Work?

1. Write Code: Use the Arduino IDE to write a program.

2. Upload Code: Transfer the program to the Arduino board via USB.

3. Execute Code: The board runs the code, interacting with sensors and actuators to perform the
desired task.

Applications of Arduino in Daily Life

1. Home Automation

 Smart lighting systems.

 Automated temperature and humidity control.

 Security systems with motion detection.

2. Education and Prototyping

 Simplifies learning electronics and programming.

 Helps students and hobbyists build prototypes.

3. Robotics

 Used as the brain of robots to control motors and sensors.

 Enables obstacle detection and autonomous navigation.

4. Healthcare Devices

 Heart rate monitors.

 Automated medicine dispensers.

5. Agriculture

 Soil moisture monitoring.

 Automated irrigation systems.

 Crop health analysis using sensors.

Benefits of Using Arduino

1. Cost-Effective: Affordable hardware and software.

2. Scalability: Projects can start small and expand.

3. Community Support: A vast online community for resources and troubleshooting.

4. Open-Source Ecosystem: Access to countless libraries and tools.

Getting Started with Arduino Uno

1. Install the Arduino IDE: Download and install the Arduino IDE from arduino.cc.

2. Connect the Arduino Board: Use a USB cable to connect your Arduino board to your computer.

3. Select the Board and Port: In the Arduino IDE, go to Tools > Board and select your board model.
Then go to Tools > Port and select the connected port.

Writing Your First Program (Blink)

The "Blink" program is the classic first program for Arduino beginners. It makes an LED connected to the
board blink on and off.

Code Example

// The setup function runs once when the program starts

void setup() {

pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // Set pin 13 as an output

// The loop function runs repeatedly

void loop() {

digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // Turn the LED on

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

digitalWrite(13, LOW); // Turn the LED off

delay(1000); // Wait for 1 second

Steps to Upload the Code

1. Copy the code into the Arduino IDE.

2. Click the Upload button (right arrow icon).

3. Observe the onboard LED (connected to pin 13) blinking.

 Example Projects

1. LED Control with a Push Button

Objective: Turn an LED on or off using a push button.

Circuit:

 Connect an LED to pin 9 (via a resistor) and GND.

 Connect a push button between pin 2 and GND.

Code:

const int buttonPin = 2; // Pin for the button

const int ledPin = 9; // Pin for the LED

int buttonState = 0; // Variable to hold button state

void setup() {

pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // Set button pin as input

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // Set LED pin as output

void loop() {

buttonState = digitalRead(buttonPin); // Read the button state

if (buttonState == HIGH) {

digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // Turn LED on

} else {

digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // Turn LED off

Exercise Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which pin on the Arduino Uno is used for the onboard LED?

o a) Pin 9

o b) Pin 13

o c) Pin A0
 o d) Pin 5

2. What is the purpose of the delay() function in Arduino?

o a) Set a pin mode

o b) Create a pause in the program

o c) Read an analog value

o d) Write to a pin

3. Which function is called repeatedly in an Arduino program?

o a) setup()

o b) loop()

o c) main()

o d) start()

Practical Exercises

1. Modify the Blink program to:

o Blink the LED faster (e.g., 200ms on and 200ms off).

o Use a different pin (e.g., pin 8) for the LED.

2. Create a program to:

o Use a potentiometer (variable resistor) to control the brightness of an LED using PWM.

3. Combine the push button and temperature monitor projects to:

o Display the temperature only when the button is pressed.

 Chapter 3: and Their Uses in Daily Life
A sensor is a device that detects changes in the environment and responds to these
changes by generating a corresponding electrical signal. Sensors are vital in modern
technology, bridging the physical and digital worlds by collecting data for analysis and
decision-making.

What is a Sensor?

Definition

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity (e.g., temperature, light,

pressure) and converts it into a readable signal (analog or digital).

Key Components:

1. Sensing Element: Detects changes in the environment.

2. Signal Conversion Unit: Converts raw data into a usable format.

3. Processing Unit (Optional): Interprets or transmits the data.

Types of Sensors and Their Applications

1. Temperature Sensors

 Function: Measure temperature changes.

 Examples: Thermocouples, thermistors, infrared temperature sensors.

 Daily Uses:

o Thermostats for home heating and cooling systems.

o Temperature regulation in refrigerators and ovens.

o Monitoring body temperature using digital thermometers.

2. Light Sensors

 Function: Detect light intensity.

 Examples: Photodiodes, Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs).

 Daily Uses:
 o Automatic brightness adjustment in smartphones.

o Streetlights that turn on/off based on ambient light.

o Security systems with motion-activated lights.

3. Motion and Proximity Sensors

 Function: Detect motion or objects nearby.

 Examples: Ultrasonic sensors, PIR (Passive Infrared) sensors.

 Daily Uses:

o Automatic doors in malls and offices.

o Security alarms detecting unauthorized movement.

o Gesture control in devices.

4. Pressure Sensors

 Function: Measure pressure of gases or liquids.

 Examples: Barometers, piezoelectric sensors.

 Daily Uses:

o Monitoring tire pressure in vehicles.

o Measuring blood pressure in healthcare devices.

o Controlling water flow in washing machines.

