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The document contains an exam with multiple-choice questions on logical equivalences, formalization of statements, truth tables, and fallacies. It includes solutions for each exercise, detailing the correct answers and the formalization of logical statements. The exercises assess understanding of logical truths, tautologies, contradictions, and logical consequences.

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Maria Ibañez
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14 views4 pages

exam-example

The document contains an exam with multiple-choice questions on logical equivalences, formalization of statements, truth tables, and fallacies. It includes solutions for each exercise, detailing the correct answers and the formalization of logical statements. The exercises assess understanding of logical truths, tautologies, contradictions, and logical consequences.

Uploaded by

Maria Ibañez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EJEMPLO DE EXAMEN

(1) Test.

1.  and  are two equivalent formulas, then it is sure that:


a)  and  are logical truths b)  and  are contingencies
c)  and  are theorems d)  is a logical consequence of 

2. If ¬(  ¬) is a logical truth, then it is sure that:


a)  and  are logical truths b)  and  are equivalent
c) a and b are correct d) a and b are not correct

3. If (  ) is a logical truth, then:


a)  and  are logical truths b)  and  are equivalent
c) a and b are correct d) a and b are not correct

4. If ¬(  ) is a tautology, then it is sure that:


a)  is equivalent to  b)  is a tautology
c)  and  are logical truths d) a, b and c are not correct

5. If (  ) is a contradiction, then it is sure that:


a)  is a tautology b)  and  are logical truths
c)  is equivalent to  d) a, b and c are not correct

6. If  is a logical consequence of  and  is a contradiction, then:


a)  is a contradiction b)  is a contingency
c)  is a tautology d) We do not know what  is

7. If  is a logical consequence of  and  is a contradiction, then:


a)  is a contradiction b)  is a contingency
c)  is a tautology d) We do not know what  is

(2) Formalization. [1,5 ptos]


1) Crumm is guilty or he and Moriarty are innocent.

2) Moriarty is guilty or Crumm is innocent or both are guilty.

3) Holmes is right or Moriarty and Crumm are both guilty or both innocent; and
Crumm is guilty.

4) If wise people do not look for wisdom and ignorant people do not look for it too,
then other people are looking for wisdom.

5) If Frankenstein is outside, he must be careful and kind with people, and if he is


lying, we won’t listen to him, but if he is saying the truth, we will invite him for
dinner.

(3) Write the truth table of these formulas and determine if each formula is a
tautology, a contingency or a contradiction and justify ou answer: [1,5 pto]

1) (p¬p)p
2) (pq)(pr)

(4) Determine if {1, ..., n} is a set of formulas which is satisfiable, and justify your
answer: [1,5 pto]

1  p  q  2  ¬(r  ¬q)  3  ¬p  r

 this could another option in the exam:

b. Determine if  is a logical consequence of {1, ..., n}, and justify your answer
[1,5 ptos].

1  (p  q) 2  (r  ¬p) ßrq

(5) Fallacies. (3 ptos)


SOLUCIONES DE LOS EJERCICIOS

EJERCICIO 1:

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.C 6.D 7.A

EJERCICIO 2: Formalization

1) p= Crumm is innocent

¬p ∨ (p ∧ q)
q= Moriarty is innocent

2)p= Moriarty is innocent

¬p ∨ q ∨ (¬p ∧ ¬q)
q= Crumm is innocent

3) p= Holmes is right
q= Moriarty is innocent

[p ∨ ((¬q ∧ ¬r) ∨ (q ∧ r))] ∧ ¬r


r=Crumm is innocent

4) p=Wise people look for wisdom


q=ignorant people look for wisdom

(¬p ∧ ¬q) → r
r=people who are not wise or ignorant look for wisdom

5) p= Frankestein is outside
q= Frankestein must be careful
r= Frankestein must be kind
s= Frankestein says the truth
t= We will listen to Frankenstein

(p → (q ∧ r)) ∧ (¬s → ¬t) ∧ (s → u)


u= We will invite Frankenstein for dinner

EJERCICIO 3:

1) (p¬p)p
2) (pq)(pr)

1) Contingente
2) Tautológica

EJERCICIO 4:

1  p  q  2  ¬(r  ¬q)  3  ¬p  r
Para saberlo, podemos unirlas en una única fórmula:
(p  q)  ¬(r  ¬q)  (¬p  r)

y a continuación resolvemos la tabla de verdad de esta fórmula. Si hay al menos un caso


en que esta conyunción es verdadera, este conjunto de fórmulas es satisfacible.
Esto equivale a decir que debemos encontrar al menos una fila en que debajo de la
conectiva dominante de cada fórmula aparezca un 1.

EJERCICIO 4, la otra opción:

1  (p  q) 2  (r  ¬p) ßrq

¿es ß consecuencia lógica de 1 y 2?

[(p  q)  (r  ¬ p)]  (r  q)
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

Efectivamente, sí es consecuencia lógica porque no hay ningún caso en el que el


condicional que hemos construido sea falso. Por tanto es consecuencia lógica, ya que el
argumento es válido (el resultado para todos los casos es 1, una tautología).

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