Received 9 November 2022, accepted 15 November 2022, date of publication 18 November 2022,

date of current version 28 November 2022.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3223370

Internet of Things (IoT) Security With Blockchain

Technology: A State-of-the-Art Review
ABDULLAH AYUB KHAN 1,2 , ASIF ALI LAGHARI 1 , ZAFFAR AHMED SHAIKH 2,

ZDZISLAWA DACKO-PIKIEWICZ3 , AND SEBASTIAN KOT4,5

1 Department of Computer Science, Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi 74000, Pakistan
2 Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Benazir Bhutto Shaheed University Lyari, Karachi 75660, Pakistan
3 Department of Management, Faculty of Applied Sciences, WSB University, 41-300 Da̧browa Góornicza, Poland
4 Faculty of the Management, Czestochowa University of Technology, 42-201 Czȩstochowa, Poland
5 Faculty of Economics and Management Sciences, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark 1900, South Africa

Corresponding author: Abdullah Ayub Khan ([email protected])

The research was funded under the program of the Minister of Education and Science titled ‘‘Regional Initiative of Excellence’’
in 2019-2023, project number 018/RID/2018/19, the amount of funding PLN 10 788 423,16.’’

ABSTRACT With the rapid enhancement in the design and development of the Internet of Things creates a
new research interest in the adaptation in industrial domains. It is due to the impact of distributed emerging
technology and topology of industrial Internet of Things and the security-related resource constraints
of industrial 5.0. This conducts new paradigm along with critical challenges to the existing information
preservation, node transactions and communication, transmission, trust and privacy, and security protection
related problems. These critical aspects pose serious limitations and issues for the industry to provide
industrial data integrity, information exchange reliability, provenance, and trustworthiness for the overall
activities and service delivery prospects. In addition, the intersection of blockchain and industrial IoT
has gained more consideration and research interest. However, there is an emerging limitation between
the inadequate performance of industrial IoT and connected nodes, and the high resource requirement of
permissioned private blockchain ledger has not yet been tackled with the complete solution. Due to the
introductions of NuCypher Re-Encryption infrastructure, hashing tree and allocation, and deployment of
blockchain proof-of-work required more computational power as well. This paper is divided into three
different folds; first, we studied various related literature of blockchain-enabling industrial Internet of
Things and its critical implementation challenging aspects along with the solution. Secondly, we proposed
a blockchain hyperledger sawtooth-enabled framework. This framework provides a secure and trusted
execution environment, in which service delivery mechanisms and protocols are designed with an acknowl-
edgment, including the immutable ledger storage security, along with the peer-to-peer network on-chain
and off-chain communication of industrial activities. Thirdly, we design pseudo-chain codes and consensus
protocols to provide smooth industrial node streamline transactions and broadcast content. The proposed
multiple proof-of-work investigated and simulated using Hyperledger Sawtooth-enabled docker for testing
to exchange information between connected devices of industrial Internet of Things within the limited usage
of resource constraints.

INDEX TERMS Blockchain, hyperledger technology, chain codes (smart contracts), Internet of Things
(IoT), nucypher re-encryption, Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT).
I. INTRODUCTION smart communication with different service automation that
The changeover in information technology because of the reduces the human affords [1]. It is also because of the
evaluation and development of the Internet of Things exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI), distributed
(IoT). This digital connection establishes a node-to-node connectivity, and intelligent communication protocols, which
enabled dynamic data optimization and management in
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and industrial processes [2]. In the beginning, digitalization has
approving it for publication was Stefano Scanzio . been focused on the efficiency of operational industrial data
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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optimization and automation to maintain IoT-enabled indus-

trial manufacturing. This is the current electronic information
transactions-related ledger development procedure utilized in
the production systems. The advent of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution (industry 4.0) has incorporated several posi-
tive features, such as the involvement of IoT in industrial
manufacturing and product development [3], [4]. However,
to robust the development of industrial things, the Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged with a new paradigm
that strengthens production in a smooth and smart man-
ner. In the recent environment, this technology involves in
every domain of transportation, intelligent manufacturing of
automobiles, resource management, renewable energy man-
agement, and smart cities development [5]. The number of
advancements in the industrial manufacturing units has cap-
tured the expert’s attention in the past few years. In this
regard, various related applications have been proposed that
enhance the performance of production units. It includes
the flow of operations and control management, digital FIGURE 1. The current scenario of industrial IoT (IIoT).
enterprise/factory, alert of industrial things configuration,
safety, and maintenance measures, and health monitoring of
employee/workers, etc. [6], [7], as shown in Figure 1. popularity of the Industrial Internet of Things [14], [15].
The complete process of IIoT is designed and created To create a strongly protected environment and private
with the primary components of IoT-enabled sensors devices. ecosystem that automatically performs operations and avoids
The wireless sensors network is used to handle and manage intermediate intrusions. In this regard, a secure ecosystem has
all the operational controls and coordinate different activ- required that handle and manage industrial production unit
ities, dynamic monitoring, real-time checking, remote sys- to be available, which means the system should be prevented
tem diagnostic, and dynamic control of production systems from unnecessary delay and protected from malicious attacks
[8], [9]. Till now, there is an insecure environment derived against the IoPS [16]. In addition, the integrity and trans-
from the number of nodes’ connectivity. In fact, the current parency of the IIoT-enabled transactions is another critical
communication protocols utilized for the exchange of infor- aspect of the existing smart production systems. To avoid
mation are weak in terms of privacy and security [10]. One physical damage, the experts of IIoT designed high protection
of the main reasons for these emerging vulnerabilities and infrastructure in their proposed work by raising the cryp-
their involvement in the industrial domain because of the tographic encryption mechanism against malicious attacks.
number of devices published by various unregistered compa- It causes low quality and provides a strongly encrypted
nies without testing in accordance with the standard verifica- ledger structure, which ultimately means that this proce-
tion and validation [11]. However, intelligent manufacturing dure consumes more resource constraints of industrial things
consists of different internet of production systems (IoPS), in terms of computational power, network bandwidth, and
a complex combination of components is closed in terms of preservation. In this regard, to reduce the load of traffic in
hardware, software, and connected devices to communicate an industrial environment, avoidance of unauthorized access
smartly, as shown in Figure 1. Each associative layer of and restricting unintentional use of IoT-devices is the primary
IoPS is insecure/vulnerable to network attacks. In the current objective [17], [18]. To handle and maintain the authenticity
scenario, there is various malicious attacks are registered, of vendors’ access is another challenging prospect and only
such as reverse engineering attacks, distributed denial-of- allows operations to be performed along with the requirement
services, etc. The code of software components can also be of security in the IIoT. Further, integrity and confidential-
vulnerable because it associates with a virus, trojans, and ity for employees and connected participated stakeholders’
dynamic programming attacks [12]. On the other side, the personal information by protecting industrial smart code,
communication channels can be compromised to third-party, dynamic data monitoring, and intelligent configuration of
man-in-middle, client-server-based network protocols, which industrial production units.
are weak in nature as compared to the distributed network Recently, blockchain distributed ledger technology is
[13]. So, to design manual IoPS, it is harder to maintain adopting by different enterprises to protect the entire
complex transaction procedures and is affected by social processes of current systems. And so it also helps to maintain
attacks, for example, spamming, phishing, etc. secure supply-chain transactions, along with ledger pri-
The current security and privacy solutions are insuffi- vacy, transparency, provenance, traceability, and easy access
cient because the different heterogeneous IoT devices and through the distributed application (DAPP) [19]. In industrial
networks channels are connected increasingly due to the IoT, blockchain technology provide a secure, encrypted, and