5. Gas Sensors

 Function: Detect the presence of gases.

 Examples: MQ series gas sensors, infrared gas sensors.

 Daily Uses:

o Detecting smoke or fire using smoke detectors.

o Monitoring air quality in homes and offices.

o Breath analyzers for alcohol detection.

6. Sound Sensors

 Function: Detect sound waves.

  Examples: Microphones, sound-level meters.

 Daily Uses:

o Voice recognition in virtual assistants (e.g., Alexa, Siri).

o Noise cancellation in headphones.

o Monitoring sound levels in industrial setups.

7. Touch Sensors

 Function: Respond to touch or pressure.

 Examples: Capacitive touch sensors, resistive touch sensors.

 Daily Uses:

o Touchscreen devices like smartphones and tablets.

o Elevator buttons with touch-sensitive panels.

o Smart appliances with touch interfaces.

8. Magnetic Sensors

 Function: Detect magnetic fields.

 Examples: Hall effect sensors, magnetometers.

 Daily Uses:

o Compass in smartphones for navigation.

o Detection of ferrous metals in industrial applications.

o Anti-theft systems in retail stores.

Importance of Sensors in Daily Life

1. Automation: Enable devices to operate autonomously (e.g., smart homes).

2. Safety: Enhance safety through early detection of hazards (e.g., smoke alarms).

3. Convenience: Simplify interactions with technology (e.g., touchscreens, automatic

doors).

4. Energy Efficiency: Contribute to energy savings (e.g., motion-activated lights).

 5. Healthcare: Improve diagnostic tools and patient monitoring systems.

Exercise Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which sensor is commonly used in smartphones for screen brightness adjustment?

o a) Temperature sensor

o b) Light sensor

o c) Proximity sensor

o d) Sound sensor

2. What is the primary function of a gas sensor?

o a) Measure pressure

o b) Detect light intensity

o c) Identify gases

o d) Sense temperature

3. Which sensor is used in automatic doors?

o a) Motion sensor

o b) Light sensor

o c) Temperature sensor

o d) Gas sensor

Practical Exercises

1. Identify five devices in your home that use sensors and explain their functions.

2. Design a concept for a smart system using at least three types of sensors (e.g., smart
lighting, automated irrigation).

3. Research the working principle of a gas sensor and explain its application in air
quality monitoring.
 Chapter 4: Interfacing Sensors with Arduino
Interfacing sensors with Arduino allows the board to detect environmental changes and respond
accordingly. Below, we explore four commonly used sensors: IR sensors, ultrasonic sensors, alcohol
sensors, and LDR sensors.

1. IR Sensor

Objective: Detect the presence of an object using an IR sensor.

Applications:

 Obstacle detection in robots

 Line-following robots

Circuit:

 Connect the IR sensor's VCC to 5V, GND to GND, and OUT to pin 2.

Code:

const int irPin = 2; // Pin connected to the IR sensor

void setup() {

pinMode(irPin, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

int state = digitalRead(irPin);

if (state == HIGH) {

Serial.println("Object detected");

} else {

Serial.println("No object");

delay(500);

2. Ultrasonic Sensor

Objective: Measure distance using an ultrasonic sensor.

Applications:
  Distance measurement

 Automated parking systems

Circuit:

 Connect the ultrasonic sensor's VCC to 5V, GND to GND, Trig to pin 9, and Echo to pin 10.

Code:

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

void setup() {

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

long duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

float distance = (duration * 0.034) / 2;

Serial.print("Distance: ");

Serial.print(distance);

Serial.println(" cm");

delay(1000);

3. Alcohol Sensor

Objective: Detect the presence of alcohol using an MQ-3 sensor.

Applications:

 Breath analyzers
  Alcohol detection systems

Circuit:

 Connect the MQ-3 sensor's VCC to 5V, GND to GND, and the analog output pin to A0.

Code:

const int alcoholPin = A0; // Pin connected to the MQ-3 sensor

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

int sensorValue = analogRead(alcoholPin);

Serial.print("Alcohol level: ");

Serial.println(sensorValue);

delay(1000);

4. LDR Sensor

Objective: Measure light intensity using an LDR.

Applications:

 Automatic streetlights

 Light-sensitive alarms

Circuit:

 Connect the LDR to 5V and GND, with a 10kΩ resistor in series, and connect the signal pin to A0.

Code:

const int ldrPin = A0; // Pin connected to the LDR

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

void loop() {

int lightLevel = analogRead(ldrPin);

Serial.print("Light intensity: ");

 Serial.println(lightLevel);

delay(1000);

Exercise Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which sensor is used to measure distance?

o a) IR Sensor

o b) Ultrasonic Sensor

o c) Alcohol Sensor

o d) LDR

2. What is the typical output of an LDR?

o a) Digital signal

o b) Analog signal

o c) Ultrasonic waves

o d) None of the above

3. What is the purpose of the MQ-3 sensor?

o a) Detect alcohol

o b) Measure distance

o c) Detect light intensity

o d) Detect objects

Practical Exercises

1. Combine the IR sensor and ultrasonic sensor to:

o Create a system that detects an obstacle and measures its distance.

