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16 +paramyxoviridae

The document provides an overview of the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes various viruses that primarily affect the respiratory tract in humans and animals. Key viruses discussed include Measles, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, Mumps, and Nipah Virus, detailing their characteristics, modes of transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment options. The document emphasizes the importance of vaccination and supportive care in managing these viral infections.

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4 views18 pages

16 +paramyxoviridae

The document provides an overview of the Paramyxoviridae family, which includes various viruses that primarily affect the respiratory tract in humans and animals. Key viruses discussed include Measles, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Parainfluenza Virus, Mumps, and Nipah Virus, detailing their characteristics, modes of transmission, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment options. The document emphasizes the importance of vaccination and supportive care in managing these viral infections.

Uploaded by

NOE LLE
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PARAMYXOVIRIDAE

Danielle Marie A. Allarey-Susa, RMT


Introduction
• Pleomorphic, spherical or filamentous, Enveloped, Negative-
sense, single-stranded RNA viruses
• causes a variety of diseases, predominantly involving the
respiratory tract, in humans, birds, and other animals in
humans
Viruses
1. Measles
2. Respiratory Syncytial virus
3. Parainfluenza Virus
4. Mumps
5. Nipah Virus
Measles Virus
Measles Virus
• SF: Paramyxovirinae
• G: Morbilivirus
• “Rubeola virus”
• Pleomorphic, enveloped, non-segmented single-stranded,
negative sense RNA virus
• MOT: person to person through aerosols/respiratory droplets
• HALLMARK RASH: Koplik Spots
• Initial Symptoms:
• Cough
• Coryza (nasal inflammation)
• Conjunctivitis
• Fever
Measles Virus
Complications
• Severe Outcomes:
• Immunosuppression
• Central Nervous System (CNS) complications,
including:
• Encephalomyelitis
• Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)
• Pregnancy Risks:
• Infection during pregnancy can lead to congenital
malformations in the fetus.
Measles Virus
DIAGNOSIS
• Serologic Analysis:
• Detection of IgM and IgG antibodies in patient serum.
• Nucleic Acid Detection:
• NAAT for viral RNA and nucleic acid sequencing to distinguish
between vaccine reactions and wild-type infections.
• IgG avidity assays can assist in confirming measles cases.
• Cell Culture using respiratory, oropharyngeal, conjunctival
samples, blood and urine specimens (as the virus is shed in urine)
Measles Virus
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
• No antiviral drugs
• Supportive care
• Live attenuated trivalent vaccine MMR (2 doses: 1st dose-
12-15 months of age, 2nd dose-4-6 years of age)
• Community immunization-herd immunity
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
• G: Pneumovirus
• RSV is the leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract
infections in children under 5 years globally and poses
serious risks for adults over 65.
• lacks a hemagglutinin and does not bind to sialic acid
and therefore does not need or have a neuraminidase
• The virus has an F (fusion) protein that facilitates the
fusion of host cells, leading to the formation of syncytial
cells, which are indicative of RSV infection.
• MOT: respiratory secretions
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
• No vaccine is currently available for RSV prophylaxis.
• Passive immunization with anti-RSV immunoglobulin is
available for premature infants
• Treatment is supportive, consisting of the
administration of oxygen, intravenous fluids, and
nebulized cold steam
Human
Parainfluenza
Virus
Human Parainfluenza Virus
• HPIVs commonly cause upper and lower respiratory illnesses in
infants, young children, older adults, and people with weakened
immune systems, but anyone can get infected.
• Subtypes:
• Parainfluenza 1: Most common cause of croup.
• Parainfluenza 3: Second in prevalence to RSV; associated with
severe disease and fatalities. Most children infected by age 2.
• Parainfluenza 4: Causes respiratory infections but not croup.
• Adult Infections: Parainfluenza 1 and 3 can cause severe
pulmonary infections requiring hospitalization.
• Immunocompromised Patients: Significant morbidity and
mortality.
Human Parainfluenza Virus
• Incubation period; 2-6 days
• Symptoms are similar to the common cold
• More serious illness in children
•croup
•Bronchitis
•bronchiolitis
•Pneumonia
Mumps Virus
Mumps Virus
• contagious disease caused by a virus that affects the salivary
glands
• MOT: respiratory droplets from cough or sneezing, as well as
through direct contact with saliva from an infected person
• Incubation period: 2-4 weeks
• Initial Symptoms: Mild symptoms may include headache, fever,
fatigue, and loss of appetite.
• Parotitis: The hallmark symptom is swelling of the parotid glands,
which can cause puffy cheeks and a tender, swollen jaw. This
swelling typically peaks within 1 to 3 days.
• Complications: Severe complications can include:
• Encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
• Orchitis (swelling of the testicles)
• Hearing loss
Mumps Virus
DIAGNOSIS
• Serological Tests-IgM and IgG detection
• Molecular Tests-RT-PCR
• Viral Culture
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
• No specific antiviral treatment
• Symptomatic relief
• Avoid aspirin
• MMR vaccine
Nipah and Hendra Virus
• Nipah virus, was isolated from patients after an outbreak
of severe encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998
✓More closely related to the Hendra virus, discovered in 1994 in
Australia, than to other paramyxoviruses
• Both viruses have broad host ranges, including pigs, man,
dogs, horses, cats, and other mammals
• Nipah virus, the reservoir is a fruit bat (flying fox)
• Disease signs include flulike symptoms, seizures, and
coma (269 cases occurring in 1999,108 were fatal)
• Another epidemic in Bangladesh in 2004 had a higher
mortality rate

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