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permissioned modular infrastructure that handles events of all the IoT-related operations, including sensor-based data
nodes transaction execution and preserves individual logs on acquisition, streamlining business processes, automating task
immutable storage to enable a transparent process of IIoT execution, efficient business decision, and accessibility. How-
[20], [21]. However, the IIoT-enabled events are stored in ever, the process of IoT-enabling devices-based generated
chronological order in the chain-like structure that is con- data capturing, examining, analyzing, preserving, presenting,
nected with two different channels (on-chain and off-chain) in and reporting are designed for secure interpreting the chain-
a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. In addition, customizable chain of-analyzed records. This act ensures security and privacy for
codes are provided that allow for the management of dynamic the whole IoT-related transactions and stores detail of each
deliverance and automate control transactions to achieve event of execution in the form of data blocks in the immutable
decentralized autonomous execution. This immutable ledger storage (IPFS).
provides nonrepudiation information management, in which
this industrial information is hard to tamper with and forged B. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS
and retain details in a protected manner in a data preservation
The critical objective of this study is to improve the process
container (InterPlanetary File Storage) [22].
of IoT-enabled devices data investigation, including data cap-
The blockchain enabling technologies have been envi-
ture, examination, analysis, preservation, presentation, and
sioned, utilized, and adopted for different industrial
documentation, that is used in the industrial environment
production units to achieve integrity, transparency, traceabil-
for the purpose of security measures. To perform a dynamic
ity, and provenance to enable secure industrial data analysis
structure deliverance and maintain a secure infrastructure
and storage [23]. Whereas most of the IIoT experts are
for IoT-based transactions to trace exactly what factors are
shifting towards blockchain and utilizing this technology as
involved in the distributed network or between computing
its decentralized nature, which provides strong protection
nodes that affect ecosystems execution. And so, an adequate
against a number of cyber-attacks [24]. The variety of attacks
process of analysis for it to mitigate the involving risk in the
is usually intended for client-server-based architecture and
events of IoT-nodes transactions execution and management
other relevant types of centralized systems [25], [26]. In fact,
throughout the lifecycle. However, the blockchain-enabling
the blockchain decentralized modular architecture enables
technology is attaining more acceptance and adaptation as
IIoT ecosystems to enhance the defense between distributed
it is being used to protect the process of IoT-based data
IoT nodes and their ability to deliver in a protected way
collection. It also provides a secure channel against malicious
using cryptographic encryption/NuCypher Re-Encryption
attacks and the intruders involved in the current sensors net-
algorithm. However, the technology is also able to deploy
work environment. These incidents are reported that help to
intrusion detection that provides prevention and restricts
interpret and create attributes of the security and privacy lacks
malicious attacks. Installation of firewalls, anti-disclosure
so it can be restricted in the future. Because of blockchain
tools, procedures, and protocols implementation ensure by
distributed ledger technology, the detailed report of vulner-
the platform that guarantees the security, privacy, and infor-
abilities is preserved in the immutable storage along with
mation immutability along with ledger transparency and
the depositions and related testimonies registration. The main
trustworthiness [27].
contributions of this paper are discussed as follows:
A. MOTIVATION • In this paper, we studied more than a hundred research
This paper addresses the current security and privacy articles based on the Internet of Things (IoT), indus-
challenges and limitations in the industrial IoT envi- trial data management, distributed network connectivity,
ronment. It also highlights the involving implementation communication protocols, blockchain, and hyperledger
and deployment-related issues while connecting two or technology. The main highlight of this study is to define
more nodes together. Interoperability is another challeng- privacy and security and related concerns in the current
ing prospect that is a concern in this paper and proposed deployment of IoT in the industrial environment. For
a solution in terms to design a consortium communica- instance, the review perspective is reported in accor-
tion channel, where both the private and public trans- dance with the shape of a systematic point-of-view.
actions take place over the protected Peer-to-Peer (P2P) • A novel and secure blockchain hyperledger-enabled
network, respectively. In this regard, a novel and secure framework is proposed for the industrial internet of
blockchain-enabled framework is proposed. This proposed things (IIoT) along with the process hierarchy of trans-
framework provides robust security while IoT-based trans- action executions.
actions initiate from the source to the destination (devices- • This paper presents different chain codes for the purpose
to-device) over the consortium network. Throughout the data to automate events of nodes transactions executions,
deliverance, the protection of individual data packages is pos- such as IoT-enabled industrial devices registration,
sible because of NuCypher Re-Encryption (batch-to-batch the process of data collection and examination, data
privacy). This collaborative approach of IoT-blockchain preservation, management, and organization, and man-
provides proper ledger integrity, transparency, provenance, aging distributed network transmission (on-chain and
traceability, trustworthiness, and assurance for performing off-chain) automatically, respectively.

