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Assignment 2

Ankit Chandrakant Gohil

Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary
ENEL 670: Power System Analysis Application
Assistant Professor: Mostafa Farrokhabadi
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Assignment 2

Answer 1:

a) Using the Newton-Raphson (NR) method, find below plot for voltage magnitude at bus 2
for an active power consumption ranging from 100 to 700 MW with steps of 100 MW.

Assumption: As base values are not given, base volage and base power is assumed 16.5
kV and 100 MVA respectively.

𝑍 = 0.02 + 𝑗0.04 𝑜ℎ𝑚

𝑉
𝑍 =
𝑆
𝑍
𝑍 . . =
𝑍
100
𝑍 . . = (0.02 + 𝑗0.04) ∗ = (0.00734 + 𝑗0.01469)𝑝. 𝑢.
16.5

Now next is to draw model in MATLAB,

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Refer to the attached MATLAB PSAT files for system codes, calculations, and reports/
The plot for voltage magnitude at bus 2 for an active power is as follows,

b) Using the NR method, argue whether the system has a feasible power flow solution when
the active power consumption at bus 2 is 900 MW.

Refer to the attached MATLAB PSAT files for system codes, calculations, and reports/
The plot for voltage magnitude at bus 2 for an active power 900 MW is as follows,
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In the Newton-Raphson method, we solve for voltage magnitude and angle at bus 2 by
iteratively updating the values. Given that bus 1 (the slack bus) has a fixed voltage, the real and
reactive power demands at bus 2 will primarily determine the voltage drop on the line.
From the graph, when P2=900 MW (or 9.0 p.u. in the per-unit system based on a 100
MVA base), the power demand at bus 2 is very high. This demand drops voltage magnitude at
bus 2 to 0.958 p.u. which is low but still within acceptable voltage range at receiving end i.e.
0.95 to 1.05 p.u. Hence we can conclude that even at 900 MW active power demand at Bus 2,
the system remains feasible.
It is important to note that if active power demand at Bus 2 is further increased to 1000
MW then the voltage magnitude at Bus 2 will drop below 0.94 p.u. hence making the system
unfeasible.

Answer 2:
In van Amerongen’s paper, the four variations of the decoupled power flow method—BB, BX,
XB, and XX—are specifically analyzed for different network characteristics, particularly in
relation to the R/X ratio. Each method makes different assumptions about the coupling between
active and reactive power equations, aiming to simplify and decouple these equations under
certain conditions.
For medium-voltage networks, which tend to have a relatively high R/X ratio, the effectiveness
of each method varies based on how sensitive they are to this ratio.
In medium voltage networks with a relatively high R/X ratio, the BX decoupled power flow
method is typically the most suitable.
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BB Method (Full Jacobian Decoupling): This method uses both real and imaginary parts in the
Jacobian matrix. It's accurate but slower, as it does not take advantage of the decoupling often
seen in high-voltage networks.
BX Method: Assumes that the active power and voltage angle (theta) are weakly coupled to
voltage magnitude, and reactive power is weakly coupled to angle.
Suitable for networks where R/X is relatively high, such as medium voltage networks.
This method is effective when the resistance R plays a more significant role, and the network has
substantial coupling between active and reactive power.
XB Method: Generally suited for networks with a low R/X ratio, where the impedance is
primarily reactive (inductive). Not suitable for high R/X networks, as the resistance effects are
ignored, leading to potential inaccuracies in solutions.
XX Method: Typically used in high-voltage networks with low R/X ratios. Assumes that R is
very small compared to X. Not ideal for medium voltage networks with high R/X ratios, where
resistance cannot be neglected.
Why the BX Method is Suitable for High R/X Networks:
 In medium voltage networks, where resistance is a significant component of line
impedance, the traditional assumptions made in the fast decoupled power flow (XX and
XB methods) fail to capture the interactions accurately.
 The resistances are ignored in the B" matrix only. For normal cases the iteration count
will be like that of the XB scheme, but for systems with a few or with general high R/X
ratios the number of iterations needed to solve the loadflow is considerably smaller than
the number of the XB scheme.
 The BX method modifies the decoupling by considering the resistance effects to some
extent, making it better suited for networks with high R//X ratios, where the real power P
depends more on both theta and V.
Conclusion
For medium voltage networks with relatively high R/X ratios, the BX method provides a
balance between speed and accuracy by better accounting for resistance effects, making it more
suitable than the other decoupled methods (BB, XB, and XX).
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Answer 3:
L4 slides 54-56 solve the numerical problem of power flow with the Decoupled power flow
method. In this example, while solving B’ matrix B’’ resistive component of lines are completely
ignored and only reactive components are considered. Refer below snapshots,

As per the Van Amerongen’s paper, XX variant of the decoupled power flow method ignores
resistance in both B' and B" matrices. Hence we can conclude that XX method is used to solve
the given example.

Answer 4a: DC power flow method to the WSCC base case from the previous Code-based
assignment. B matrix and its inverted matrix;
Refer to the attached MATLAB PSAT files for system codes, calculations, and reports.

Matrix B:
16.000 0.000 -16.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 17.065 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -17.065
-16.000 0.000 36.100 -13.889 0.000 0.000 -6.211 0.000
0.000 0.000 -13.889 23.810 0.000 0.000 0.000 -9.921
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 16.752 -10.870 0.000 -5.882
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -10.870 39.995 -11.765 0.000
0.000 0.000 -6.211 0.000 0.000 -11.765 17.976 0.000
0.000 -17.065 0.000 -9.921 -5.882 0.000 0.000 32.868
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Inverse of Matrix B:
0.277 0.152 0.215 0.189 0.091 0.058 0.112 0.152
0.152 0.277 0.152 0.180 0.114 0.058 0.090 0.219
0.215 0.152 0.215 0.189 0.091 0.058 0.112 0.152
0.189 0.180 0.189 0.227 0.101 0.058 0.103 0.180
0.091 0.114 0.091 0.101 0.137 0.058 0.069 0.114
0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058 0.058
0.112 0.090 0.112 0.103 0.069 0.058 0.132 0.090
0.152 0.219 0.152 0.180 0.114 0.058 0.090 0.219

Phase Angles:
Bus Angle (rad)
1 0.170973
2 0
3 0.088323
4 0.069098
5 0.014354
6 -0.065242
7 -0.038592
8 -0.070920
9 0.038513
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Answer 4b:
System angles in a table,

Bus # NR (rad) DC (rad) Error Error% = ∗

∗ 100

1 0.16197 0.170973 -0.0090 -0.14%

2 0 0 0 0%
3 0.081415 0.088323 -0.0069 -0.11%
4 0.064921 0.069098 -0.00417 -0.06%
5 0.012698 0.014354 -0.00165 -0.02%
6 -0.064357 -0.065242 0.000884 0.01%
7 -0.03869 -0.038592 -0.00009 -0.001%
8 -0.069618 -0.070920 0.00130 0.02%
9 0.034326 0.038513 -0.00418 -0.06%

Refer to the attached MATLAB PSAT files for system codes, calculations, and reports.
Result from NR method of WSCC base case model.