2. Modify the alcohol sensor project to:

o Trigger an LED when alcohol levels exceed a certain threshold.

3. Design a project using the LDR to:

o Automatically turn on an LED when the light level falls below a set value
 Chapter 5: Basic Fundamentals of IoT and Its Uses in Daily Life
The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices capable of collecting,
sharing, and acting on data without requiring human intervention. These devices leverage sensors, software,
and connectivity to automate and optimize various tasks in daily life.

What is IoT?

Definition

IoT is a system of physical devices embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enables
them to exchange data over the internet.

Key Components:

1. Sensors and Actuators: Collect and act on data.

2. Connectivity: Facilitates communication between devices (e.g., Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular

networks).

3. Data Processing: Processes data using cloud computing or local edge computing.

4. User Interface: Allows users to interact with IoT devices (e.g., mobile apps, web dashboards).

How IoT Works

1. Data Collection: Sensors gather data from the environment.

2. Data Transmission: The data is sent to a processing unit (cloud or edge).

3. Data Processing: The system analyzes the data to extract meaningful insights.

4. Action: Based on analysis, the system performs a predefined action or provides feedback to the user.

Applications of IoT in Daily Life

1. Smart Homes

 Devices: Smart thermostats, smart lighting, voice assistants (e.g., Alexa, Google Home).

 Use Cases:

o Automated lighting and temperature control.

o Security cameras and smart locks.

o Voice-activated control of appliances.

2. Healthcare
  Devices: Wearable fitness trackers, remote health monitoring systems.

 Use Cases:

o Tracking vital signs like heart rate and oxygen levels.

o Sending health alerts to doctors.

o Monitoring chronic conditions remotely.

3. Agriculture

 Devices: Soil moisture sensors, weather monitoring stations.

 Use Cases:

o Automated irrigation systems.

o Monitoring crop health and growth conditions.

o Predicting weather for better planning.

4. Transportation

 Devices: GPS trackers, smart traffic lights.

 Use Cases:

o Real-time traffic management.

o Fleet tracking for logistics companies.

o Ride-sharing services like Uber.

5. Industry 4.0

 Devices: Connected machinery, predictive maintenance systems.

 Use Cases:

o Monitoring production lines in real-time.

o Detecting and addressing equipment issues before failure.

o Enhancing supply chain efficiency.

Practical IoT Applications

Example 1: Smart Door Lock System

 Components: Wi-Fi module, RFID reader, motorized lock.

 Function: Enables remote control and monitoring of door locks via a smartphone app.

Example 2: Automated Plant Watering System

  Components: Soil moisture sensor, water pump, Arduino or Raspberry Pi.

 Function: Waters plants automatically based on soil moisture levels.

Example 3: Fitness Tracker

 Components: Heart rate sensor, accelerometer, Bluetooth module.

 Function: Tracks physical activities and syncs data with a mobile app.

Benefits of IoT

1. Convenience: Automates everyday tasks.

2. Efficiency: Optimizes resource usage (e.g., energy, water).

3. Cost Savings: Reduces energy and operational costs.

4. Improved Safety: Enhances home and workplace security.

5. Personalization: Adapts devices to individual preferences.

Exercise Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does IoT stand for?

o a) Internet of Technology

o b) Internet of Things

o c) Integration of Things

o d) Interaction of Technology

2. Which component is essential for connecting IoT devices to the internet?

o a) Sensor

o b) Actuator

o c) Connectivity module

o d) Power supply

3. What is the primary function of a sensor in an IoT system?

o a) Actuate devices

o b) Collect data

o c) Store data
 o d) Provide internet connectivity

4. Which IoT application uses soil moisture sensors?

o a) Smart homes

o b) Healthcare

o c) Agriculture

o d) Transportation

5. What is an example of an IoT device in transportation?

o a) Smart thermostat

o b) GPS tracker

o c) Fitness tracker

o d) Soil moisture sensor

6. Which of these technologies is commonly used for IoT connectivity?

o a) HTTP

o b) Bluetooth

o c) VGA

o d) HDMI

7. What is the role of cloud computing in IoT?

o a) Physical device control

o b) Data processing and storage

o c) Manufacturing devices

o d) Connecting to Wi-Fi

8. Which industry benefits from predictive maintenance enabled by IoT?

o a) Healthcare

o b) Agriculture

o c) Manufacturing

o d) Education

9. What does an actuator do in an IoT system?

o a) Transmits data

o b) Processes data
 o c) Performs an action

o d) Collects data

10. Which of these is a key benefit of IoT?

o a) Increases manual intervention

o b) Reduces efficiency

o c) Automates tasks

o d) Decreases connectivity

Practical Exercises

1. Design a basic IoT system to monitor room temperature using a temperature sensor and send alerts to
a smartphone.

2. Build a concept for a smart irrigation system using soil moisture sensors and a water pump.

3. Research and explain the working principle of a fitness tracker.

4. Create a flowchart for a smart lighting system that turns lights on/off based on room occupancy.

5. Implement a simple program on an IoT platform (e.g., Arduino) to send data from a sensor to the
cloud.