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• The hyperledger sawtooth-enabled pre-defined consen- the technology is designed to redefine the industrial domain
sus is tuned in accordance with the limited range, which [34]. To make IIoT more efficient and reliable, various
means reducing the consumption of blockchain dis- experts present different proposed methods that create the
tributed resources in terms of computational energy, the current ecosystems better. And so, these previous publi-
bandwidth of network transmission, and storage. cations defined the level of improvement in the develop-
• At last, we evaluate, examine, and analyze various ment of industrial IoT [35], such as smart communication,
involving designed-related futuristic issues, challenges, distributed network, dynamic nodes transactions execution,
and limitations. And so, mentioned a few solutions that services deliverance, information preservation, security, and
make IoT-enabled industrial ecosystems more efficient privacy.
and reliable and provide effective performance in a dis- However, the number of features of intelligent indus-
tributed network environment. trial and manufacturing executions are listed as foll-
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. ows [35]: (i) Digitalization, (ii) Intelligent automation,
In Section 2, various literature is discussed related to the (iii) Service-orientation, (iv) Smart connection and commu-
different industrial IoT-based devices and their security and nication, (v) Digital equipment, (vi) Collaborative network,
privacy protocols. And so, the role of blockchain-enabling (vii) Cost-efficient and flexibility preservation. These are the
technology and its associated impact on the recent reasons that enhance the performance of industrial and man-
developing environment is discussed. The application of ufacturing executions in industry 4.0, which directly affects
blockchain-enabled IIoT ledger protection and privacy the rate of productivity, and reduce human interventions with
are discussed in Section 3. In Section 4, a blockchain the use of artificial intelligence and cognitive automation
hyperledger-enabled novel and secure framework are pro- in the industry [36]. For instance, it is hard to say that the
posed for industrial IoT. The list of involving implementation industrial production units are fully capable to automate all
and deployment-related issues, challenges, and limitations the sectors’ transactions executions; there is a certain gap that
and their possible solutions are mentioned in Section 5. needs customize solutions to improve systems executions for
Finally, we conclude this research in Section 6. the sake of intelligent manufacturing and productivity.
The efficient communication that resists attacks is pro-
posed by Liu et al. [36], which described the use of federated
II. AN INTEGRATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS WITH learning in an industrial IoT environment. This collaborative
BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY technology significantly promotes the development of the
Internet of Things (IoT) technology has become one of the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0) [37]. Through this,
promising setups for industrial, production, supply chain, and the existing federated learning with IIoT faces two differ-
manufacturing ecosystems [28]. Various experts on IoT ana- ent types of critical issues, one is information privacy and
lyze the billion-dollar impact of internet things in the indus- security, and the other is communication overhead [38]. It is
trial environment [29]. Currently, an on-demand model of considered one of the costliest communication methods while
industrial, production and manufacturing running that lever- training a huge scale of multi-node modeling. However, there
ages internet of things, such as cloud-enabled industrial and are a lot of vulnerabilities involved that are recorded due to
manufacturing technology [30]. This model enables a number the weak security of federated learning, which leads to label
of ubiquitous, on-demand, convenient, client-server-based flipping and gradient leakage-based attacks [39], [40]. The
network access, a shared pool of resources, and dynamic process of training the general model is compromised directly
configuration, that required minimal management and effort by different adversaries.
from services providers [31]. However, in this paper, we also Thereby, there are several collaborative approaches pro-
provide detail of industrial IoT evaluation with the reason posed by various experts of IIoT; in this scenario, Zhou et al.
for adaptation of the distributed environment. Various related [41] presented a revolutionaries futuristic manufacturing and
literature is studied, in which several benefits of industrial IoT industrial setup by integrating the IoT and machine learning
are highlighted along with the privacy and security measures technologies into an industrial setting. With this development
of existing associative. and deployment, a massive network is handled, which sup-
ports a powerful data-driven structure to optimize the load
A. INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS (IIoT) AND of the wireless network [42]. Recently, the quality-of-service
SMART INDUSTRIES requirements of the IIoT non-critical and critical aspects are
In general, intelligent industrial and manufacturing execu- another challenging problem that needs concern along with
tion is a concept of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) the cross-layer issue in the current industrial IoT [42].
and the processes of smart service deliverance that drive a
new paradigm to facilitate the next generation of automation B. BLOCKCHAIN ENABLING TECHNOLOGY
[32], [33]. However, the concept of industrial and intelli- The distributed ledger technology enables stakeholders to
gent manufacturing utilizes a collection of distinct methods verify and validate, store, and synchronize the contents of
that correspond to new tendencies in the client-server-based information duplication with the secure and protected form
centralized network, where information is traveled. In fact, by connected participants [43]. This ledger technology has

