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comm eng 4th sem

The document outlines the fundamentals of translation, defining it as the process of converting text from a source language to a target language while retaining meaning. It details the stages of translation, including analysis, translation, editing, quality assurance, formatting, and finalization, as well as various types of translation such as literal, free, interlingual, and semantic translation. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of translation in facilitating communication across cultures, enhancing accessibility, and promoting cultural exchange.

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15 views4 pages

comm eng 4th sem

The document outlines the fundamentals of translation, defining it as the process of converting text from a source language to a target language while retaining meaning. It details the stages of translation, including analysis, translation, editing, quality assurance, formatting, and finalization, as well as various types of translation such as literal, free, interlingual, and semantic translation. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of translation in facilitating communication across cultures, enhancing accessibility, and promoting cultural exchange.

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9pfhqth7cn
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FUNDAMENTALS OF TRANSLATION

DEFINITIONS OF TRANSLATION

“Translation is the changing of one language into another language while


retaining the sense.”
Samuel Johnson

“To translate is to change into language retaining as much of the sense one
can.”
A.H Smith

“Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by


equivalent textual material in another language.”
Catford

“It is the whole message transference from source language into target
language rather than the substitution of a single separate code unit.”
Jacobson

 The language which it to be translated is called source language and the


language in which the source language is translated is called target language.

PROCESS OF TRANSLATION

It typically involves several stages which are described below:


1. Analysis and Preparation: The translator begins by thoroughly
understanding the source text. They analyze the content, subject matter, and
any specific instructions or requirements. They may also research unfamiliar
terms, consult reference materials, and create a glossary or style guide.
2. Translation: The actual translation phase involves rendering the source text
into the target language. The translator focuses on conveying the meaning,
tone, and style of the original while adapting it to the cultural and linguistic
norms of the target language. They consider sentence structure, vocabulary,

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idiomatic expressions, and cultural nuances to produce an accurate and
natural translation.
3. Editing and Proofreading: Once the initial translation is complete, the text
goes through an editing and proofreading stage. This involves reviewing the
translated content for accuracy, coherence, grammar, punctuation, and
spelling. It helps to identify and correct any errors or inconsistencies and
ensure the highest quality of the translation.
4. Quality Assurance: In some cases, a separate quality assurance process
may be implemented to ensure the translation meets the required standards.
This may involve comparing the translated text to the source text, conducting
a review by a second translator, or using automated tools to check for
consistency and accuracy.
5. Formatting and Localization: If necessary, the translated content is
formatted and adjusted to fit the target language’s conventions, such as date
formats, units of measurement, or currency symbols. Additionally,
localization may be performed, which involves adapting the translation to the
specific cultural and regional preferences of the target audience.
6. Finalization: After all the necessary revisions and adjustment, the final
translated content is delivered to the client or intended recipient. This may
involve providing the translation in the desired file format or delivering it
through a designated platform or medium.

KINDS OF TRANSLATION
1. Literal Translation: this type of translation focuses on preserving the exact
words and sentence structure of the source language, often resulting in a
word-for-word rendering. Literal translation aims to maintain the original
meaning as closely as possible without significant adaptation.
2. Free Translation: Free translation emphasizes conveying the general sense
and meaning of the source text rather than adhering strictly to the exact
wording. It allows more flexibility in adapting the language and style to the
target audience while preserving the essence of the original content.
3. Interlingual Translation: refers to the translation between two different
languages. It involves transferring the meaning from the source language to
the target language while taking into account the linguistic and cultural
differences between them. Interlingual translation is the most common type
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of translation and encompasses various translation approaches and
techniques.
4. Intralingual Translation: It is also known as rewording or paraphrasing,
involves translating within the same language. It focuses on expressing the
content of the source text in different words or structures while maintaining
the original meaning. Intralingual translation can be used to simplify complex
texts, clarify ambigious passages, or adapt the language to suit different
audiences.
5. Semiotic translation: Also known as “translating signs,” emphasizes the
study of signs, symbols, and their interpretation within a cultural and
linguistic context. It goes beyond the literal translation of words and focuses
on conveying the intended meaning, message, and cultural nuances of the
source language into the target language. Semiotics considered the broader
cultural, social and historical factors that shape the meaning of signs and
symbols in a particular society. It recognizes that signs are not simply words
but also include visual, auditory, gestural, and other non-verbal elements.
Semiotic translation aims to capture the essence and cultural significance of
these signs to ensure effective communication and understanding between
languages and cultures.
6. Semantic translation: Concentrates on the meaning and interpretation of
words and sentences in the source language and finding the equivalent
meaning in the target language. It focuses on the precise transfer of meaning
and aims to convey the original intention accurately. Semantic translation
takes into account the grammatical structure, vocabulary, idiomatic
expressions, and syntactic conventions of both languages to ensure a faithful
representation of the source text in the target language. It aims to capture
the denotative and connotative meanings of words and phrases and
reproduce them in a way that is linguistically and culturally appropriate in the
target language.

TRANSLATION AS COMMUNICATION ACROSS CULTURES

Translation plays a vital role in facilitating communication across


cultures. It involves rendering written or spoken content from one language
into another while preserving the original meaning and intent. Effective
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translation helps bridge the linguistic and cultural gaps between different
communities, enabling them to exchange ideas, information, and
perspectives.
Here are a few key aspects of translation as a means of communication
across cultures:
1. Language Accessibility: translation makes information accessible to
individuals who do not speak the original language. It enables people to
understand and engage with written documents, websites, books, speeches,
and other forms of communication in their native language.
2. Business and Trade: in the global marketplace, translation is essential for
businesses to expand internationally. It enables companies to realize their
products, marketing materials, and communication strategies to resonate and
different target markets, thereby enhancing their chances of success.
3. Diplomacy and International Relations: Translation is vital in diplomatic
and international relations. It allows governments, diplomats, and
international organizations to negotiate treaties, agreements, and policies
effectively. Translators play a crucial role in facilitating dialogue,
understanding cultural nuances, and ensuring accurate communication
between nations.
4. Cultural Exchange: Translation promotes cultural exchange by making
literature, art, films, and other forms of cultural expression accessible to a
wider audience. It allows works of fiction, poetry and non-fiction to be shared
and appreciated across linguistic boundaries, fostering a sense of gloabal
understanding and appreciation for diverse cultures.
5. Education and Research: Translation enables the dissemination of
knowledge across different languages. Academic research, scientific
discoveries, and educational materials can be translated, allowing scholars
and students from various linguistic backgrounds to access and contribute to
the global pool of knowledge.

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