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provided various considerable benefits and incentives to detailed design of individual layers and their role in the
enterprises, such as enabling better services and efficient industrial environment are discussed as follows:
deliverance [44]. In addition, it also emphasizes various mod-
els and innovations of the IoT and AI revolutions. It has a 1) APPLICATION LAYER
direct impact on all manufacturing and industrial things and This layer is able to handle various running applications that
makes an opportunity to improve industrial processes and cre- need to control and monitor dynamically while IoT devices
ate trust in information exchanging and records management are connected. It is a layer that played an intermediate role
in day-to-day units. However, a few involving challenges between participating stakeholders and their interconnected
and limitations are highlighted in the domain of blockchain nodes [59]. In fact, the layer acts as a mediator to handle end-
enabling the industrial internet of things as follows (as to-end nodes and their transactions executions and networks,
discussed in Table 1): as shown in Figure 2. And so, it creates communication chan-
nels with the authorized automated software components that
III. BLOCKCHAIN-ENABLED SECURITY IN INDUSTRIAL are connected with the centralized database in accordance
IoT ENVIRONMENT with the existing client-server-based protocols.
The rapid enhancement in the current industrial IoT makes
the system more efficient and reliable; apart from this, intel- 2) SUPPORT LAYER
ligent and self-adaptive devices of the internet of things are A support/middleware layer is used in the central server archi-
gathering attention towards itself in this recent era. The main tecture ‘‘a three-level traditional setup’’ is enough to protect
purpose is to provide an accurate collective environment to as the detail is directly passed to the internet layer (respon-
capture a large amount of data, efficient processing, exam- sible for data transmission among intelligent devices) [60],
ination, and information exchanging between participating [61]. At the same time, it establishes breaches for the purpose
stakeholders [51], [52]. However, the process of industrial to tackle various types of malicious attacks. To reduce the
self-adaptation is unsecure; there are various gaps that affect rate of attacks, the middleware layer supports the previous
(the operating system) and slow down the manufacturing three-level architecture to handle a number of implicit flaws
and production executions, such as a delay due to mali- involved in the industrial environment and protect against
cious attacks, dependencies in the layered hierarchy, ledger malicious attacks. However, the working of the middleware
preservation-related problems [53]. And so, most of the layer is defined as the industrial data collected from the
conventional privacy and security algorithms (for example, perception layer, which is authenticated with the private key
traditional cryptography) are not up to mark to prevent indus- cryptography. And so, it is transmitted to the internet layer,
trial actions. respectively. Recently, some attacks are needed the concern
In this manner, various experts of IIoT and enterprises of experts in the domain of industrial security, which directly
managements are shifting towards distributed environment affect the production systems, such as distributed denial of
and adopts blockchain hyperledger technologies. It leads service (DDoS), phishing, unauthorized access, and mali-
to build smart, intelligent, and secure industrial processes cious insiders.
and structures for robust productivity. In industrial things,
blockchain hyperledger technology provides a secure, effi- 3) PERCEPTION LAYER
cient, trustworthy, reliable, and sustainable platform that The perception layer is integrated with the physical and
manages authentication by introducing blocks of chain in sensor devices [62]. The main objective of this layer is to pro-
a chronological order, which consumes less computational vide IoT devices registration details (identity) and connected
energy along with preservation [54], [55]. network records. After that, it collects data (homogeneous
nature) and sends it to the client-server environment for fur-
A. THE CURRENT ARCHITECTURE OF IIoT ther processing, as shown in Figure 2. However, this layer is
more sensitive and most probabilistic to be attacked because
Currently, there is no single technology and reserved proto-
of weak layered protocols. This list of related attacks is as
cols, procedure, and standards to design, create, and establish
follows [63]:
the secure Internet of Things architecture. Indeed, it is the
platform that needs concerns, most importantly, on the IoT • Eavesdropping
with industrial infrastructure and related applications used • Tampering and forgery of ledger
recently. IIoT is a collaborative system with smart, inter- • Node capturing
dependent, interconnected nodes of heterogeneous nature, • Replay and time attacks, etc.
wireless sensors, transaction processors, actuators, network
connectives, and transceivers in the existing environment. 4) SECURE BUSINESS LAYER
However, these integrated technologies and their working This layer is used for managing secure enterprise-related
operations are categorized into four different layers [56], [57], transactions according to the defined business rules [64], [65].
[58]. Each has some preliminaries to establish a connection, The contracts/rules are designed for secure IIoT transactions
interaction, and communication between IoT devices. The execution, which is also applied to manage and handle the

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TABLE 1. Literature of IIoT-blockchain and its enabling technologies.

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TABLE 1. (Continued.) Literature of IIoT-blockchain and its enabling technologies.

overall IoT system, as shown in Figure 2. In the industrial manufacturing, and production. Recently, the technology is
environment, these contracts are deployed to tackle traf- expected to project an increase up to 540% in the coming
fic of business applications, models of profit and analysis, next couple of years; and so, to almost 20+ million sensor
and personal information of participated stakeholders related points installed [66], [67]. Apart from this, it helps to develop
problems. wireless connectivity for efficient communication, power
management, large miniaturization, and embedded comput-
B. ROLE OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN INDUSTRY, ing systems that lead the technology for most demanding in
VULNERABILITY, AND SECURITY PATCHES every aspect of smart factories [67], [68]. One more reason
In an industrial environment, wireless sensor networks for the growth is that the technology is accepted in a reliable
have gained ground almost in every unit of industrial, manner; most of the industrial uses are shifted towards, that

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is for because of the level of standards, which provide several

benefits. Monitoring is one of the key prospects in this whole
scenario, where wireless systems are used to take control
and perform different operations, actions, and computes [68],
[69]. However, the working executions of wireless sensor net-
works are dependent on the node’s transactions; these nodes
consist of microcontroller, preservation, intelligent sensors,
analog to digital converters, transceiver, power management,
and other controllers (for tie different pieces).
The intelligent sensors of industries are incorporated man-
ufacturing and production-related hand-off data to other par-
ticipating sensors via different channels in the distributed
network [69], as shown in Figure 3. Potentially, it leads
main streaming location (local LANs), where exchanging
information can be seen by connected stakeholders [69],
[70]. In addition, the collected data from the sensors are
processed and preserved for further executions. However, the
redundancy of multi-path of communication channels creates
a mesh. It poses various potential challenges and limitations
in terms of weak privacy and security, such as vulnerabilities, FIGURE 2. The existing block diagram of industrial internet of things (iiot)
risks, control issues, and unavailability, which leads to attacks layered hierarchy.
(for example, DDoS, etc.). The list of vulnerabilities and their
related patches is discussed as follows:
• Selective forwarding attack: It is one of the parts of
• Botnet: On the Internet of Things environment, a botnet
black-hole attacks, mainly compromised with the reason
is a network that helps to connect various devices. It typ-
to drop node selectively, where all the packets are inter-
ically allows routers to manage pathways for package
connected. It leads to the deterioration of the network,
deliverance. The chances of being infected are too high;
which directly impacts the performance of execution and
most probably, malware infections that compromised
deliverance [76].
control operations of the system by falling credentials,
which means malicious attackers get access to it and A few wireless sensor networks involving implementation
harm the system’s authenticity [71]. The major impact of challenges in the industrial IoT, which is highlighted and
this vulnerability is that it is launching distributed denial explained as follows:
of service on target entities to disrupt their operations • Power fluctuation and efficiency: The main involved
and services. issue in the current wireless sensor networks is power
• Sybil attack: A number of malicious attacks create sev- fluctuation and related management. It is considered
eral forged identities of individuals that affect the overall a resource constraint of the distributed networks [77].
performance of client-server-based centralized networks The power consumption (and related fluctuation) usage
[72], [73]. In industrial IoT, these nodes are capable during the information exchange through data packets
of generating wrong/tampered reports, which directly via network routing and activities, such as path manage-
impact the performance; further, spamming identities ment. This is completely based on the lifespan of the
with false messages and causing gaps in node privacy wireless nodes of the sensor battery.
are another part of the list. • Quality-of-Service (QoS): In the current industrial
• Clone attack: It is also referred to as duplica- environment, the quality-of-service is one of the impor-
tion/replica attacks. This attack is used to capture physi- tant prospects that provide each application (operation)
cal sensor-enabled devices from the client-server-based analysis according to quality measures [78]. This pro-
centralized IoT network and extract their confidential cedure requires different quality-of-service processing.
credential, for example, the capturing of individual iden- But, due to hardware limitations, individual processing
tity (either in a public or private manner), which harm the of an industrial application is becoming a challenging
system’s integrity and traceback [73], [74]. problem in the existing scenario.
• Distributed attack (DDoS): In the recent industrial • Hardware requirement and their complexity: The
scenario, IoT devices are becoming an integral form performance of the hardware node of the wireless sen-
of various distributed denial of service attacks [75]. sor is dependent on the functions, such as storage,
However, as the number of IoT devices increases in the processing, power source, consumption, and transmis-
industry, the rate of attack will also robust exponentially. sion [78]. The hardware devices are used in almost every
These kinds of attacks consider the only dangerous aspect but are most probably utilized in the network to
attacks in the futuristic environment of IIoT. manage executions efficiently and effectively. Whereas

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the operating system (OS) is independent; for example,

the hardware nodes are managed by OS separately.
• Fault tolerance: The wireless sensor nodes are sus-
tained; which means the functions of all the nodes are
carried out in accordance with the network protocols
[79]. While each node’s transactions execute in the
distributed network faced some limitations in terms of
energy usage of the attached battery, failure rate between
nodes connectivity, and network interference from exter-
nal sources.
• Data availability and Storage: In the current IIoT
technology, the availability of data is a well-focused
issue analysis by experts in the domain of client-server
centralized architecture [79]. And so, the preservation
of individual entities in storage with security is another
challenging aspect. For this purpose, a decentralized
distributed architecture is proposed to manage data
availability in every connected node and handle redun-
dancy over the network before preserving records in the
storage.

C. IIoT WITH BLOCKCHAIN AND 5G TECHNOLOGY

It is well proven that the internet of things (IoT) technology
enhances the performance in terms of processing, control, and
preservation, and maintain the efficiency of the system in a
wider range of distributed environment [80]. These factors
becoming the acceptance of IoT in the industrial domain,
mainly leveraging the internet in manufacturing and pro-
duction to enable reconfiguration of current processes and
automate industrial executions, which is greatly evolved. FIGURE 3. Working procedure of wireless sensor networks in industrial
The industrial IoT commits to bringing a large number of environment.
operations initiated, controlled and executed in an efficient
manner along with improving productivity, and providing and off-chain communication, and stakeholders’ request
effective management of industrial things [82], [83]. How- [84], [85]. These key factors improve the events of IIoT
ever, the existing architecture of IIoT is based on the client- node transactions executions in the distributed domain with
server-enabled centralized network structure. Each execution protected industrial deliverance and ledger security before
of node transactions is dependent on the single channel of preservation.
a central server and preserves all the records (logs) in the
central database environment, which leads to privacy and IV. PROPOSED FRAMEWORK
security issues. Further, this poses a massive problem in terms Figure 4 presents a hierarchy of the proposed framework,
of industrial limitations, such as requiring more computations which is categorized into six different folds, such as IoT
power, lack of maintenance of intelligent devices, allow third- devices registration, industrial/manufacturing monopoly con-
party involvement (vendors), all of which consider a big nectivity, processes of industrial transactions executions, con-
problem from a business perspective. nected stakeholders, hyperledger sawtooth-enabled secure
Blockchain distributed technology offers solutions to deliverance, and IPFS-based distributed storage of ledger.
the mentioned issues, challenges, and limitations raised in First, the proposed framework declares the list of exist-
Industrial IoT. With an association of blockchain and fifth ing registered IoT devices, and also provides a platform to
generation (5G) network technology, the IIoT-blockchain add newly IoT devices (along with the category, for exam-
delivers distributed solutions to meet the industrial demand, ple, ESP32, LoRa WAN, etc.) and the purpose to serve
along with a focus on specific-applicational vulnerabilities. for which unit. After receiving requests, the Blockchain
The blockchain and IIoT with 5G-enabling technology to pro- Hyperledger-Sawtooth Expert verifies and validate each
vide a viable switch to exploring the potential of the current request and grant permission to connect with distinct units
industry [84]. The 5G network allows blockchain technol- of IIoT. The completion of this procedure is possible because
ogy to design an automated registry of industrial, manufac- of a defined chain code/smart contract (IIoTReg() contract),
turing, and production things, including network channels, as discussed in Table 2. These connected IoT devices captured
which handle service delivery, ledger maintenance, on-chain and transmit a number of transactions to the industrial units

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FIGURE 4. The proposed industrial iot with blockchain hyperledger sawtooth-enabled privacy preservation and security solution.

for further manufacturing processes with the help of a wire-

less sensor network, as shown in Figure 4. Whereas each unit
is defined by its working protocols, such as industrial, manu-
facturing, and production executions. However, each unit runs
on the proposed process for the purpose of secure executions
of events of node transactions efficiently and effectively.
Although, this proposed framework allows a number of
participating stakeholders, whose tasks are assigned in accor-
dance with the role of participation, such as manufacturer, the
state ministry of industries and supply, the federal ministry
of industries and supply, business experts, analysts, tester,
and other crucial board members, etc. These participating
stakeholders initiate a number of IIoT transactions or requests
to register/access the chain, as shown in Figure 4. However,
each transaction initiate to execute completely is based on the
defined protocols, Manu&ProAddRec() manage all the new
updates, records, and exchange details with the participating
stakeholder according to the consensus policies, as shown in
Figure 5 and Table 2.
With the association of Hyperledger Sawtooth technology, FIGURE 5. The IIoT-enabled events of nodes transactions
each transaction passes through the step of secure executions, execution/working operation.
such as transaction processor (handle number of transactions
and manage in a sequence of manner), REST API (reset
state if previously utilized), node connectivity, handle trans- to maintain external transactions (cross-platform), explicitly.
actions over the P2P network and protect ledger with the All the logs (records of transactions) are stored in InterPlane-
use of NuCypher Re-Encryption algorithm. For secure IIoT tary File Storage System (a third-party distributed file storage
transaction executions, we design a blockchain hyperledger structure that provides an immutable preservation scenario
sawtooth-enabled consortium network, in which two com- with minimally charged (cost: 10$/month) as compared to
munication channels are derived. On-chain communication other states of the art). Each activity is recorded, preserved,
channels manage and handle all the internal (chain transac- and shared in the IPFS; however, if any changes occur in a
tions), implicitly. Whereas off-chain channels are designed single transaction after it is stored in the immutable storage

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TABLE 2. Pseudo-contract: A conceptual chain code, consensus TABLE 2. (Continued.) Pseudo-contract: A conceptual chain code,
protocols, and executions. consensus protocols, and executions.

can be changed if the event gets a 51% vote of connected

participants (consensus). These changes are possible because
of the updateRec() contract, as shown in Figures 4, and 5.
• Distributed Nodes Connectivity: It allows for build-
ing secure channels (platforms) where industrial IoT
nodes are interconnected. It restricts the direct path
of messages/request deliverance and received events
of transactions in a protected manner in terms of
integrity, transparency, provenance, privacy, and security
between a subspace of consortium hyperledger network
members.
• Certificate Authority (CA): A CA is designed over the
consortium network to create trust between participating
stakeholders.
• Peer-to-Peer (P2P): The blockchain hyperledger
sawtooth-enabled IIoT distributed network services ini-
tiated the node transactions. It contains a digital signa-
ture and NuCypher Re-Encryption before each peer is
endorsed.
• Consensus and Chain Code: An automated execution
of node transactions, including stakeholder participa-
tion, digital signature, IoT device registration, adding a
new ledger, and updating the ledger, as shown in Table 2.
In addition, a comparative analysis of the proposed dis-
tributed framework with other state-of-the-art hyperledger
involve in IIoT, most probably, in industrial, manufacturing,
and productions, as mentioned in Table 3, and 4.

V. OPEN RESEARCH ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTION

This section discusses the preliminaries of the proposed
framework and the events of nodes transactions execution and
related problems while implementation. In addition, we high-
light a few open challenges and limitations involved in the
advanced industrial IoT development and deployment with
some relevant solutions.

A. CROSS-CHAINING PLATFORM BETWEEN IoT-DEVICES

In the domain of blockchain-enabled IIoT technology, the
platform interoperability is one of the challenging prospects
involved while initiating transactions from one chain to the
other with an explicit outer chain, which is not intercon-
nected [90], [91]. The cross-chain platform solution allows
different nodes to interconnect with each other, for example,

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TABLE 3. Comparative analysis with other states of the art Hyperledger (1).

TABLE 4. Comparative analysis with other states of the art Hyperledger (2).

smart production units, manufacturing systems, supply chain efficient platform and their standard approach with improved
management, and monitoring ecosystems. However, by this quality of finishing results [94].
adaptation, the solution can provide a more efficient and
effective industrial environment that supports and manage C. DISTRIBUTED PRESERVATION AND PRIVACY ISSUES
a secure service deliverance of industrial things-enabled The significant objective of this solution is to proper
transactions in a better manner in the distributed network use of blockchain-enabling technology in the industrial
infrastructure [92]. A single node of this designed plat- environment for the purpose to protect personal information-
form, and various distinct nodes of other chains direct inter- connected participants, overall industrial transactions, data
act, communicate, exchange, and manage transactions in a scheduling and processing, computation management, and
secure preservation channel, and conduct meaningful nodes organization, and gratifying individual types of records [94],
activities in the industrial environment. The existing legacy [95]. All the records are stored on the blockchain distributed
of industry, the process of production and services deliv- immutable storage along with the process of memory sched-
erance, and the current network structure create a lack of ule (in terms of static, and dynamic). For the data manage-
cross-chaining and intercommunication. Till now, it is hard ment and preservation, there are two channels are derived
to adopt and deploy platform interoperability between the to maintain inner and outer layer transactions properly and
devices and the industry due to the distribution and unsecure concurrently, such as on-chain and off-chain communication.
connectivity. The on-chain communication executes internal transactions,
while the off-chain handles all the transactions and preserva-
tion explicitly. In the industrial ecosystems, the information
B. LACK OF INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZATION of different units, such as production, supply chain, etc.
In this context, the IIoT ecosystem analysis every perspective is more sensitive and confidential. To protect communica-
of industrial things involved in the domain. There is a various tion channels while the data is exchanged, for example,
range of data generation and processing that contributes to a production records, processing information, supply chain,
lack of standardization in every channel of IoT because no and data sharing details, record management, organization,
standard protocols are established and yet not to be presented optimization, and computation; these issues consider one
[92], [93]. However, the process layer of IIoT from data of the challenging aspects in the current IIoT. In this sce-
generation, capturing, and examination to documenting indi- nario, the individual information must check against and ana-
vidual records are less reliable. As a result, the unavoidable lyzed before being preserved in the distributed storage [96].
distort consequences are provided, with minimal quality and In addition, the most critical prospect is to structure preserved
consistency along with the increased rate of resource con- records in the blockchain network. The unexceptional trans-
straints consumption. To standardize the process of execution action in this distributed network makes more costly services
of IIoT, the blockchain hyperledger technology enforces an deliverance that directly affects the market cost.

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D. OUTSOURCING COMPUTATION AND we examine various state-of-the-art frameworks and their

SECURITY MEASURES associative working operations, procedures, and protocols
Recently, cloud computing technology considering a suc- along with the IoT-enable efficient and secure executions.
cessful technology in terms of offering scalable storage Thus, an analysis of the gap between two or more connected
and computational resources [97]. In this manner, the data IoT devices during data transmission over the distributed
from the Internet of Things-enabled sensors is outsourced network is discussed. In this paper, we discussed three dif-
remotely and dynamically to the cloud-based central servers. ferent folds. First, we review almost a hundred research
The working process of outsourcing is preserving, shar- articles related to IoT, IIoT, blockchain, hyperledger, and dis-
ing, processing, and executing collected data through the tributed networks. Extracting knowledge in the previous stud-
sensors via client-server-based centralization. This poses ies related to privacy & security, analyzing current situations,
an extreme problem related to the attacks on IoT-enabled proposing new pathways, and presented in a better manner.
devices, such as complete system compromise, malicious However, the second fold presents the working mechanism
attacks (DDoS), malicious insider (internal attacks), etc [98], of the proposed blockchain hyperledger sawtooth-enabled
[99], [100]. However, the blockchain-enabling distributed distributed consortium framework, where a novel and secure
technology adopting for the purpose to reduces the number industrial internet of things processes is highlighted. For the
of existing attacks over the centralized server architecture. protected IIoT nodes transactions, we design two distinct
It associates with the cloud environment to protect the pro- communication channels, such as off-chain and on-chain over
cess of IoT-enabled sensor-based data collection to preserve the consortium network to handle a number of transactions
against potential malicious attackers and unknown adver- in a smooth manner. The on-chain communication channel
saries. The cryptographic hash-encryption algorithm has been is used to manage overall internal (implicitly) transactions
utilized that ensure the ledger (transactions) protection in execution; on the other side, off-chain channels tackle all the
terms of integrity, transparency, confidentiality, provenance, explicit chain transactions. Third, chain codes and consensus
and availability. It also performs arithmetic computations policies (multi-proof-of-work) are created that alleviate the
(hashing) once the transactions are scheduled for encryption. resource adaptation of Blockchain-IIoT (B-IIoT) and make
Business enterprises are needed to shift centralized outsourc- the ecosystem more suitable in the distributed environment.
ing toward the fully homomorphic blockchain-enabled highly In addition, this proposed framework provides a resource-
protected environment, which is based on lattices. It provides efficient platform, which does not affect the B-IIoT prove-
in-principle, an efficient solution, and better perfor- nance, ledger integrity, transparency, traceability, availability,
mance of IoT-cloud-enabled outsourcing computations with reliability, and maintains trustworthiness between participat-
security [99], [100]. ing stakeholders with no repudiation of hyperledger. Finally,
the adaptation of proposed framework is considered as one
of the good candidates for the giant-level implementation.
E. COMPLIANCE AND REGULATORY LIMITATIONS
Furthermore, the futuristic target of this research is to be
The giant industries and policy management connect with the
deploying as the general-purpose solution of industrial, man-
governmental authorities to design a new pathway of indus-
ufacturing, and production environments.
trial layered-based transactions for secure services delivery
in terms of data collection from units, examination, analysis, CONFLICT OF INTEREST
preservation, and records document in accordance with the
The authors of this paper declared that there is no conflict of
defined protocols [99], [101], [102], [103]. The production
interest.
units of industrial management need to consider the process
of services scheduling, executing, managing, optimizing, and
AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
storing implications and ascription [104], [105]. However,
• A.A.K. has written the original draft, preparation, and
considering these regulatory issues, the federal industrial
organization.
governance and authority need to collaborate with the differ-
• A.A.K., A.A.L., Z.A.S., Z.D-P., and S.K. have analyzed,
ent private organizations and blockchain-enabling distributed
reviewed, suggested, rewrote, performed literature survey,
technologies to design a secure environment for informa-
edited, investigated, designed the framework, and explored
tion transmission connectivity and exchange to reduce the
tools for smart contracts (chain codes/consensus).
cost of resources and computation energy utilization [106],
All authors of this paper read and agreed to the current
[107]. The distributed application of IIoT is developed for
published (online) version.
the purpose of evaluating the performance of industrial things
dynamically. And so, to calculate dissimilarities and formu- LIST OF ABBREVIATION
late new authoritative protocols and procedures.
• IoT = Internet of Things
• IIoT = Industrial Internet of Things
VI. CONCLUSION • SHA-256 = Hash-256 Encryption Mechanism
The main objective of this study is to extract the cur- • CA = Certificate Authority
rent problem involved in industrial processes, due to this, • P2P = Peer-to-Peer network

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‘‘Blockchain in IoT and beyond: Case studies on interoperability and ABDULLAH AYUB KHAN received the Ph.D.
privacy,’’ in Blockchain based Internet Things. Springer, Singapore, 2022, degree from the Department of Computer Science,
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Sindh Madressatul Islam University, Karachi.
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He has published around 40 research articles in
blockchain as a service software for the Internet of Things,’’ in Software
Engineering in IoT, Big Data, Cloud and Mobile Computing. Cham,
well-reputed journals/publishers (such as IEEE
Switzerland: Springer, 2021, pp. 117–128. ACCESS, IEEE TRANSACTIONS, MDPI, Elsevier,
[90] R. Kumar, R. Sindhwani, and P. L. Singh, ‘‘IIoT implementation chal- Spring, Wiley, and Hindawi) in the domain of dig-
lenges: Analysis and mitigation by blockchain,’’ J. Global Operations ital forensics, cyber security, blockchain, hyper-
Strategic Sourcing, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 363–379, Aug. 2022. ledger technology, cloud computing, and artificial
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faced by IIoT,’’ in Industrial Internet of Things. Boca Raton, FL, USA:
CRC Press, 2022, pp. 189–216.
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with 5G networks for industrial IoT: Recent advances, challenges, and ASIF ALI LAGHARI received the B.S. and
potential solutions,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 981–997, 2022. master’s degrees in information technology from
[93] S. M. Umran, S. Lu, Z. A. Abduljabbar, J. Zhu, and J. Wu, ‘‘Secure data the Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Sci-
of industrial Internet of Things in a cement factory based on a blockchain ence and Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan, in
technology,’’ Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 14, p. 6376, Jul. 2021. 2007 and 2014, respectively. From 2007 to 2008,
[94] L. K. Ramasamy and S. Kadry, ‘‘Combination of blockchain and IIOT,’’
he was a Lecturer at the Computer and Information
in Blockchain in the Industrial Internet of Things, 2021.
Science Department, Digital Institute of Informa-
[95] A. A. Khan, A. A. Laghari, D.-S. Liu, A. A. Shaikh, D.-D. Ma,
tion Technology, Pakistan. In 2015, he joined the
C.-Y. Wang, and A. A. Wagan, ‘‘EPS-ledger: Blockchain hyperledger
sawtooth-enabled distributed power systems chain of operation and con- School of the Computer Science and Technology,
trol node privacy and security,’’ Electronics, vol. 10, no. 19, p. 2395, Harbin Institute of Technology, where he was a
Sep. 2021. Ph.D. Student. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Sindh Madressatul
[96] S. Najjar-Ghabel, S. Yousefi, and H. Karimipour, ‘‘Blockchain applica- Islam University, Karachi, Pakistan. He has published more than 60 tech-
tions in the industrial Internet of Things,’’ in AI-Enabled Threat Detection nical articles in scientific journals and conference proceedings. His current
and Security Analysis for Industrial IoT. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, research interests include machine learning, computer networks, cloud com-
2021, pp. 41–76. puting, the IoT, fog computing, and multimedia QoE management.

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ZAFFAR AHMED SHAIKH received the Ph.D. SEBASTIAN KOT is currently an Associate Pro-
degree in computer sciences from IBA-Karachi, fessor of management and supply chain manage-
Pakistan. He has completed the Doctoral ment at the Faculty of Management, Czestochowa
Research work at EPFL (Switzerland). He is an University of Technology. He has over 20 years of
HEC-approved Ph.D. Supervisor in the field of teaching, research, and managerial experience in
physical sciences. He has published more than higher education. He is also the Extraordinary Pro-
45 research articles in reputed journals and confer- fessor at the North-West University and University
ences. He contributes to reviewing manuscripts of of Johannesburg, South Africa. He is a Founder
high-impact journals for more than ten years. His and the Co-Editor of PJMS. He is a member of
current research interests include AI, big data, data SB: Advanced Logistics Systems; Supply Chain
sciences, educational technology, e-learning, e-governance, expert systems, Management Journal.
food processing, green technology, ICT policy and planning, the IoT,
learning environments (theories, models, and frameworks), metals, MOOCs,
OERs, pharmacoinformatics, social software, solar energy, sustainability,
and TEL.

ZDZISLAWA DACKO-PIKIEWICZ received the

Ph.D. degree in sociology, specializing in edu-
cation sociology, youth sociology, and EU inte-
gration, and the doctor’s and habilitation degrees.
She has been a Professor at AWSB and a Rector
at WSB University, since 2008. In addition to
this function, she also holds the position of the
Vice President of the Council of Chamber of Com-
merce and Industry in Katowice (since 2014) and
the Chairperson of the Commission for Competi-
tiveness, Innovation and Cooperation between Science and Business (since
2015). She is also a member of the Lewiatan Confederation, which represents
the interests of polish private entrepreneurs. In recognition of her contri-
bution and achievements in the field of education, she has been honored
with several awards, which include: the Medal of the Commission of the
National Education awarded by the Ministry of National Education in 2004,
the Bronze Cross of Merit in 2007, an Honorary Medal awarded by the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic in 2007, the Silver Medal
of Merits for the Police in 2013, the Dąbrowa Górnicza Citizen of the Year in
2014, and the Manager of the Region in the category of Education in 2014.
She is also a double laureate of the second degree individual award granted
by the Minister of Science and Higher Education for outstanding organiza-
tional achievements in academic year 2014/2015 and 2015/2016. For several
years, she has been actively contributing, inter alia, to the development of
cooperation between science and business sectors.

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